Name: measuring trans-plasma membrane electron transport by c2c12 myotubes
Uploaded: 2018-05-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 27 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes at JoVE.com

彼らのテクニカル サポートのトーマス ・ ベル、リン Mattathil、マーク Mannino、Neej patel さんに感謝したいと思います。この作品は、米国公衆衛生サービス賞 R15DK102122 国立糖尿病・消化器・腎臓病 (NIDDK) からジョナサンフィッシャーによって支えられました。原稿内容は著者の責任し、もの、NIDDK または健康の国民の協会の公式見解ではありません。

注: は、主な手順の概要を図 1を参照してください。
1. WST 1 還元能の測定
<ol><li>成長し、C2C12 行 A ~ F を利用した 96 ウェル プレートで標準的な細胞培養手順7を使用して付着性のセルを区別します。<ol>
<li>構成のダルベッコ変更されたワシの媒体 (DMEM) 2% 馬血清、100 U/mL ペニシリン、ストレプトマイシン 0.1 mg/mL と分化培地を使用します。5% CO2と 37 ° C でセルを孵化させなさい。</li>
		<li>アスコルビン酸 tPMET 関与を監視する場合は、100 μ M アスコルビン酸による分化メディアを補足します。24 ~ 48 の分化メディアでインキュベートする h。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>WST 1 と PMS の貯蔵液を準備します。<ol>
<li>WST 1 の 10 の mM の在庫をするためには、WST 1 の 0.033 g を溶解 (式重量 (FW): 651.34 g/mol) を 5 mL のリン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS)。4 ° C でのストア</li>
		<li>PMS の 5 mM の在庫をするためには、PMS の 0.0023 g を溶解 (FW: 306.34 g/mol) 1.5 ml の脱イオン H2O (式行先方向2O)。-20 ° C で保存し、光から保護します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>11.4 mL の PBS か HEPES に 5 mM の最終濃度緩衝生理食塩水 0.0108 g のブドウ糖を追加 (HBS; 20 mM HEPES ナトリウム塩、140 mM の NaCl、KCl、2.5 mM MgSO4、5 mM 1 mM CaCl2)。5 mM 20 μ M の最終的な集中のための PMS の 48 μ L ・ 400 μ M の最終濃度 10 mm WST 1 480 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>アスコルビン酸 tPMET 関与を監視する場合は、ソリューションを 2 つ 6 mL 因数に分割します。1 つの因数に式行先方向2O の 6 μ L を追加し、他の因数 2 区/mL AO 2 U/mL の最終的な集中のための 6 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>TPMET 活性酸素関与を監視する場合は、ソリューションを 2 つ 6 mL 因数に分割します。1 つの因数を 0.1 M KPO4バッファーの 55 μ l 添加し他の因数に 6.5 区/mL SOD 60 U/mL の最終的な集中のための 55 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>PBS のセルを洗浄します。メディアを吸引し、150 μ L の PBS を追加します。その後、PBS を吸い出しなさい。 注: アッセイは、メッキ、添付の細胞で行われます。したがって、遠心分離または洗浄工程におけるトリプシンの使用はありません。</li>
	<li>WST 1 ソリューション (-) を 100 μ l 添加 SOD または (-) AO 列 1-6 にし 100 μ L WST 1 ソリューション (+) SOD のや (+) AO 96 ウェル プレートの 7-12 列に追加します。G と H の行を使用して、バック グラウンド コントロールとして (すなわち変化を監視するセルのない井戸で試薬のみで吸光度の)。</li>
	<li>438 で 1 時間 10 分毎の分光光度計を使用して吸光度を測定 nm。</li>
