我々はサイトメトリー施設の使用のためにSF 4206 ICORE（カーン大学）に感謝。 JCは、バースノルマンディーのConseilのデ放射線防護D&#39;EDFとConseilの地域からのポスドクフェローシップを受けた。 comesの複数形デロルヌエデュカルヴァドス - それらのデータはリーグ国立結界伤害防护结界ルがんによって資金を供給されたプロジェクトの一部であった。

1。 C12FDG、バフィロマイシンA1、および細胞培養の調製<ol><li>最終濃度20mMにジメチルスルホキシド（DMSO）中のC 12 FDG粉末を溶解する。 -20℃でアリコートと店舗DMSOは、適切な安全条件で使用されるべきである。 </li><li> 0.1mMの最終濃度DMSO中バフィロマイシンA1粉末を溶かす。アリコートと店で - 20℃バフィロマイシンは、適切な安全条件で使用する必要があります。 </li><li> 37℃、10％ウシ胎児血清および1％抗生物質、°C、5％CO 2を含む培地で、RPMI 8226細胞株、又は接着否か他の細胞株を養う。実験に必要なセルの数を見積もります。フローサイトメトリー分析の間に十分な数のイベントを記録するために、5×10 5個の細胞が必要である。老化細胞の割合を、3つの細胞サンプルが必要とされるかを判断するには、次のようにラベル付けされていないサンプル、C 12 FDGで染色処理した細胞で染色した未処理の細胞をC 12 FDG。 </li><li>シードセル24時間は、従来の細胞は、細胞増殖曲線の対数期内になるように実験を行う。 </li></ol> 2。老化の誘導<ol><li>化学療法薬を添加することにより癌細胞の老化を誘導する。薬物濃度と処理時間を試験した細胞タイプに適合させるべきである。約10 6細胞/ mlの細胞の濃度は50 nmのドキソルビシンの最終濃度で48時間処理を開始します。未処理のサンプル（ネガティブコントロール）を含めることを忘れないでください。 </li></ol> 3。バフィロマイシンA1治療<ol><li>前のステップで使用される化学療法薬は、細胞アポトーシスをもたらす可能性があるため、トリパンブルー（v / v）で混合すると細胞によって細胞生存率を確認する。 Malassez室に記入し、青色細胞（死細胞）の白と細胞（生細胞）の数を数える。生存率の割合が70％未満である場合は、死細胞は、レムかもしれない死んだ細胞はバイアスその後の分析をしないことを確保するための適切なキットを使用してoved。 </li><li>培地を取り出し、あらかじめ温めておいた新鮮な培地で置き換える。バフィロマイシンA1 100nMの最終濃度で細胞を扱う。バフィロマイシンA1は、リソソームの酸性pHを中和するために使用される。 37℃、5％CO 2で1時間インキュベートします。 </li></ol> 4。 C 12 FDG染色<ol><li> 2mMの最終濃度予め温め新鮮な培養培地中でC 12 FDGを溶解する。 </li><li> 33μMの最終濃度で細胞に化合物を添加し、37℃で2時間インキュベートする°C、5％CO 2。非接着細胞を使用する場合は、4℃で5分間300×gで細胞を遠心（速度が使用される細胞型に調整する必要があるかもしれません）、PBSで2倍を洗浄する。冷PBSの500μlの細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。接着細胞を使用している場合は、メディアを取り出し、PBSで2倍を洗う。トリプシン溶液と遠心分離機を用いて接着細胞を収穫4°Cで5分（速度は使用する細胞の種類に調整することが必要になる場合があります）、300×gで細胞。冷PBSの500μlの細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。両方の場合において、細胞濃度は、約10 6細胞/ mlであるべきである。 </li><li>さらに老化細胞の集団を特徴づけるために、共免疫標識を実行します。 </li></ol> 5。フローサイトメトリー分析<ol><li>フローサイトメータの製造元が推奨する対照ビーズを用いたフローサイトメーターを較正する。すべての手順については、少なくとも10の4つのイベントが記録されなければならない。 </li><li>ラベル付けされていない細胞を含む最初のサンプルを実行します。 2パラメータのグラフィック表示を前方散乱チャネル（FSC）対側方散乱チャネル（SSC）を準備。光電子増倍管を（光電子増倍管）を設定し、試料調製時に登場しているかもしれない死んだ細胞や細胞破片を除いた関心領域を定義します。ゲートログスケールでFL1を表示1パラメータヒストグラムの関心のこの領域x軸とy軸でのイベント数。イベントの総数は、分析された細胞の数を表す。ラベル付けされていない細胞は、x軸の対数スケールで最初の十年で表示されるようにPMTを設定します。必要に応じて細胞の自家蛍光を決定します。 </li><li>未処理の細胞を含む第二のサンプルを実行します。 FL1（C 12 FDGの蛍光）を表示し、ワンパラメータヒストグラムに、ぼんやりとラベルされた人口の後にカーソルを置きます。このしきい値は、非老化細胞（ぼんやりと標識された細胞）と老化細胞（明るく標識された細胞）の間の区別が可能になります。 </li><li>処理した細胞を含む第3のサンプルを実行します。明るく標識された細胞、 すなわち老化細胞は、前の手順で決定された閾値の上に表示されます。イベントの総数当たり明るいイベント数を割ることによって老化細胞の割合を評価する。必要に応じて、β-ガラクトシダーゼ活性は、平均蛍光を用いて推定することができる強度。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+serial+cultivation+of+human+diploid+cell+strains.">The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 25, 585-621 (1961).</li><li>Campisi, J., d'Adda di Fagagna, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+senescence:+when+bad+things+happen+to+good+cells.">Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells.</a> Nature Review Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (9), 729-740 (2007).</li><li>Shay, J. W., Roninson, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallmarks+of+senescence+in+carcinogenesis+and+cancer+therapy.">Hallmarks of senescence in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy.</a> Oncogene. 23 (16), 2919-2933 (2004).