Thomas Bell, Lyn Mattathil, Mark Mannino ve Neej Patel ve teknik destek için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu eser Jonathan Fisher için Amerika Birleşik Devletleri halk sağlığı hizmet Ödülü R15DK102122 diyabet Ulusal Enstitüsü ve sindirim ve böbrek hastalıkları (NIDDK) tarafından desteklenmiştir. El yazması içerik sadece yazarlar sorumludur ve mutlaka NIDDK veya Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri resmi görüşlerini temsil etmiyor.

Not: Resim 1 anahtar adımlar şematik bir bakış için bkz:.
1. WST-1 azaltma tahlil
<ol><li>Standart hücre kültür yordamlar7 satır A-f kullanan bir 96-şey tabak içinde kullanarak C2C12 yapışık hücreleri ayırt etmek ve büyümek<ol>
<li>İn Dulbecco'nın modifiye kartal orta (%2 at serum, 100 U/mL penisilin ve 0.1 mg/mL streptomisin ile desteklenmiş DMEM) oluşan bir farklılaşma aracı kullanın. %5 CO237 ° C'de hücreler kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>TPMET askorbat katılımı izlerken, farklılaşma medya 100 µM askorbik asit ile ek. Hücre farklılaşması medya ~ 24-48 için kuluçkaya izin h.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Hisse senedi WST-1 ve PMS çözümleri hazırlayın.<ol>
<li>Bir 10 mM hisse senedi WST-1 yapmak için WST-1 0,033 g dağıtılması (formül ağırlık (FW): 651.34 g/mol) 5 mL fosfat tamponlu tuz (PBS). 4 ° C'de mağaza</li>
		<li>PMS 5 mM stokunun yapmak, PMS 0.0023 g dağıtılması (FW: 306.34 g/mol) 1,5 ml deiyonize H2O (diH2O). -20 ° C'de depolayın ve ışıktan korumak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>İçin PBS veya HEPES 11,4 ml 5 mM son bir konsantrasyon arabelleğe alınmış serum glikoz 0.0108 g ekleyin (HBS; 20 mM HEPES sodyum tuz, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgSO4, 1 mM CaCl2). 10 mm WST-1 400 µM son bir konsantrasyon ve 5 mm PMS 20 µM son bir konsantrasyon için 48 µL için 480 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>TPMET askorbat katılımı izlerken, çözüm iki 6 mL aliquots bölün. Bir aliquot için Ekle diH2O 6 µL ve diğer aliquot olarak 2 kU/mL AO 2 U/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon için 6 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>TPMET katılımı süperoksit izlerken, çözüm iki 6 mL aliquots bölün. Bir aliquot için 0,1 M KPO4 arabelleği 55 µL ekleyin ve diğer aliquot 6.5 kU/ml SOD 60 U/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon için 55 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>PBS hücrelerle yıkayın. Medya Aspire edin ve 150 µL PBS ekleyin. O zaman PBS Aspire edin. Not: Kaplama, ekli hücrelerle tahlil yapılır. Böylece, hiçbir aralıklarla veya tripsin yıkama işleminin kullanımı olduğunu.</li>
	<li>WST-1 çözüm (-) 100 µL eklemek SOD veya (-) AO sütunlara 1-6 ve 100 µL WST-1 çözüm (+) SOD veya (+) AO 96-şey plaka 7-12 sütuna ekleyin. G ve H satır arka plan denetimleri kullanın (değişikliği izlemek içinYani, Wells hücreleri olmadan tek başına reaktif Absorbans içinde).</li>
	<li>438, 1 h için her 10 min Spektrofotometre kullanarak Absorbans değerleri ölçmek nm.</li>
	<li>Okuma sonra medya Aspire edin ve her yıkama PBS 150 µL ile iyi. O zaman PBS Aspire edin.</li>