	<li>読んだ後、メディアを吸引し、それぞれを洗って、150 μ L の PBS。その後、PBS を吸い出しなさい。</li>
	<li>ためにも、その任意の時点での吸光度からも初期の吸光度を差し引くことによって各ウェルの吸光度の変化を計算します。吸光度 (もしあれば) バック グラウンド井戸 (すなわち、分析ソリューションと井戸がない細胞) にみられる変化のこの変更を修正します。</li>
	<li>分析のため 60 分制御測定吸光度データを正規化または PBS または HBS と井戸を洗浄し、ビシンコニン酸 (BCA) タンパク質アッセイを行います。</li>
	<li>2 Mg/ml とウシ血清アルブミン (BSA) 標準を追加 (0.5 ~ 2 範囲セルの合流点の程度に応じて、標準曲線の μ L) 空井戸 (G と H の行) に、すべての井戸に BCA 試薬を追加。</li>
	<li>WST 1 排出削減量 μ g 蛋白の nmol を介してデータを定量化します。438 で減らされた WST 1 の消散係数として 37 mM-1 cm-1 22を使用 nm。</li>
</ol>2. プラズマ還元能の測定
<ol><li>成長し、1.1 の手順と同じ手順で C2C12 付着性のセルを区別するため。</li>
	<li>とおり株式 10 mM プラズマ ソリューションを準備します。プラズマの 0.029 g を溶解 (FW: 290.08 g/mol) 式行先方向2O. 確認 600 で吸光度を測定することによってプラズマの濃度の 10 mL の分光光度計との nm。600 で減らされたプラズマの消散係数として 1 mM-1 cm-1 23を使用 nm。4 ° C でのストア</li>
	<li>0.0108 g のグルコースを最終濃度 5 mM の 11.880 mL の PBS に追加します。10 mm プラズマ最終濃度 100 μ M 120 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>アスコルビン酸 tPMET 関与を監視する場合は、ソリューションを 2 つ 6 mL 因数に分割します。1 つの因数に式行先方向2O の 6 μ L を追加し、他の因数 2 区/mL AO 2 U/mL の最終的な集中のための 6 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>TPMET 活性酸素関与を監視する場合は、ソリューションを 2 つ 6 mL 因数に分割します。1 つの因数を 0.1 M KPO4バッファーの 55 μ l 添加し他の因数に 6.5 区/mL SOD 60 U/mL の最終的な集中のための 55 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>メディアを吸引し、150 μ L の PBS のセルを洗ってください。PBS を吸引し、プラズマ ソリューション (-) を 100 μ l 添加 SOD または (-) AO 列 1-6 に 100 μ L プラズマ ソリューション (+) SOD のまたは 96 ウェル プレートの 7-12 列に (+) AO を追加。行 G と H はバック グラウンド コントロールとして使用 (つまり変化を監視するセルのない井戸で試薬のみで吸光度の)。</li>
	<li>600 nm を使用して吸光度を測定分光光度計 10 分毎 1 時間の 60 分 1.9 1.13 の手順と同様にコントロールに対する相対吸光度の変化を定量化します。</li>
</ol>3. 削減電子アクセプターが AO や SOD 用基板であるかどうかの決定
<ol><li>5.436 mL の PBS か HBS、400 μ M の最終的な集中と 5 mM 20 μ M の最終的な集中のための PMS の 24 μ L の 10 mm WST 1 240 μ L を追加します。<ol>
<li>プラズマ、PBS または HBS 5.940 mL に 10 mM プラズマ、最終濃度 100 μ M の 60 μ L を追加します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>細胞の不在中のフラット底 96 ウェル プレートによく各 438 で分光光度計で吸光度を測定しソリューションを 100 μ l 添加プラズマの WST-1、または 600 nm の nm。</li>
	<li>最終濃度 100 μ M の井戸の半分に 10 mM のアスコルビン酸の 1 μ L を追加します。それが安定するまでは、吸光度を監視します。</li>
	<li>安定化時に各ウェルに 2 U/mL の最終濃度 200 U/mL AO の 1 μ L を追加または各 60 U/mL の最終濃度も、1 h の吸光度を監視、6 区/mL SOD の 1 μ L を追加します。</li>
</ol>

