この研究は、(文部) 日本の科学省からの補助金によって融資された (番 15 K 00408、24659011、24640156、245900425、新青木の 22390005)、東京の生化学的研究からの助成金で財団、東京都、東京理科大学 (東京理科大学) 基金の戦略的研究分野。感謝澤邊紀子 (薬学部、東京理科大学) 長谷川富貴子 (薬学部、東京理科大学) の NMR スペクトルの測定質量の測定したいと思いますスペクトル、および元素分析測定のため朋子松尾 (東京理科大学理工学研究所)。

著者が明らかに何もありません。

本稿の目的は、退屈な保護グループ操作することがなく保護されていない ribonucleosides を用いた糖ヌクレオシドの準備に便利な合成法を示すことです。ここのヌクレオシドを介して、一時 2', 3'-ジオール保護繰返しホウ酸エステル (図 1B)51 O位置選択的グリコシル化について報告する.
中間周期のホウ酸エス...

ヌクレオシドと糖鎖の複合体である二糖類ヌクレオシド リンク経由で O-グリコシド結合、貴重な天然糖誘導体1,2 クラスを構成します。、3,4,5,6,7。例えば、彼らは tRNA (転送リボ核酸) や poly(ADP-ribose) などの生体高分子に組み込まれている (ADP = アデノシン二リン酸)、同様に、いくつかの抗菌薬とその他の生理活性物質 (例えば、adenophostins、amicetins、ezomycin)5,6,8,9,10、11,12,13、 14,15,16,17,18,19。したがって、糖ヌクレオシド及びその誘導体は、鉛化合物の創薬研究をする予定です。二糖類のヌクレオシドの合成のための方法論は 3 つのカテゴリーに分類されます。酵素O糖鎖修飾20,21, 化学N- グリコシル化反応5,9,16,22,23、 24, と化学O糖鎖修飾7,9,14,16,18,19,24、 25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33、 34,35,36,37。特に、化学 o-グリコシレーション立体選択的合成と糖ヌクレオシドの大量合成のための効率的な方法になります。前の研究は 2'-デオキシリボヌクレオシド合成2と、thioglycosyl ドナー 1、 p- toluenesulfenyl 塩化とトリフラート、銀の組み合わせを使用してのO糖鎖を与えることを示している、二糖類ヌクレオシド3 (図 1A; を使用を希望Ar = アリール、PG = 保護グループ)38。
以下のこれらの結果、 p- toluenesulfenyl 塩化/シルバー トリフラート プロモーター システムを適用する ribonucleosides のO糖鎖を開発しました。部分的に保護された ribonucleosides のO糖鎖のいくつかの例が示された7,9,14,16,18,をされている19 ,24,32,33,34,35,36,37、保護されていない、または一時的に保護の使用O糖鎖の糖受容体として ribonucleosides は、無視できるほど報告されています。したがって、保護されていない、または一時的に保護 ribonucleosides O位置選択的グリコシル化反応の開発と ribonucleosides のグループの操作を保護することがなくより有益な合成法を提供しました。Ribonucleosides のO位置選択的グリコシル化反応を達成するために我々 に焦点を当ててホウ素化合物ので位置および立体選択的アシル化、アルキル化、シリル化、および炭水化物の糖鎖のいくつかの例ボロンの援助を受けて誘導体または borinic 酸がずっと報告39,40,41,42,43,44,45 、46,47,48,49,50。この記事では、ribonucleosides経由でホウ酸エステル中間の 5'-ヒドロキシル グループでO位置選択的グリコシル化反応を利用した二糖類ヌクレオシドの合成手順をデモンストレーションします。ここで紹介する戦略、ホウ酸エステル中間6リボヌクレオシド4ボロン酸5でO位置選択的グリコシル化反応を可能にするとのエステル化反応によって与えられることだろう、二糖類ヌクレオシド8 (図 1B)51を与える thioglycosyl ドナー 7と 5'-ヒドロキシル グループ。また、ホウ酸エステルの形成を観察するための核磁気共鳴 (NMR) 分光法によるリボヌクレオシドとボロン酸の相互作用を調べた。ホウ酸エステル、糖鎖修飾反応するエステル化反応では、ホウ酸エステル、糖ドナーの加水分解を防ぐために無水条件を必要があります。この記事では、研究者・生化学のみならず他の分野で成功した糖鎖反作用のため無水条件を取得する一般的な手順を示します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>34945-61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenylboronic acid (contains varying amounts of anhydride)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>B0857</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;-Methoxyphenylboronic acid</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>321-69201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (contains varying amounts of anhydride)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>T1788</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,4-Difluorophenylboronic acid (contains varying amounts of anhydride)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>D3391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cyclopentylboronic acid (contains varying amounts of Anhydride)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>C2442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Nitrophenylboronic acid (contains varying amounts of anhydride)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>N0812</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Hexylphenylboronic acid (contains varying amounts of anhydride)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>H1489</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adenosine</td><td>Merck KGaA</td><td>862.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guanosine</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>411130050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytidine</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>C0522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uridine</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>U0020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-Fluorouridine</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>F0636</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-Methyluridine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M-9885</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methylamine (40% in Methanol,&amp;nbsp;ca. 9.8mol/L)</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>M1016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>044-19211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic anhydride</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>00226-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyridine, Dehydrated</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>161-18453</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Kanto