	<li>Her şey için Absorbans değişimi Absorbans için o kadar iyi herhangi bir zamanda noktada bir kuyudan için ilk Absorbans çıkararak hesaplar. Bu değişiklik arka plan wells (Yani, wells ile tahlil çözüm ama hiçbir hücre) gözlenen Absorbans (varsa) yapılan değişikliğin düzeltin.</li>
	<li>Analiz için 60 dk kontrol ölçüm Absorbans verileri normalleştirmek veya wells PBS veya HBS ile yıkayın ve bir bicinchoninic asit (BCA) protein tahlil gerçekleştirin.</li>
	<li>2 mg/mL sığır serum albumin (BSA) standart Ekle (aralığı 0.5-2 hücreleri izdiham derecesine bağlı olarak standart Curve µL) boş wells için (satır G ve H), sonra BCA reaktif için bütün wells ekleyin..</li>
	<li>Nmol protein µg başına WST-1 azaltılması yoluyla veri ölçmek. 37 mM-1 cm-1 22 tükenme katsayısı azaltılmış WST-1'de 438 kullanmak nm.</li>
</ol>2. DPIP azaltma tahlil
<ol><li>Büyümek ve C2C12 yapışık hücreleri ile aynı prosedürü adım 1.1 olarak ayırt etmek.</li>
	<li>Hisse senedi 10 mM DPIP çözüm aşağıdaki gibi hazırlayın. DPIP 0,029 g dağıtılması (FW: 290.08 g/mol) diH2O. Onayla 600 Absorbans ölçme tarafından DPIP konsantrasyonu 10 ml nm bir Spektrofotometre ile. 1 mM-1 cm-1 23 tükenme katsayısı azaltılmış DPIP 600 kullanmak nm. 4 ° C'de mağaza</li>
	<li>0.0108 g glikoz PBS 11.880 mL 5 mM son bir konsantrasyon için ekleyin. 10 mm DPIP 100 µM son bir konsantrasyon için 120 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>TPMET askorbat katılımı izlerken, çözüm iki 6 mL aliquots bölün. Bir aliquot için Ekle diH2O 6 µL ve diğer aliquot olarak 2 kU/mL AO 2 U/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon için 6 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>TPMET katılımı süperoksit izlerken, çözüm iki 6 mL aliquots bölün. Bir aliquot için 0,1 M KPO4 arabelleği 55 µL ekleyin ve diğer aliquot 6.5 kU/ml SOD 60 U/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon için 55 µL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Medya Aspire edin ve PBS 150 µL hücrelerde yıkayın. PBS Aspire edin ve DPIP çözüm (-) 100 µL eklemek SOD veya (-) AO sütunlara 1-6 ve 100 µL DPIP çözüm (+) SOD veya (+) AO 96-şey plaka 7-12 sütuna ekleyin. Arka plan denetimleri satır G ve H kullanarak (değişikliği izlemek içinYani, Wells hücreleri olmadan tek başına reaktif Absorbans içinde).</li>
	<li>600 nm kullanarak Absorbans ölçmek Spektrofotometre her 10 min için 1 h Absorbans 60 dk adımlara 1.9-1,13 benzer denetime göre değişiklik ölçmek.</li>
</ol>3. düşük elektron alıcısı yüzeylerde AO veya SOD için olup belirlenmesi
<ol><li>PBS veya HBS 5.436 mL için 10 mm WST-1 400 µM son bir konsantrasyon ve 5 mm PMS 20 µM son bir konsantrasyon için 24 µL için 240 µL ekleyin.<ol>
<li>DPIP için 10 mm DPIP, 100 µM, son bir konsantrasyon için 60 µL PBS veya HBS için 5.940 mL ekleyin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Her bir düz-alt 96-şey plaka yokluğunda hücreleri, iyi ve 438, Spektrofotometre Absorbans ölçmek için çözüm 100 µL eklemek için DPIP için WST-1 veya 600 nm nm.</li>
	<li>10 mM askorbat 1 µL kuyular için 100 mikron son bir konsantrasyon yarısını ekleyin. Onu stabilize kadar Absorbans izlemek.</li>
	<li>İstikrar, üzerine 200 U/mL AO 1 µL 2 U/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon için her şey için veya 60 U/mL her son bir konsantrasyon iyi ve 1 h Absorbans izlemek için 6 kU/ml SOD 1 µL ekleyebilirsiniz.</li>
</ol>