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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superoxide+produced+by+activated+neutrophils+efficiently+reduces+the+tetrazolium+salt,+WST-1+to+produce+a+soluble+formazan:+a+simple+colorimetric+assay+for+measuring+respiratory+burst+activation+and+for+screening+anti-inflammatory+agents.">Superoxide produced by activated neutrophils efficiently reduces the tetrazolium salt, WST-1 to produce a soluble formazan: a simple colorimetric assay for measuring respiratory burst activation and for screening anti-inflammatory agents.</a> J Immunol Methods. 238 (1-2), 59-68 (2000).</li><li>Phillips, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myricetin+induces+pancreatic+cancer+cell+death+via+the+induction+of+apoptosis+and+inhibition+of+the+phosphatidylinositol+3-kinase+(PI3K)+signaling+pathway.">Myricetin induces pancreatic cancer cell death via the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway.</a> Cancer Letters. 308 (2), 181-188 (2011).</li><li>Altundag, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quercetin-induced+cell+death+in+human+papillary+thyroid+cancer+(B-CPAP)+cells.">Quercetin-induced cell death in human papillary thyroid cancer (B-CPAP) cells.</a> Journal of thyroid research. 2016 (8), (2015).</li><li>Ukeda, H., Kawana, D., Maeda, S., Sawamura, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+Assay+for+Superoxide+Dismutase+Based+on+the+Reduction+of+Highly+Water-soluble+Tetrazolium+Salts+by+Xanthine-Xanthine+Oxidase.">Spectrophotometric Assay for Superoxide Dismutase Based on the Reduction of Highly Water-soluble Tetrazolium Salts by Xanthine-Xanthine Oxidase.</a> Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 63 (3), 485-488 (1999).</li><li>Halaka, F. G., Babcock, G. T., Dye, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+5-methylphenazinium+methyl+sulfate.+Reaction+of+the+oxidized+form+with+NADH+and+of+the+reduced+form+with+oxygen.">Properties of 5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate. Reaction of the oxidized form with NADH and of the reduced form with oxygen.</a> J Biol Chem. 257 (3), 1458-1461 (1982).</li><li>Maghzal, G. J., Krause, K. H., Stocker, R., Jaquet, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+reactive+oxygen+species+derived+from+the+family+of+NOX+NADPH+oxidases.">Detection of reactive oxygen species derived from the family of NOX NADPH oxidases.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 53 (10), 1903-1918 (2012).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

我々 は、C2C12 細胞に tPMET を監視する吸光光度アッセイでの細胞外の電子アクセプター、WST 1、プラズマを利用するための 2 つの方法を提示しています。標準培養プロシージャのセルラインの成長と分光光度計プレート リーダー、単純なマイクロ プレート法でこれらの電子アクセプターと tPMET を監視することが可能です。WST 1 削減は、アッセイ内の井戸-井戸から再現が、日々 変動がありま?...