</li><li>Bartkova, J., Rezaei, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oncogene-induced+senescence+is+part+of+the+tumorigenesis+barrier+imposed+by+DNA+damage+checkpoints.">Oncogene-induced senescence is part of the tumorigenesis barrier imposed by DNA damage checkpoints.</a> Nature. 444 (7119), 633-637 (2006).</li><li>Takacova, S., Slany, R., Bartkova, J., Stranecky, V., Dolezel, P., Luzna, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+damage+response+and+inflammatory+signaling+limit+the+MLL-ENL-induced+leukemogenesis+in+vivo.">DNA damage response and inflammatory signaling limit the MLL-ENL-induced leukemogenesis in vivo.</a> Cancer Cell. 21, 517-531 (2012).</li><li>Krtolica, A., Parrinello, S., Lockett, S., Desprez, P. Y., Campisi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescent+fibroblasts+promote+epithelial+cell+growth+and+tumorigenesis:+a+link+between+cancer+and+aging.">Senescent fibroblasts promote epithelial cell growth and tumorigenesis: a link between cancer and aging.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98, 12072-12077 (2001).</li><li>Coppe, J. P., Patil, C. K., Rodier, F., Sun, Y., Munoz, D. P., Goldstein, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+secretory+phenotypes+reveal+cell-nonautonomous+functions+of+oncogenic+RAS+and+the+p53+tumor+suppressor.">Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor.</a> PLoS Biology. 6, 2853-2868 (2008).</li><li>Roninson, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+cell+senescence+in+cancer+treatment.">Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment.</a> Cancer Research. 63 (11), 2705-2715 (2003).</li><li>Dimri, G. P., Lee, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biomarker+that+identifies+senescent+human+cells+in+culture+and+in+aging+skin+in+vivo.">A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (20), 9363-937 (1995).</li><li>Kurz, D. J., Decary, S., Hong, Y., Erusalimsky, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+(beta)-galactosidase+reflects+an+increase+in+lysosomal+mass+during+replicative+ageing+of+human+endothelial+cells.">Senescence-associated (beta)-galactosidase reflects an increase in lysosomal mass during replicative ageing of human endothelial cells.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 113, 3613-3622 (2000).</li><li>Debacq-Chainiaux, F., Erusalimsky, J. D., Campisi, J., Toussaint, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocols+to+detect+senescence-associated+beta-galactosidase+(SA-betagal)+activity,+a+biomarker+of+senescent+cells+in+culture+and+in+vivo.">Protocols to detect senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-betagal) activity, a biomarker of senescent cells in culture and in vivo.</a> Nature Protocols. 4 (12), 1798-1806 (2009).</li><li>Cahu, J., Bustany, S., Sola, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+secretory+phenotype+favors+the+emergence+of+cancer+stem-like+cells.">Senescence-associated secretory phenotype favors the emergence of cancer stem-like cells.</a> Cell Death and Disease. Dec 20, 3-e446 (2012).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されていない。

我々はここに住んで、癌細胞における細胞老化を定量化するためのフローサイトメトリーベースの方法を提示した。この方法は、膜透過性化合物、C 12 FDGの使用に基づいており、化合物が細胞によって取り込まれているようので、任意の細胞型において及び限り、種々の処理後に使用することができる。細胞への取り込み時に、C 12 FDGは、老化細胞のリソソームに富んだβ-ガ?...