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G., Babcock, G. T., Dye, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+5-methylphenazinium+methyl+sulfate.+Reaction+of+the+oxidized+form+with+NADH+and+of+the+reduced+form+with+oxygen.">Properties of 5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate. Reaction of the oxidized form with NADH and of the reduced form with oxygen.</a> J Biol Chem. 257 (3), 1458-1461 (1982).</li><li>Maghzal, G. J., Krause, K. H., Stocker, R., Jaquet, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+reactive+oxygen+species+derived+from+the+family+of+NOX+NADPH+oxidases.">Detection of reactive oxygen species derived from the family of NOX NADPH oxidases.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 53 (10), 1903-1918 (2012).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Biz hücre dışı elektron alıcısı, WST-1 ve DPIP, C2C12 myotubes tPMET izlemek için spektrofotometrik deneyleri içinde kullanmak için iki yöntem sundu. Spektrofotometre plaka okuyucu ve hücre hatlarında standart kültür yordamlar büyüme ile tPMET bu elektron alıcısı basit Mikroplaka tahlil ile izlemek mümkündür. İyi iyi bir tahlil içinde WST-1 azaltma tekrarlanabilir değil ama gün-gün değişkenlik var. PBS arabellek olarak kullanan varyasyon (CV) günlük fark 0.18 ve arabellek 0,23 olduğu gibi...