精製膜の電子受容体を減らす機能は、ビュー固有の酸化還元能力1は、細胞膜につながっています。動物、植物、菌類に見られる以前、tPMET、複数生物2,3,4,5一般的なプロセスです。具体的には、このプロセスは、酵母、ニンジン培養細胞、赤血球、リンパ球、骨肉腫、悪性黒色腫、大食細胞、骨格筋、好中球2,3、で実証されています。4,5,6,7. 細胞酸化を減らすために原形質膜の間で電子を輸送するプロセスで tPMET を含む多くの細胞機能に関与している: セル成長5,8, 細胞生存率9, 鉄代謝10、セルシグナ リング11,12,13、および活性酸素種12,14,15からの保護。TPMET の不均衡ががん16, 心血管疾患17を含むいくつかの深刻な健康状態の発展に貢献するという仮説が tPMET のおかげで多くの細胞機能と代謝症候群18。
血しょう膜の間で電子の移動を監視する複数の方法がありますが、最も広く使用されている手法は、比色試金を介して細胞外の電子アクセプターの削減を評価します。一般的に使用される細胞外電子アクセプターはテトラゾリウム塩、プラズマ、FeCN、フェリチト クロム c19,20。最も一般的に使用されるテトラゾリウム塩は、WST 119の第二世代塩知られています。この化合物は 2 つスルホン酸のグループがあり、その水への溶解度21になるため最初の世代テトラゾリウム塩と比較して比色試金で使用する簡単です。WST-1 中間電子アクセプター 1-メトキシ-フェナチン methosulfate (Mpm) と組み合わせて、2 つの単電子転送イベントに削減されます。この減少は、WST 一色弱酸化型をより強烈な黄色の塩20,22に変更します。WST 1 が 37 × 103 M-1cm-1、高モル吸光係数高い測定感度21,22に 。プラズマはまた tPMET を監視するため細胞外の電子受容体として利用されています。これは、プラズマが tPMET 中間電子アクセプター23,24の援助なしで細胞外に減らすことが示されています。中間電子アクセプターの不足、プラズマは直接ピックアップ WST 124とは異なり、細胞膜から電子ことができます。プラズマと同様に、FeCN は細胞外 tPMET 中間電子アクセプター19,24の助けを借りずにフェロシアン化する縮小する示されています。WST 1 やプラズマと違って FeCN が低いアッセイ感度9につながる低分子吸光係数です。TPMET を監視するもう一つの一般的に使用される細胞外電子アクセプターは、フェリチト クロム c 中間電子アクセプター、Mpm22使ってフェリチト クロム c 削減増加、WST 1 と同様です。WST 1 とは異なり、フェリチト クロム科学的方法は高いバック グラウンド化低分子吸光係数22敏感。
吸光光度法による tPMET のリアルタイム解析法をご紹介します。メソッドは、使用されますが一般的、他と比較されて安価フェリチト クロム c など細胞外の電子アクセプター、両者は高分子吸光係数を持っている WST 1、プラズマ、細胞外の電子受容体を利用しました。フェナジン methosulfate (PMS) 利用 Mpm の代わりに類似した化学構造、PMS ははるかに高価です。Mpm は光化学安定した長い貯蔵寿命を必要があります市販キットの重要な特徴であります。しかし、我々 PMS 新鮮なを確認各試金のための安定性の問題をすべきではないです。酵素間の相互作用 (図 1を参照) さらに tPMET のプロセスを特徴付けるために利用されるかもしれない酵素と細胞外の電子受容体を評価する方法を提案する.具体的には、AO と SOD を使用ことができます酵素アスコルビン酸輸送や細胞のスーパーオキシド リリースでは、膜の間で運ばれる電子の 2 つの一般的な方法は、tPMET のどの部分を決定します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>C2C12 myoblasts</td><td>American Type Culture Collection&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CRL-1772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s modified eagle&#039;s medium - low glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D6046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Plex animal serum complex</td><td>Gemini Bio-Products&amp;nbsp;</td><td>100-602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>penicillin-streptomycin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>516106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>horse serum</td><td>Gibco Technologies</td><td>16050-130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8537</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T4049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 cm culture dishes</td><td>TPP</td><td>93150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96 well culture plates</td><td>TPP</td><td>92096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium Sodium Salt (WST-1)</td><td>Accela ChemBio&amp;nbsp; Inc</td><td>SY016315</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenazine methosulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-ascorbic acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ascorbate oxidase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A0157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>superoxide dismutase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5395</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium salt&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ICN Biomedicals</td><td>215011825</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G7528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES sodium salt</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BP366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M5921</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>calcium chloride dihydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C7902</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium phosphate</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BP363</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powerwave X-I spectrophotometer</td><td>Biotek Insturments</td><td>discontinued&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectronic Genesys 5 Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>336001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PureGrade 96-well microplate, F-bottom, clear, untreated, non-sterile</td><td>MidSci</td><td>781602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>220299</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>215422</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hypoxanthine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H9636</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>xanthine oxidase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>X4500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Studio</td><td>Rstudio</td><td></td><td>https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/</td></tr><tr><td>KC4</td><td>Biotek Insturments</td><td>discontinued&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring trans-plasma membrane electron transport by c2c12 myotubes