60年代前半とヘイフリックとムーアによるその発見以来、老化はまだ携帯好奇心1のままです。ヒトの細胞は無限に老化によって、ヘイフリックとムーアは老化の細胞プロセスを造語、増殖しません。老化は、細胞死とは対照的に、細胞は代謝的に活性なままである、安定した細胞周期の停止である。テロメアの短縮、DNA損傷、クロマチン摂動、及びマイトジェン癌遺伝子の異常発現2：日付には、4つの細胞メカニズムは老化を誘導することが示されている。これは、正常細胞だけでなく、癌細胞だけでなく老化3を受けることができることを示している。実際のところ、老化を受けている癌細胞をさらに腫瘍進行4-5に対する障壁を構成することが示された。しかし、いくつかの報告は現在、特定の状況下で、細胞老化にも悪性6-7を促進することができる、と指摘している。癌CELの老化を研究現在使用されている化学療法薬はin vitroにおいてもin vivoで 8だけでなく、がん細胞の老化につながることができるようなLSは、がん研究の衝動になろうとしている。 老化細胞の存在を調査するマスターアッセイは、酸性pHでのβ-ガラクトシダーゼアッセイである。この組織化学的アッセイは最も老化細胞で発生するリソソーム生合成増加を反映している。簡潔には、細胞に適用外因X-galのは、青色9を生じる、老化細胞のリソソームに富むβ-ガラクトシダーゼによって切断される。青色老化細胞は、その後、明視野顕微鏡下で定量することができる。非常に人気があるが、β-ガラクトシダーゼアッセイは、大きな欠点を提示します。まず、このアッセイは、固定細胞上で実行される。それは顕微鏡下で老化細胞の有意に高い数をカウントすることによって老化の程度を定量化することを意味するので、第二に、それは時間がかかる。第三に、このアッセイ老化と非老化細胞の間に差別が完全にオブザーバーに依存しているとして区別されません。 我々はここに住んで老化細胞の存在を評価するために未開発の、迅速、かつ高感度メトリーベースのアッセイを話し合う。このアッセイは、膜透過性分子の加水分解、5 - dodecanoylaminofluoresceinジ-β-D-ガラクトピラノシド（C 12 FDG）に基づいて、β-ガラクトシダーゼによる老化細胞に富む。加水分解およびレーザー励起した後、C 12 FDGは、緑色の蛍光を発するため、フローサイトメトリー10,11で検出することができる。フローサイトメトリーを介した老化細胞の検出は、迅速かつ高感度であることの大きな利点を提供しています。また、フローサイトメトリーによる老化細胞の検出は、他の細胞マーカーの検出と結合することができる。このアッセイは、化学療法で処理した癌細胞の集団内で老化細胞を検出するために使用することができ、日常的に設定することができるまで組織切片上で、携帯解離後、診療所である。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of the Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-&beta;-D-galactopyranoside </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D-2893</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bafilomycin A1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B1793</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin</td>
			<td>Sandoz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 cell culture medium</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-702</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>PAA Laboratories GmBH</td>
			<td>A15 101</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>5290-018</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Gallios flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A94291</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

a sensitive method to quantify senescent cancer cells

ヒトの細胞は無限に増殖しない。外部および/または内因合図すると、細胞が老化と呼ばれる安定した細胞周期の停止を死ぬか、または入力します。このようなテロメアの短縮やマイトジェン癌遺伝子の異常発現などのいくつかの細胞のメカニズムは、老化を引き起こすことが示されている。老化は、正常細胞に限定されず、癌細胞はまた、老化することが報告されている。 化学療法薬は、癌細胞の老化を誘導することが示されている。しかし、それは老化が防止または腫瘍形成を促進するかどうか議論の余地がある。それは最終的に患者固有のかもしれないような、癌細胞の老化を評価するための迅速かつ高感度の方法はすぐに必要とされる。 この目的のために、標準的なβ-ガラクトシダーゼアッセイを、現在使用されている方法は、主要な欠点​​を提示する。それは時間がかかり、敏感ではない。ここではリチウムの老化を研究するためのフローサイトメトリーベースのアッセイを提案セルをVEの。このアッセイは、感受性、迅速であるという利点を提供し、種々の細胞マーカーの免疫標識に結合することができる。