Saf plazma membran elektron alıcısı azaltma becerisini plazma zarı doğasında Redoks kapasitesi1sahip görünümüne yol açmıştır. Daha önce görüldü mantar, bitki ve hayvan, tPMET bir işlemi birden çok organizmalar2,3,4,5' e ortak var. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, havuç hücreleri, eritrositler, lenfositler, osteosarkom, Melanom, makrofajlar, iskelet kası ve nötrofil2,3, bu işlem özellikle gösterilmiştir 4 , 5 , 6 , 7. hücre dışı oksidanlar azaltmak için plazma zarı arasında elektron taşıma bir süreç içinde tPMET de dahil olmak üzere birçok hücresel işlevler ilgilenmektedir: hücre büyüme5,8, hücre canlılığı9, demir metabolizma10,11,12,13ve Reaktif oksijen türleri12,14,15koruma sinyalizasyon hücre. Pek çok hücresel fonksiyon tPMET'ın katılımı nedeniyle, tPMET bir dengesizlik kanser16, kardiyovasküler hastalık17, dahil olmak üzere bazı ciddi sağlık koşulları, gelişimine katkıda bulunmak olan ve metabolik Sendromu18.
Plazma zarı arasında elektron transferi izlemek için birden çok yolu vardır, ancak en çok kullanılan teknik ekstraselüler elektron alıcısı Renkölçer deneyleri ile azalma değerlendirmek için. Yaygın olarak kullanılan hücre dışı elektron alıcısı tetrazolium tuzları, DPIP, FeCN ve ferricytochrome c19,20dir. En sık kullanılan tetrazolium WST-119bilinen ikinci nesil bir tuz tuzudur. Bu bileşik Renkölçer deneyleri ilk nesil tetrazolium tuzlar, su çözünürlük21artırmak iki Sülfonat grup nedeniyle göre kullanmak kolaydır. WST-1, iki tek-elektron transferi olaylar ara elektron alıcısı 1-metoksi-phenazine methosulfate (MPM), ile birlikte azalır. Bu azalma WST-1 zayıf renkli oksitlenmiş şeklinde bir daha yoğun, sarı formazan20,22' ye değişir. WST-1 37 x 103 M-1cm-1, yüksek molar tükenme katsayısı bir yüksek tahlil duyarlılık21,22' ye lider vardır. DPIP da tPMET izlemek için bir hücre dışı elektron alıcısı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu DPIP extracellularly tPMET ara elektron alıcısı23,24yardımı olmadan tarafından azaltılabilir gösterilmiştir. Ara elektron alıcısı olmaması nedeniyle DPIP doğrudan WST-124aksine plazma zarı pick-up elektron olabilir. Benzer şekilde DPIP, extracellularly ferrocyanide için tPMET ara elektron alıcısı19,24yardımı olmadan düşülmesi için FeCN gösterilmiştir. WST-1 ve DPIP, FeCN bir alt tahlil duyarlılık9için önde gelen bir düşük molar tükenme katsayısı vardır. TPMET izlemek için başka bir sık kullanılan hücre dışı elektron alıcısı ferricytochrome c. WST-1, ferricytochrome c azaltma artar ara elektron alıcısı, MPM22kullanımı ile benzer olduğunu. WST-1 olsa da, ferricytochrome c yöntemi yüksek bir arka plan ve düşük molar tükenme katsayısı22nedeniyle daha az duyarlıdır.
Burada tPMET spektrofotometrik deneyleri aracılığıyla gerçek zamanlı analiz için bir yöntem mevcut. Ekstraselüler elektron alıcısı ferricytochrome c gibi diğer yaygın olarak karşılaştırıldığında olmak daha ucuz kullanılan iken her ikisi de yüksek molar tükenme katsayısı gibi WST-1 ve DPIP, hücre dışı elektron alıcısı yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Biz phenazine methosulfate (PMS) kullanılan MPM'ler yerine onlar-si olmak benzer kimyasal makyaj ve PMS çok daha az pahalı. MPM'ler uzun bir raf ömrü ihtiyacı bir ticari kiti için önemli bir özelliği olan photochemically stabil. İstikrar sorunu olmamalı böylece Ancak, biz PMS her tahlil için taze olun. Biz de hücre dışı elektron alıcısı ve daha fazla tPMET süreci karakterize için kullanılması gereken enzimler arasındaki olası enzimatik etkileşimler (bkz. şekil 1) değerlendirmek için bir yöntem mevcut. Özellikle, AO ve SOD kullanılan enzimler tPMET kısmını askorbat taşıma veya hücre dışı süperoksit açıklaması, plazma zarı arasında taşınması elektron için iki yaygın yöntem nedeniyle belirlemek.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C2C12 myoblasts</td><td>American Type Culture Collection&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CRL-1772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s modified eagle&#039;s medium - low glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D6046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Plex animal serum complex</td><td>Gemini Bio-Products&amp;nbsp;</td><td>100-602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>penicillin-streptomycin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>516106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>horse serum</td><td>Gibco Technologies</td><td>16050-130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8537</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T4049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 cm culture dishes</td><td>TPP</td><td>93150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96 well culture plates</td><td>TPP</td><td>92096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium Sodium Salt (WST-1)</td><td>Accela ChemBio&amp;nbsp; Inc</td><td>SY016315</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenazine methosulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-ascorbic acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ascorbate oxidase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A0157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>superoxide dismutase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5395</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium salt&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ICN Biomedicals</td><td>215011825</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G7528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES sodium salt</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BP366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M5921</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>calcium chloride dihydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C7902</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>potassium phosphate</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BP363</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powerwave X-I spectrophotometer</td><td>Biotek Insturments</td><td>discontinued&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectronic Genesys 5 Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>336001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PureGrade 96-well microplate, F-bottom, clear, untreated, non-sterile</td><td>MidSci</td><td>781602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>220299</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>215422</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hypoxanthine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H9636</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>xanthine oxidase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>X4500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Studio</td><td>Rstudio</td><td></td><td>https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/</td></tr><tr><td>KC4</td><td>Biotek Insturments</td><td>discontinued&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring trans-plasma membrane electron transport by c2c12 myotubes