トランス プラズマ膜電子輸送 (tPMET) は、細胞の酸化剤によって損傷からの保護と同様に、細胞内還元ストレスからの細胞の保護の役割を果たします。細胞の酸化細胞内還元剤から電子を輸送のこのプロセスはよく定義されません。細胞外の電子受容体を用いた tPMET を監視する C2C12 細胞によって吸光光度アッセイを紹介: 水溶性テトラゾリウム塩 1 (WST-1) と 2, 6 ‐ ジクロルフェノールインドフェノール (プラズマまたはなった)。これらの電子アクセプターの削減、リアルタイム解析で、このプロセスを監視することがおります。アスコルビン酸オキシダーゼ (AO) やスーパーオキシドディスムターゼ (SOD) アッセイなどの酵素のほか、tPMET のどの部分がアスコルビン酸のエクスポートまたはスーパーオキシド生産、それぞれを判断できます。WST 1 は、低バック グラウンドで安定した結果を生成する示されていたプラズマ AO と吸光光度分析と実証された SOD の付加の後で再酸化することができた。このメソッドは、吸光光度法がリアルタイム、マルチも、クイック フェリシアン (FeCN) フェリチト クロム c 削減などの tPMET を監視するために使用他の方法上の利点を示します。

統計は、RStudio 統計ソフトウェア25を使用して反復測定分散分析で行った。サンプル サイズは、図の凡例に示されます。
TPMET を監視するには、C2C12 細胞が細胞外の電子アクセプター、WST 1 とプラズマと共に利用されます。AO は WST 1 のどの部分を決定するために使用されたプラズマ還元されたアスコルビ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes at JoVE.com

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

C2C12 細胞によるトランス プラズマ膜電子輸送特性の測定

このプロトコルの目標はオンカラム細胞外の電子受容体を用いたトランス プラズマ膜電子輸送を監視し、これらの細胞外の電子アクセプターに発生する酵素の相互作用を解析します。

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

measuring-trans-plasma-membrane-electron-transport-by-c2c12-myotubes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

6.9K ビュー.  Saint Louis University. このプロトコルの目標はオンカラム細胞外の電子受容体を用いたトランス プラズマ膜電子輸送を監視し、これらの細胞外の電子アクセプターに発生する酵素の相互作用を解析します。

ビデオ: Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Using Isolated Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of mitochondrial function in this tissue has become more prevalent. Although many technologies and assays exist that measure mitochondrial respiratory pathways in a variety of cells, tissue and species, there is currently a void in the literature in regards to the compilation of these assays using isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle for use in microplate based technologies. Importantly, the use of microplate based respirometric assays is growing among mitochondrial biologists as it allows for high throughput measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria. Therefore, a collection of microplate based respirometric assays were developed that are able to assess mechanistic changes/adaptations in oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model. The methods presented herein provide step-by-step instructions to perform these assays with an optimal amount of mitochondrial protein and reagents, and high precision as evidenced by the minimal variance across the dynamic range of each assay.

The methods presented provide step-by-step instructions for the performance of a collection of microplate based respirometric assays using isolated mitochondria from minimal quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. These assays are able to measure mechanistic changes/adaptations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model.

ハイスループットマイクロプレート呼吸測定のためのマウス骨格筋の最小量から単離されたミトコンドリアを使用して

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of ...

発生生物学

Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.

A non-invasive means to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation is described. The method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. Here, we make use of a fluc reporter gene sequence to target cells via bioluminescence imaging.

移植筋前駆細胞を標的とする分子イメージング

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle ...