多発性骨髄腫、血液学的悪性腫瘍は、化学療法によって誘導される手順老化を評価した。そのためには、市販のMM細胞株（RPMI 8226）はドキソルビシン、化学療法薬で2日間処理した。次いで、細胞をバフィロマイシンA1処理を施し、更にC 12 FDGと共にインキュベートした。細胞をフローサイトメトリーにより分析した。 図1は、老化細胞の割合C 12 FDGを用いて日以内?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

老化は防止または腫瘍形成は議論の余地があるかどうかを促進。化学療法薬は老化するがん細胞を誘導することができるので、老化を研究する新しい治療法を提案するために不可欠である。ただし、標準化され広く使用されたβ-ガラクトシダーゼアッセイは、大きな欠点を提示します。我々はここで老化を定量化するための迅速かつ高感度フローサイトメトリーベースのアッセイを提案する。

老化がん細胞を定量化するための感度の高い方法

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

a-sensitive-method-to-quantify-senescent-cancer-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

20.5K ビュー.  Université de Caen Basse-Normandie. 老化は防止または腫瘍形成は議論の余地があるかどうかを促進。化学療法薬は老化するがん細胞を誘導することができるので、老化を研究する新しい治療法を提案するために不可欠である。ただし、標準化され広く使用されたβ-ガラクトシダーゼアッセイは、大きな欠点を提示します。我々はここで老化を定量化するための迅速かつ高感度フローサイト?...

ビデオ: A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize their blood glucose levels, islet transplantation has been proposed to be a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes 1,2. More recently, advances in human islet transplantation have further strengthened this view 1,3. However, two major limitations prevent islet transplantation from being a widespread clinical reality: (a) the requirement for large numbers of islets per patient, which severely reduces the number of potential recipients, and (b) the need for heavy immunosuppression, which significantly affects the pediatric population of patients due to their vulnerability to long-term immunosuppression. Strategies that can overcome these limitations have the potential to enhance the therapeutic utility of islet transplantation.
Islet transplantation under the mouse kidney capsule is a widely accepted model to investigate various strategies to improve islet transplantation. This experiment requires the isolation of high quality islets and implantation of islets to the diabetic recipients. Both procedures require surgical steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol. We also briefly discuss different transplantation models: syngeneic, allogeneic, syngeneic autoimmune, and allogeneic autoimmune.

Transplantation of isolated islets has been proposed to be a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes. Here we describe a method to isolate islets from mouse pancreata and transplant them to the subcapsular space of the kidney.

マウス膵島の単離と被膜下腎移植のための方法

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

医学

Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies

The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. Conventional methods assess neurological deficits and electrophysiology and quantitative sensory testing quantifies functional alterations to detect neuropathy. However, the earliest damage appears to be to the small fibres and yet these tests primarily assess large fibre dysfunction and have a limited ability to demonstrate regeneration and repair. The only techniques which allow a direct examination of unmyelinated nerve fibre damage and repair are sural nerve biopsy with electron microscopy and skin-punch biopsy. However, both are invasive procedures and require lengthy laboratory procedures and considerable expertise. Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which provides in-vivo imaging of corneal nerve fibres. We have demonstrated early nerve damage, which precedes loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres in skin biopsies together with stratification of neuropathic severity and repair following pancreas transplantation in diabetic patients. We have also demonstrated nerve damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy and Fabry's disease.

Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which may be used to quantify C fibre damage to diagnose and stratify patients with increasing neuropathic severity.

角膜共焦点顕微鏡：末梢神経障害で小型ファイバ病理を定量化するための新しい非侵襲的方法

The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. ...

A Real-time Electrical Impedance Based Technique to Measure Invasion of Endothelial Cell Monolayer by Cancer Cells