Chemical</td><td>01031-96</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1,4-Dioxane</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>13622-73</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>130-02457</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propionitrile</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>164-04756</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular sieves 4A powder</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>04168-65</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular sieves 3A powder</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>04176-55</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Celite 545RVS</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>08034-85</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile-D3 (D,99.8%)</td><td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td><td>DLM-21-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>34831-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TLC Silica gel 60 F&lt;sub&gt;254&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck KGaA</td><td>1.05715.0001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromatorex</td><td>Fuji Silysia Chemical</td><td>FL100D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydrogen carbonate</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>191-01305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>080-01061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium sulfate</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>31915-96</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Kanto Chemical</td><td>07278-81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>194-01677</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>21914-74</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>JEOL Always 300</td><td>JEOL</td><td></td><td>Measurement of NMR</td></tr><tr><td>Lamda 400</td><td>JEOL</td><td></td><td>Measurement of NMR</td></tr><tr><td>PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR Spectrometer</td><td>Perkin Elmer</td><td></td><td>Measurement of IR</td></tr><tr><td>JEOL JMS-700</td><td>JEOL</td><td></td><td>Measurement of MS</td></tr><tr><td>PerkinElmer CHN 2400 analyzer</td><td>Perkin Elmer</td><td></td><td>Measurement of elemental analysis</td></tr><tr><td>JASCO P-1030 digital polarimeter</td><td>JASCO</td><td></td><td>Measurement of optical rotation</td></tr><tr><td>JASCO PU-2089 Plus intelligent HPLC pump</td><td>JASCO</td><td></td><td>For HPLC</td></tr><tr><td>Jasco UV-2075 Plus Intelligent UV/Vis Detector</td><td>JASCO</td><td></td><td>For HPLC</td></tr><tr><td>Rheodyne Model 7125 Injector</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>58826</td><td>For HPLC</td></tr><tr><td>Chromatopac C-R8A</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td></td><td>For HPLC</td></tr><tr><td>Senshu Pak Pegasil ODS</td><td>Senshu Scientific</td><td></td><td>For HPLC</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;-Toluenesulfenyl&amp;nbsp;chloride</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 38</td></tr><tr><td>Phenyl 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;-benzyl-1-thio-a-D-mannopyranoside (a-&lt;strong&gt;9&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 52</td></tr><tr><td>4-Metylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;-benzoyl-1-thio-b-D-galactopyranoside (b-&lt;strong&gt;21&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 53</td></tr><tr><td>4-Metylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;-benzoyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside (b-&lt;strong&gt;31&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 57</td></tr><tr><td>4-Metylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;-benzoyl-1-thio-a-D-Mannopyranoside (a-&lt;strong&gt;32&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 67</td></tr><tr><td>6-&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-Benzoyladenosine (&lt;strong&gt;14&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 54</td></tr><tr><td>2-&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-Isobutyrylguanosine (&lt;strong&gt;16&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 55</td></tr><tr><td>4-&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-Benzoylcytidine (&lt;strong&gt;20&lt;/strong&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Prepared&amp;nbsp; Ref. 56</td></tr></tbody></table>

regioselective o-glycosylation of nucleosides via the temporary 2',3'-diol protection by a boronic ester for the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides

二糖類、核酸塩基の部分から成って、二糖類ヌクレオシドは、多種多様な生物活性を有する天然物の貴重なグループとして知られています。面倒な保護グループの操作とで精製糖供与体と受容体などの基板の準備が必要です化学O糖鎖は糖ヌクレオシドの合成よく有益な戦略が、各合成のステップ。一方、いくつかの研究グループが、ボロン報告し、borinic エステルが、保護または位置および立体選択的アシル化、アルキル化、シリル化、グリコシル化反応を達成するために糖誘導体のグループをアクティブにします。この記事では、ボロン酸を利用した保護されていない ribonucleosides のO位置選択的グリコシル化反応の手順を示します。2' のエステル化、ボロン酸と ribonucleosides の 3'-ジオールは、 ptoluenesulfenyl の存在下で糖のドナーとジオール、次 o-グリコシレーションの一時的な保護塩化と銀トリフラート、許可二糖類ヌクレオシドを余裕に 5'-ヒドロキシル グループの位置選択的反応。このメソッドは、グアノシン、アデノシン、シチジン、ウリジン、5-metyluridine、5 fluorouridine などの様々 なヌクレオシドに適用でした。この記事と付属のビデオ無防備なヌクレオシドのO糖鎖についての役に立つ (ビジュアル) と糖ヌクレオシドのみならず、さまざまな生物学的関連性の合成、類縁を表します誘導体。

表 160,61は、ウリジン10 thiomannoside α9のO糖鎖の結果をまとめたものです。エントリ 1 で α ボロン酸誘導体の不在の9と10のO糖鎖は複雑な混合物の形成で起因しました。エントリ 2 で10フェニルボロン酸11aされた混合ピリジン?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides at JoVE

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

今回二糖類ヌクレオシドの合成のためのプロトコルを介してribonucleosides のO位置選択的グリコシル化反応での一時的な保護、2'、3'-ジオール部分繰返しホウ酸エステルを利用しました。このメソッドは、いくつかの無防備なヌクレオシド アデノシン, グアノシン、シチジン、ウリジン、5-メチルウリジン, 対応する糖ヌクレオシドを与える 5 fluorouridine などに適用されます。

ヌクレオシドを介して一時 2'、3'-ジオール保護ホウ酸エステル糖ヌクレオシドの合成のためのOの位置選択的グリコシル化反応

Disaccharide nucleosides, which consist of disaccharide and nucleobase moieties, have been known as a valuable group of natural products having ...

regioselective-o-glycosylation-nucleosides-via-temporary-2-3-diol

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

8.6K ビュー.  Tokyo University of Science. 今回二糖類ヌクレオシドの合成のためのプロトコルを介してribonucleosides のO位置選択的グリコシル化反応での一時的な保護、2'、3'-ジオール部分繰返しホウ酸エステルを利用しました。このメソッドは、いくつかの無防備なヌクレオシド アデノシン, グアノシン、シチジン、ウリジン、5-メチルウリジン, 対応する糖ヌクレオシドを与える 5 flu...

ビデオ: Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

The traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified phosphoramidite precursors to the nascent chain. However, the conditions used during the synthesis and the restriction to rather short sequences hamper the applicability of this methodology. On the other hand, modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated building blocks that have been employed for the mild introduction of numerous functional groups into nucleic acids, a strategy that paves the way for the use of modified nucleic acids in a wide-ranging palette of practical applications such as functional tagging and generation of ribozymes and DNAzymes. One of the major challenges resides in the intricacy of the methodology leading to the isolation and characterization of these nucleoside analogues.
	
	In this video article, we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of these modified analogues using phosphorous(III)-based reagents. In addition, the procedure for their biochemical characterization is divulged, with a special emphasis on primer extension reactions and TdT tailing polymerization. This detailed protocol will be of use for the crafting of modified dNTPs and their further use in chemical biology.