医学

Measuring Mitochondrial Electron Transfer Complexes in Previously Frozen Cardiac Tissue from the Offspring of Sow: A Model to Assess Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Changes

The mitochondrial electron transfer complex (ETC) profile is modified in the heart tissue of the offspring born to an exercised sow. The hypothesis proposed and tested was that a regular maternal exercise of a sow during pregnancy would increase the mitochondrial efficiency of offspring heart bioenergetics. This hypothesis was tested by isolating mitochondria using a mild-isolation procedure to assess mitochondrial ETC and supercomplex profiles. The procedure described here allowed for the processing of previously frozen archived heart tissues and eliminated the necessity of fresh mitochondria preparation for the assessment of mitochondrial ETC complexes, supercomplexes, and ETC complex activity profiles. This protocol describes the optimal ETC protein complex measurement in multiplexed antibody-based immunoblotting and super complex assessment using blue-native gel electrophoresis.

Preparation of mitochondria-enriched samples from previously frozen archived solid tissues allowed the investigators to perform both functional and analytical assessments of mitochondria in various experimental modalities. This study demonstrates how to prepare mitochondria-enriched preparations from frozen heart tissue and perform analytical assessments of mitochondria.

ソウの子孫から以前に凍結した心臓組織におけるミトコンドリア電子伝達複合体の測定:運動誘発ミトコンドリアバイオエネルギーの変化を評価するモデル

The mitochondrial electron transfer complex (ETC) profile is modified in the heart tissue of the offspring born to an exercised sow. The hypothesis ...

生化学

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Ubiquinone (CoQ) pools in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are partially segmented to either complex I or FAD-dependent enzymes. Such subdivision can be easily assessed by a comparative assay using NADH or succinate as electron donors in frozen-thawed mitochondria, in which cytochrome c (cyt c) reduction is measured. The assay relies on the effect of Na+ on the IMM, decreasing its fluidity. Here, we present a protocol to measure NADH-cyt c oxidoreductase activity and succinate-cyt c oxidoreductase activities in the presence of NaCl or KCl. The reactions, which rely on the mixture of reagents in a cuvette in a stepwise manner, are measured spectrophotometrically during 4 min in the presence of Na+ or K+. The same mixture is performed in parallel in the presence of the specific enzyme inhibitors in order to subtract the unspecific change in absorbance. NADH-cyt c oxidoreductase activity does not decrease in the presence of any of these cations. However, succinate-cyt c oxidoreductase activity decreases in the presence of NaCl. This simple experiment highlights: 1) the effect of Na+ in decreasing IMM fluidity and CoQ transfer; 2) that supercomplex I+III2 protects ubiquinone (CoQ) transfer from being affected by lowering IMM fluidity; 3) that CoQ transfer between CI and CIII is functionally different from CoQ transfer between CII and CIII. These facts support the existence of functionally differentiated CoQ pools in the IMM and show that they can be regulated by the changing Na+ environment of mitochondria.

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

This protocol describes a comparative assay, using mitochondrial complex activities CI+CIII and CII+CIII in the presence or absence of Na+, to study the existence of partially segmented functional CoQ pools.

Na+ に対するミトコンドリア内膜感受性が部分的にセグメント化された機能的CoQプールを明らかにする

Ubiquinone (CoQ) pools in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are partially segmented to either complex I or FAD-dependent enzymes. Such subdivision ...

Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining samples of human Vastus lateralis, isolating mitochondria from minimal amounts of skeletal muscle tissue, and plate based respirometric profiling using an extracellular flux (XF) analyzer. Comparison of respirometric profiles obtained using 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 &#956;g of mitochondria indicate that 1.0 &#956;g is sufficient to measure respiration and that 5.0 &#956;g provides most consistent results based on comparison of standard errors. Western blot analysis of isolated mitochondria for mitochondrial marker COX IV and non-mitochondrial tissue marker GAPDH indicate that there is limited non-mitochondrial contamination using this protocol. The ability to study mitochondrial respirometry in as little as 20 mg of muscle tissue allows users to utilize individual biopsies for multiple study endpoints in clinical research projects.

Methods for biopsy of Vastus lateralis, preparation of purified mitochondria, and respirometric profiling are described. The use of small muscle volume makes this technique suitable for clinical research applications.

経皮針生検によって得られた骨格筋組織から単離されたミトコンドリアの調製と呼吸計測評価

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining ...