Trans-plazma membran elektron taşıma (tPMET) hücre dışı oksidanlar ile hücre içi indirgeyici stres hücrelerden korunması hem de hasar koruma bir rol oynar. Bu işlem için hücre dışı oksidanlar hücre içi reductants elektron taşıma iyi tanımlanmış değildir. Burada hücre dışı elektron alıcısı kullanan tPMET izlemek için C2C12 myotubes tarafından spektrofotometrik deneyleri mevcut: suda çözünen tetrazolium tuz-1 (WST-1) ve 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP veya DCIP). Bu elektron alıcısı azaltılması, biz gerçek zamanlı analiz bu süreçte izlemek edebiliyoruz. Enzimler askorbat oksidaz (AO) ve süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) deneyleri için gibi eklenmesiyle, biz tPMET kısmını askorbat verme ya da süperoksit üretimi nedeniyle sırasıyla belirleyebilirsiniz. WST-1 düşük arka plan ile istikrarlı sonuçlar üretmek için gösterildi iken, DPIP AO ve spektrofotometrik analiz ile gösterilmiştir SOD eklenmesi sonra yeniden oksitlenmiş olmayı başardı. Bu yöntem bir gerçek zamanlı, çok iyi, hızlı spektrofotometrik tahlil tPMET, ferricyanide (FeCN) ve ferricytochrome c azaltma gibi izlemek için kullanılan diğer yöntemler üzerinde avantajları ile gösterilmektedir.

İstatistik ANOVA ile RStudio istatistiksel yazılım25kullanarak yinelenen ölçüleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklerin boyutu şekil efsanelerde gösterilir.
TPMET izlemek için C2C12 myotubes hücre dışı elektron alıcısı, WST-1 ve DPIP ile birlikte kullanılmıştır. AO WST-1 kısmını belirlemek için kullanılan ve DPIP azalma nedeniyle askorbat sızma ve SOD WST-1 azaltma kısmını ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes at JoVE.com

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Trans-plazma membran elektron taşıma C2C12 Myotubes ile ölçme

Bu iletişim kuralı spectrophotometrically trans-plazma membran elektron taşıma ekstraselüler elektron alıcısı kullanan izlemek ve bu hücre dışı elektron alıcısı ile oluşabilir enzimatik etkileşimleri analiz için hedeftir.

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

measuring-trans-plasma-membrane-electron-transport-by-c2c12-myotubes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

6.9K Görüntüleme.  Saint Louis University. Bu iletişim kuralı spectrophotometrically trans-plazma membran elektron taşıma ekstraselüler elektron alıcısı kullanan izlemek ve bu hücre dışı elektron alıcısı ile oluşabilir enzimatik etkileşimleri analiz için hedeftir.

Video: Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Using Isolated Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of mitochondrial function in this tissue has become more prevalent. Although many technologies and assays exist that measure mitochondrial respiratory pathways in a variety of cells, tissue and species, there is currently a void in the literature in regards to the compilation of these assays using isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle for use in microplate based technologies. Importantly, the use of microplate based respirometric assays is growing among mitochondrial biologists as it allows for high throughput measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria. Therefore, a collection of microplate based respirometric assays were developed that are able to assess mechanistic changes/adaptations in oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model. The methods presented herein provide step-by-step instructions to perform these assays with an optimal amount of mitochondrial protein and reagents, and high precision as evidenced by the minimal variance across the dynamic range of each assay.

The methods presented provide step-by-step instructions for the performance of a collection of microplate based respirometric assays using isolated mitochondria from minimal quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. These assays are able to measure mechanistic changes/adaptations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model.