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of endothelial junctions and finally invasion and migration of tumor cells through the endothelial layer to enter the bloodstream as a means of transport to distant sites in the host1-3. Once in the circulatory system, cancer cells adhere to capillary walls and extravasate to the surrounding tissue to form metastatic tumors4,5. The various components of tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction can be replicated in vitro by challenging a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with cancer cells. Studies performed with electron and phase-contrast microscopy suggest that the in vitro sequence of events fairly represent the in vivo metastatic process6. Here, we describe an electrical-impedance based technique that monitors and quantifies in real-time the invasion of endothelial cells by malignant tumor cells.
Giaever and Keese first described a technique for measuring fluctuations in impedance when a population of cells grow on the surface of electrodes7,8. The xCELLigence instrument, manufactured by Roche, utilizes a similar technique to measure changes in electrical impedance as cells attach and spread in a culture dish covered with a gold microelectrode array that covers approximately 80% of the area on the bottom of a well. As cells attach and spread on the electrode surface, it leads to an increase in electrical impedance9-12. The impedance is displayed as a dimensionless parameter termed cell-index, which is directly proportional to the total area of tissue-culture well that is covered by cells. Hence, the cell-index can be used to monitor cell adhesion, spreading, morphology and cell density.
The invasion assay described in this article is based on changes in electrical impedance at the electrode/cell interphase, as a population of malignant cells invade through a HUVEC monolayer (Figure 1). The disruption of endothelial junctions, retraction of endothelial monolayer and replacement by tumor cells lead to large changes in impedance. These changes directly correlate with the invasive capacity of tumor cells, i.e., invasion by highly aggressive cells lead to large changes in cell impedance and vice versa. This technique provides a two-fold advantage over existing methods of measuring invasion, such as boyden chamber and matrigel assays: 1) the endothelial cell-tumor cell interaction more closely mimics the in vivo process, and 2) the data is obtained in real-time and is more easily quantifiable, as opposed to end-point analysis for other methods.

This article describes an in vitro technique for monitoring cancer cells invading through a monolayer of endothelial cells. The data is acquired in real-time as a function of changes in impedance on the surface of electrodes at the well bottom.

癌細胞による内皮細胞単層の侵入を測定するリアルタイム電気インピーダンス基づく手法

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of ...

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

マウスにおける頭蓋内異種移植研究のための簡単​​なガイドスクリュー方式

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

三次元文化：乳細胞の悪性形質転換正常対腺房アーキテクチャを研究するためのツール

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

ヒト前立腺癌サンプルからがん幹細胞の単離

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a valuable tool for understanding ovarian cancer, their use has many limitations. These include the lack of heterogeneity and the plethora of genetic alterations associated with extended in vitro passaging.&#160;Here we describe a method that allows for rapid establishment of primary ovarian cancer cells form solid clinical specimens collected at the time of surgery. The method consists of subjecting clinical specimens to enzymatic digestion for 30 min. The isolated cell suspension is allowed to grow and can be used for downstream application including drug screening. The advantage of primary ovarian cancer cell lines over established ovarian cancer cell lines is that they are representative of the original specific clinical specimens they are derived from and can be derived from different sites whether primary or metastatic ovarian cancer.

This study describes a detailed method for isolation and characterization of primary ovarian cancer cells from solid clinical specimens. Ovarian cancer clinical specimens are subjected to enzymatic digestion to obtain viable, fibroblast-free epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells highly suitable for downstream applications.

ソリッド検体からの原発性卵巣癌細胞を得る方法

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant cells with their microenvironment, their rarity and the overwhelming excess of hematopoietic cells. Towards this end, we developed an in vitro 2D clonogenic model of dormancy of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. The model consists of a few key elements necessary for dormancy. These include 1) the use of estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, which are the type likely to remain dormant for extended periods, 2) incubation of cells at clonogenic density, where the structural interaction of each cell is primarily with the substratum, 3) fibronectin, a key structural element of the marrow and 4) FGF-2, a growth factor abundantly synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells and heavily deposited in the extracellular matrix. Cells incubated with FGF-2 form dormant clones after 6 days, which consist of 12 or less cells that have a distinct flat appearance, are significantly larger and more spread out than growing cells and have large cytoplasm to nucleus ratios. In contrast, cells incubated without FGF-2 form primarily growing colonies consisting of >30 relatively small cells. Perturbations of the system with antibodies, inhibitors, peptides or nucleic acids on day 3 after incubation can significantly affect various phenotypic and molecular aspects of the dormant cells at 6 days and can be used to assess the roles of membrane-localized or intracellular molecules, factors or signaling pathways on the dormant state or survival of dormant cells. While recognizing the in vitro nature of the assay, it can function as a highly useful tool to glean significant information about the molecular mechanisms necessary for establishment and survival of dormant cells. This data can be used to generate hypotheses to be tested in vivo models.

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

We developed an in vitro model of dormancy in the bone marrow for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate use of the model for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of dormancy and for generation of hypotheses for subsequent testing in vivo.

アン<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;骨髄中のエストロゲン感受性乳癌の休眠モデル：分子機構の研究と仮説生成のためのツール

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant ...

Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.

Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.

乳癌細胞における腫瘍形成の阻害剤を同定するための軟寒天コロニー形成アッセイの活用

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Methods Article

老化がん細胞を定量化するための感度の高い方法