Bioenergetic Profile Experiment using C2C12 Myoblast Cells

The ability to measure cellular metabolism and understand mitochondrial dysfunction, has enabled scientists worldwide to advance their research in understanding the role of mitochondrial function in obesity, diabetes, aging, cancer, cardiovascular function and safety toxicity.
Cellular metabolism is the process of substrate uptake, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine, and subsequent energy conversion through a series of enzymatically controlled oxidation and reduction reactions. These intracellular biochemical reactions result in the production of ATP, the release of heat and chemical byproducts, such as lactate and CO2 into the extracellular environment.
Valuable insight into the physiological state of cells, and the alteration of the state of those cells, can be gained through measuring the rate of oxygen consumed by the cells, an indicator of mitochondrial respiration - the Oxygen Consumption Rate - or OCR. Cells also generate ATP through glycolysis, i.e.: the conversion of glucose to lactate, independent of oxygen. In cultured wells, lactate is the primary source of protons. Measuring the lactic acid produced indirectly via protons released into the extracellular medium surrounding the cells, which causes acidification of the medium provides the Extra-Cellular Acidification Rate - or ECAR.
In this experiment, C2C12 myoblast cells are seeded at a given density in Seahorse cell culture plates. The basal oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) rates are measured to establish baseline rates. The cells are then metabolically perturbed by three additions of different compounds (in succession) that shift the bioenergetic profile of the cell.
This assay is derived from a classic experiment to assess mitochondria and serves as a framework with which to build more complex experiments aimed at understanding both physiologic and pathophysiologic function of mitochondria and to predict the ability of cells to respond to stress and/or insults.

A description of a method for profiling mitochondrial function in cells is provided. The mitochondrial profile generated provides four parameters of mitochondrial function that can be measured in one experiment: basal respiration rate, ATP-linked respiration, proton leak, and reserve capacity.

C2C12筋芽細胞を用いた生体エネルギープロファイル実験

The ability to measure cellular metabolism and understand mitochondrial dysfunction, has enabled scientists worldwide to advance their research in ...

生物学

Modeling Myotonic Dystrophy 1 in C2C12 Myoblast Cells

Myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) is a common form of muscular dystrophy. Although several animal models have been established for DM1, myoblast cell models are still important because they offer an efficient cellular alternative for studying cellular and molecular events. Though C2C12 myoblast cells have been widely used to study myogenesis, resistance to gene transfection, or viral transduction, hinders research in C2C12 cells. Here, we describe an optimized protocol that includes daily maintenance, transfection and transduction procedures to introduce genes into C2C12 myoblasts and the induction of myocyte differentiation. Collectively, these procedures enable best transfection/transduction efficiencies, as well as consistent differentiation outcomes. The protocol described in establishing DM1 myoblast cell models would benefit the study of myotonic dystrophy, as well as other muscular diseases.

In this protocol, we present the procedures in establishing myotonic dystrophy 1 myoblast models, including optimized C2C12 cell maintenance, gene transfection/transduction, and myocyte differentiation.

C2C12筋芽細胞における筋強直性ジストロフィー1のモデル化

Myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) is a common form of muscular dystrophy. Although several animal models have been established for DM1, myoblast cell models are ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