Yüksek verim Mikroplate Solunum Ölçümler Fare İskelet Kası Minimal Miktarları gelen kondriyayı İzole kullanma

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy

Proton-pumping enzymes of electron transfer chains couple redox reactions to proton translocation across the membrane, creating a proton-motive force used for ATP production. The amphiphilic nature of membrane proteins requires particular attention to their handling, and reconstitution into the natural lipid environment is indispensable when studying membrane transport processes like proton translocation. Here, we detail a method that has been used for the investigation of the proton-pumping mechanism of membrane redox enzymes, taking cytochrome bo3 from Escherichia coli as an example. A combination of electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy is used to control the redox state of the quinone pool and monitor pH changes in the lumen. Due to the spatial resolution of fluorescent microscopy, hundreds of liposomes can be measured simultaneously while the enzyme content can be scaled down to a single enzyme or transporter per liposome. The respective single enzyme analysis can reveal patterns in the enzyme functional dynamics that might be otherwise hidden by the behavior of the whole population. We include a description of a script for automated image analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to study the molecular mechanism of proton translocation across lipid membranes of single liposomes, using cytochrome bo3 as an example. Combining electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy, pH changes in the lumen of single vesicles, containing single or multiple enzyme, can be detected and analyzed individually.

Proton pompalama membran enzimler elektrokimya ve floresan mikroskopisi kullanılarak incelenmesi için tek lipozom ölçümleri

Proton-pumping enzymes of electron transfer chains couple redox reactions to proton translocation across the membrane, creating a proton-motive force used ...

Biyokimya

Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.

A non-invasive means to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation is described. The method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. Here, we make use of a fluc reporter gene sequence to target cells via bioluminescence imaging.

Nakledilen Muscle Progenitör Hücreler Hedefleyecek Moleküler Görüntüleme

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle ...

Tıp

Measuring Mitochondrial Electron Transfer Complexes in Previously Frozen Cardiac Tissue from the Offspring of Sow: A Model to Assess Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Changes

The mitochondrial electron transfer complex (ETC) profile is modified in the heart tissue of the offspring born to an exercised sow. The hypothesis proposed and tested was that a regular maternal exercise of a sow during pregnancy would increase the mitochondrial efficiency of offspring heart bioenergetics. This hypothesis was tested by isolating mitochondria using a mild-isolation procedure to assess mitochondrial ETC and supercomplex profiles. The procedure described here allowed for the processing of previously frozen archived heart tissues and eliminated the necessity of fresh mitochondria preparation for the assessment of mitochondrial ETC complexes, supercomplexes, and ETC complex activity profiles. This protocol describes the optimal ETC protein complex measurement in multiplexed antibody-based immunoblotting and super complex assessment using blue-native gel electrophoresis.

Preparation of mitochondria-enriched samples from previously frozen archived solid tissues allowed the investigators to perform both functional and analytical assessments of mitochondria in various experimental modalities. This study demonstrates how to prepare mitochondria-enriched preparations from frozen heart tissue and perform analytical assessments of mitochondria.

Daha Önce Dondurulmuş Kardiyak Dokudaki Mitokondriyal Elektron Transfer Komplekslerinin Sow'un Yavrularından Ölçülmesi: Egzersize Bağlı Mitokondriyal Biyoenergetik Değişikliklerini Değerlendirmek için Bir Model

The mitochondrial electron transfer complex (ETC) profile is modified in the heart tissue of the offspring born to an exercised sow. The hypothesis ...

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Ubiquinone (CoQ) pools in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are partially segmented to either complex I or FAD-dependent enzymes. Such subdivision can be easily assessed by a comparative assay using NADH or succinate as electron donors in frozen-thawed mitochondria, in which cytochrome c (cyt c) reduction is measured. The assay relies on the effect of Na+ on the IMM, decreasing its fluidity. Here, we present a protocol to measure NADH-cyt c oxidoreductase activity and succinate-cyt c oxidoreductase activities in the presence of NaCl or KCl. The reactions, which rely on the mixture of reagents in a cuvette in a stepwise manner, are measured spectrophotometrically during 4 min in the presence of Na+ or K+. The same mixture is performed in parallel in the presence of the specific enzyme inhibitors in order to subtract the unspecific change in absorbance. NADH-cyt c oxidoreductase activity does not decrease in the presence of any of these cations. However, succinate-cyt c oxidoreductase activity decreases in the presence of NaCl. This simple experiment highlights: 1) the effect of Na+ in decreasing IMM fluidity and CoQ transfer; 2) that supercomplex I+III2 protects ubiquinone (CoQ) transfer from being affected by lowering IMM fluidity; 3) that CoQ transfer between CI and CIII is functionally different from CoQ transfer between CII and CIII. These facts support the existence of functionally differentiated CoQ pools in the IMM and show that they can be regulated by the changing Na+ environment of mitochondria.