The protocol described herein aims to explain and abridge the numerous obstacles in the way of the intricate route leading to modified nucleoside triphosphates. Consequently, this protocol facilitates both the synthesis of these activated building-blocks and their availability for practical applications.

ヌクレオシド三リン酸 - 合成からの生化学的特徴付けへ

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

化学

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are rapidly oxidized, for example by atmospheric oxygen, to indigo type dyes. This reaction enables fast and easy screening in vivo without isolation or purification of enzymes, as well as rapid tests on agar plates or in solution (e.g., blue-white screening, micro-wells) and is used in biochemistry, histochemistry, bacteriology and molecular biology. Unfortunately the synthesis of such substrates proved to be difficult, due to various side reactions and the low reactivity of the indoxyl hydroxyl function. Especially for glucose type structures low yields were observed. Our novel approach employs indoxylic acid ester as key intermediates. Indoxylic acid esters with varied substitution patterns were prepared on scalable pathways. Phase transfer glycosylations with those acceptors and peracetylated glycosyl halides can be performed under common conditions in high yields. Ester cleavage and subsequent mild silver mediated glycosylation yields the peracetylated indoxyl glycosides in high yields. Finally deprotection is performed according to Zempl&#233;n.

Indoxyl glycosides are well-established and widely used tools for enzyme screening and enzyme activity monitoring. Especially for glucose type structures previous syntheses proved to be challenging and low yielding. Our novel approach employs indoxylic acid esters as precious intermediates to yield a considerable number of indoxyl glycosides in good yields.

グリコシダーゼ活性の検出のためのインドキシル配糖体の合成

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are ...

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12.
The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices.
The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17.
Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).

In this article, a high throughput method is presented for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and their attachment to the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles for further use in targeting specific receptors on antigen presenting cells.

無水物ナノ粒子のハイスループット糖鎖の合成と機能化

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design ...

生物工学

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

The modification of virus particles has received a significant amount of attention for its tremendous potential for impacting gene therapy, oncolytic applications and vaccine development.1,2,3 Current approaches to modifying viral surfaces, which are mostly genetics-based, often suffer from attenuation of virus production, infectivity and cellular transduction.4,5 Using chemoselective click chemistry, we have developed a straightforward alternative approach which sidesteps these issues while remaining both highly flexible and accessible.1,2
The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using bioorthogonal click chemistry to modify the surface of adenovirus type 5 particles. This two-step process can be used both therapeutically1 or analytically,2,6 as it allows for chemoselective ligation of targeting molecules, dyes or other molecules of interest onto proteins pre-labeled with azide tags. The three major advantages of this method are that (1) metabolic labeling demonstrates little to no impact on viral fitness,1,7 (2) a wide array of effector ligands can be utilized, and (3) it is remarkably fast, reliable and easy to access.1,2,7
In the first step of this procedure, adenovirus particles are produced bearing either azidohomoalanine (Aha, a methionine surrogate) or the unnatural sugar O-linked N-azidoacetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAz), both of which contain the azide (-N3) functional group. After purification of the azide-modified virus particles, an alkyne probe containing the fluorescent TAMRA moiety is ligated in a chemoselective manner to the pre-labeled proteins or glycoproteins. Finally, an SDS-PAGE analysis is performed to demonstrate the successful ligation of the probe onto the viral capsid proteins. Aha incorporation is shown to label all viral capsid proteins (Hexon, Penton and Fiber), while O-GlcNAz incorporation results in labeling of Fiber only.
In this evolving field, multiple methods for azide-alkyne ligation have been successfully developed; however only the two we have found to be most convenient are demonstrated herein &#x2013; strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) under deoxygenated atmosphere.

Adenovirus particles are engineered to contain either the unnatural amino acid analogue azidohomoalanine or the azido sugar O-GlcNAz. The azide group of each is chemoselectively ligated via "click" chemistry reactions as a means of viral surface modification.

Bioorthogonalクリックケミストリーを介したウイルス表面の化学選択的修飾

The modification of virus particles has received a significant amount of attention for its tremendous potential for impacting gene therapy, oncolytic ...