生細胞におけるストア作動性カルシウムエントリの蛍光ベースの測定：培養癌細胞から骨格筋線維に

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with a molecular mass smaller than 1.5 kDa. Although the definitive molecular identity of the pore is still under debate, proteins such as cyclophilin D, VDAC and ANT contribute to mtPTP formation. While the involvement of mtPTP opening in cell death is well established1, accumulating evidence indicates that the mtPTP serves a physiologic role during mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis2, bioenergetics and redox signaling 3.
mtPTP opening is triggered by matrix Ca2+ but its activity can be modulated by several other factors such as oxidative stress, adenine nucleotide depletion, high concentrations of Pi, mitochondrial membrane depolarization or uncoupling, and long chain fatty acids4. In vitro, mtPTP opening can be achieved by increasing Ca2+ concentration inside the mitochondrial matrix through exogenous additions of Ca2+ (calcium retention capacity). When Ca2+ levels inside mitochondria reach a certain threshold, the mtPTP opens and facilitates Ca2+ release, dissipation of the proton motive force, membrane potential collapse and an increase in mitochondrial matrix volume (swelling) that ultimately leads to the rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and irreversible loss of organelle function.
Here we describe a fluorometric assay that allows for a comprehensive characterization of mtPTP opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of 3 mitochondrial parameters that are altered when mtPTP opening occurs: mitochondrial Ca2+ handling (uptake and release, as measured by Ca2+ concentration in the assay medium), mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial volume. The dyes employed for Ca2+ measurement in the assay medium and mitochondrial membrane potential are Fura FF, a membrane impermeant, ratiometric indicator which undergoes a shift in the excitation wavelength in the presence of Ca2+, and JC-1, a cationic, ratiometric indicator which forms green monomers or red aggregates at low and high membrane potential, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial volume are measured by recording light scattering by the mitochondrial suspension. Since high-quality, functional mitochondria are required for the mtPTP opening assay, we also describe the steps necessary to obtain intact, highly coupled and functional isolated heart mitochondria.

A spectrofluorometric protocol for the measurement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria is presented here. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of mitochondria Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial volume. The procedure for obtaining high-quality and functional heart mitochondria is also described.

単離ミトコンドリアマウス心臓における透水性遷移孔の開口部のマルチパラメータ測定

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

外酸生産の測定と解析は、解糖速度を決定するために

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

C2C12 細胞によるトランスプラズマ膜電子輸送特性の測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ハイスループットマイクロプレート呼吸測定のためのマウス骨格筋の最小量から単離されたミトコンドリアを使用して

移植筋前駆細胞を標的とする分子イメージング

ソウの子孫から以前に凍結した心臓組織におけるミトコンドリア電子伝達複合体の測定:運動誘発ミトコンドリアバイオエネルギーの変化を評価するモデル

Na⁺ に対するミトコンドリア内膜感受性が部分的にセグメント化された機能的CoQプールを明らかにする

経皮針生検によって得られた骨格筋組織から単離されたミトコンドリアの調製と呼吸計測評価

C2C12筋芽細胞を用いた生体エネルギープロファイル実験

C2C12筋芽細胞における筋強直性ジストロフィー1のモデル化

生細胞におけるストア作動性カルシウムエントリの蛍光ベースの測定：培養癌細胞から骨格筋線維に

単離ミトコンドリアマウス心臓における透水性遷移孔の開口部のマルチパラメータ測定

外酸生産の測定と解析は、解糖速度を決定するために

C2C12 細胞によるトランス プラズマ膜電子輸送特性の測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ハイスループットマイクロプレート呼吸測定のためのマウス骨格筋の最小量から単離されたミトコンドリアを使用して

移植筋前駆細胞を標的とする分子イメージング

ソウの子孫から以前に凍結した心臓組織におけるミトコンドリア電子伝達複合体の測定:運動誘発ミトコンドリアバイオエネルギーの変化を評価するモデル

Na+ に対するミトコンドリア内膜感受性が部分的にセグメント化された機能的CoQプールを明らかにする

経皮針生検によって得られた骨格筋組織から単離されたミトコンドリアの調製と呼吸計測評価

C2C12筋芽細胞を用いた生体エネルギープロファイル実験

C2C12筋芽細胞における筋強直性ジストロフィー1のモデル化

生細胞におけるストア作動性カルシウムエントリの蛍光ベースの測定：培養癌細胞から骨格筋線維に

単離ミトコンドリアマウス心臓における透水性遷移孔の開口部のマルチパラメータ測定

外酸生産の測定と解析は、解糖速度を決定するために

C2C12 細胞によるトランスプラズマ膜電子輸送特性の測定

Na⁺ に対するミトコンドリア内膜感受性が部分的にセグメント化された機能的CoQプールを明らかにする