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

This protocol describes a comparative assay, using mitochondrial complex activities CI+CIII and CII+CIII in the presence or absence of Na+, to study the existence of partially segmented functional CoQ pools.

İç Mitokondriyal Membranın Na+' ya Duyarlılığı Kısmen Segmente Edilmiş Fonksiyonel CoQ Havuzlarını Ortaya Çıkarır

Ubiquinone (CoQ) pools in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are partially segmented to either complex I or FAD-dependent enzymes. Such subdivision ...

Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining samples of human Vastus lateralis, isolating mitochondria from minimal amounts of skeletal muscle tissue, and plate based respirometric profiling using an extracellular flux (XF) analyzer. Comparison of respirometric profiles obtained using 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 &#956;g of mitochondria indicate that 1.0 &#956;g is sufficient to measure respiration and that 5.0 &#956;g provides most consistent results based on comparison of standard errors. Western blot analysis of isolated mitochondria for mitochondrial marker COX IV and non-mitochondrial tissue marker GAPDH indicate that there is limited non-mitochondrial contamination using this protocol. The ability to study mitochondrial respirometry in as little as 20 mg of muscle tissue allows users to utilize individual biopsies for multiple study endpoints in clinical research projects.

Methods for biopsy of Vastus lateralis, preparation of purified mitochondria, and respirometric profiling are described. The use of small muscle volume makes this technique suitable for clinical research applications.

Perkütan İğne Biyopsisi ile Elde Edilen İskelet Kası Doku İzole Mitokondri hazırlanması ve Respirometrik Değerlendirmesi

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining ...

Bioenergetic Profile Experiment using C2C12 Myoblast Cells

The ability to measure cellular metabolism and understand mitochondrial dysfunction, has enabled scientists worldwide to advance their research in understanding the role of mitochondrial function in obesity, diabetes, aging, cancer, cardiovascular function and safety toxicity.
Cellular metabolism is the process of substrate uptake, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine, and subsequent energy conversion through a series of enzymatically controlled oxidation and reduction reactions. These intracellular biochemical reactions result in the production of ATP, the release of heat and chemical byproducts, such as lactate and CO2 into the extracellular environment.
Valuable insight into the physiological state of cells, and the alteration of the state of those cells, can be gained through measuring the rate of oxygen consumed by the cells, an indicator of mitochondrial respiration - the Oxygen Consumption Rate - or OCR. Cells also generate ATP through glycolysis, i.e.: the conversion of glucose to lactate, independent of oxygen. In cultured wells, lactate is the primary source of protons. Measuring the lactic acid produced indirectly via protons released into the extracellular medium surrounding the cells, which causes acidification of the medium provides the Extra-Cellular Acidification Rate - or ECAR.
In this experiment, C2C12 myoblast cells are seeded at a given density in Seahorse cell culture plates. The basal oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) rates are measured to establish baseline rates. The cells are then metabolically perturbed by three additions of different compounds (in succession) that shift the bioenergetic profile of the cell.
This assay is derived from a classic experiment to assess mitochondria and serves as a framework with which to build more complex experiments aimed at understanding both physiologic and pathophysiologic function of mitochondria and to predict the ability of cells to respond to stress and/or insults.

A description of a method for profiling mitochondrial function in cells is provided. The mitochondrial profile generated provides four parameters of mitochondrial function that can be measured in one experiment: basal respiration rate, ATP-linked respiration, proton leak, and reserve capacity.

C2C12 Myoblast Hücreler kullanarak Bioenerjetik bilgileri Deney

The ability to measure cellular metabolism and understand mitochondrial dysfunction, has enabled scientists worldwide to advance their research in ...

Biyoloji

Modeling Myotonic Dystrophy 1 in C2C12 Myoblast Cells

Myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) is a common form of muscular dystrophy. Although several animal models have been established for DM1, myoblast cell models are still important because they offer an efficient cellular alternative for studying cellular and molecular events. Though C2C12 myoblast cells have been widely used to study myogenesis, resistance to gene transfection, or viral transduction, hinders research in C2C12 cells. Here, we describe an optimized protocol that includes daily maintenance, transfection and transduction procedures to introduce genes into C2C12 myoblasts and the induction of myocyte differentiation. Collectively, these procedures enable best transfection/transduction efficiencies, as well as consistent differentiation outcomes. The protocol described in establishing DM1 myoblast cell models would benefit the study of myotonic dystrophy, as well as other muscular diseases.

In this protocol, we present the procedures in establishing myotonic dystrophy 1 myoblast models, including optimized C2C12 cell maintenance, gene transfection/transduction, and myocyte differentiation.

C2C12 Miyoblast Hücrelerde Myotonik Distrofi 1 Modelleme

Myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) is a common form of muscular dystrophy. Although several animal models have been established for DM1, myoblast cell models are ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

Canlı hücreler Mağaza çalışan Kalsiyum Giriş Floresans tabanlı Ölçümü: Kültür Kanseri Hücre gelen İskelet Kası Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with a molecular mass smaller than 1.5 kDa. Although the definitive molecular identity of the pore is still under debate, proteins such as cyclophilin D, VDAC and ANT contribute to mtPTP formation. While the involvement of mtPTP opening in cell death is well established1, accumulating evidence indicates that the mtPTP serves a physiologic role during mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis2, bioenergetics and redox signaling 3.
mtPTP opening is triggered by matrix Ca2+ but its activity can be modulated by several other factors such as oxidative stress, adenine nucleotide depletion, high concentrations of Pi, mitochondrial membrane depolarization or uncoupling, and long chain fatty acids4. In vitro, mtPTP opening can be achieved by increasing Ca2+ concentration inside the mitochondrial matrix through exogenous additions of Ca2+ (calcium retention capacity). When Ca2+ levels inside mitochondria reach a certain threshold, the mtPTP opens and facilitates Ca2+ release, dissipation of the proton motive force, membrane potential collapse and an increase in mitochondrial matrix volume (swelling) that ultimately leads to the rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and irreversible loss of organelle function.
Here we describe a fluorometric assay that allows for a comprehensive characterization of mtPTP opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of 3 mitochondrial parameters that are altered when mtPTP opening occurs: mitochondrial Ca2+ handling (uptake and release, as measured by Ca2+ concentration in the assay medium), mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial volume. The dyes employed for Ca2+ measurement in the assay medium and mitochondrial membrane potential are Fura FF, a membrane impermeant, ratiometric indicator which undergoes a shift in the excitation wavelength in the presence of Ca2+, and JC-1, a cationic, ratiometric indicator which forms green monomers or red aggregates at low and high membrane potential, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial volume are measured by recording light scattering by the mitochondrial suspension. Since high-quality, functional mitochondria are required for the mtPTP opening assay, we also describe the steps necessary to obtain intact, highly coupled and functional isolated heart mitochondria.

A spectrofluorometric protocol for the measurement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria is presented here. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of mitochondria Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial volume. The procedure for obtaining high-quality and functional heart mitochondria is also described.

Mitokondri İzole Fare Heart Geçirgenliği Geçiş Gözenek Açma Multi-parametre ölçümü

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with ...