免疫・感染学

Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of N-glycans for Array Development and HIV Antibody Profiling

We present a highly efficient way for the rapid preparation of a wide range of N-linked oligosaccharides (estimated to exceed 20,000 structures) that are commonly found on human glycoproteins. To achieve the desired structural diversity, the strategy began with the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of three kinds of oligosaccharyl fluoride modules, followed by their stepwise &#945;-selective glycosylations at the 3-O and 6-O positions of the mannose residue of the common core trisaccharide having a crucial &#946;-mannoside linkage. We further attached the N-glycans to the surface of an aluminum oxide-coated glass (ACG) slide to create a covalent mixed array for the analysis of hetero-ligand interaction with an HIV antibody. In particular, the binding behavior of a newly isolated HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb), PG9, to the mixture of closely spaced Man5GlcNAc2 (Man5) and 2,6-di-sialylated bi-antennary complex type N-glycan (SCT) on an ACG array, opens a new avenue to guide the effective immunogen design for HIV vaccine development. In addition, our ACG array embodies a powerful tool to study other HIV antibodies for hetero-ligand binding behavior.

Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of N-glycans for Array Development and HIV Antibody Profiling

A modular approach to the synthesis of N-glycans for attachment to an aluminum oxide-coated glass slide (ACG slide) as a glycan microarray has been developed and its use for the profiling of an HIV broadly neutralizing antibody has been demonstrated.

N型糖鎖アレイ開発および HIV 抗体のための化学酵素合成プロファイリング

We present a highly efficient way for the rapid preparation of a wide range of N-linked oligosaccharides (estimated to exceed 20,000 structures) that are ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular methodology for applications in various fields and for different research purposes. The procedure described herein focuses on the synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA 5&#39;-[CUA CGG AAU CAU]-3&#39; containing zero, one, or two modifications located at the C2&#39;-O-position. The probes are based on 2-thiophenylmethyl groups, incorporated into RNA nucleotides via standard organic synthesis and introduced into the corresponding oligonucleotides via their respective phosphoramidites. This report makes use of phosphoramidite chemistry via the four canonical nucleobases (Uridine (U), Cytosine (C), Guanosine (G), Adenosine (A)), as well as 2-thiophenylmethyl functionalized nucleotides modified at the 2&#39;-O-position; however, the methodology is amenable for a large variety of modifications that have been developed over the years. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on a controlled-pore glass (CPG) support followed by cleavage from the resin and deprotection under standard conditions, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and methylamine (AMA) followed by hydrogen fluoride/triethylamine/N-methylpyrrolidinone. The corresponding oligonucleotides were purified via polyacrylamide electrophoresis (20% denaturing) followed by elution, desalting, and isolation via reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-pak, C18-column). Quantification and structural parameters were assessed via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD) photometric analysis, respectively. This report aims to serve as a resource and guide for beginner and expert researchers interested in embarking in this field. It is expected to serve as a work-in-progress as new technologies and methodologies are developed. The description of the methodologies and techniques within this document correspond to a DNA/RNA synthesizer (refurbished and purchased in 2013) that uses phosphoramidite chemistry.

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

This article provides a detailed procedure on the solid-phase synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA modified at the C2&#39;-O-position. UV-vis and circular dichroism photometric analyses are used to quantify and characterize structural aspects, i.e., single-strands or double-strands.

2 &#39;末端を含むRNAのオリゴマーの固相合成のためのプロトコール<em&gt; O</em&gt;チオフェンメチル修飾と環状二色性によるキャラクタリゼーション

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

This article presents a general experimental protocol for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis and demonstrates how to use Auto-CHO software for generating potential synthetic solutions. The programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis approach is designed to empower fast oligosaccharide synthesis of large amounts using thioglycoside building blocks (BBLs) with the appropriate sequential order of relative reactivity values (RRVs). Auto-CHO is a cross-platform software with a graphical user interface that provides possible synthetic solutions for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis by searching a BBL library (containing about 150 validated and &#62;50,000 virtual BBLs) with accurately predicted RRVs by support vector regression. The algorithm for hierarchical one-pot synthesis has been implemented in Auto-CHO and uses fragments generated by one-pot reactions as new BBLs. In addition, Auto-CHO allows users to give feedback for virtual BBLs to keep valuable ones for further use. One-pot synthesis of stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA-4), which is a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell marker, is demonstrated in this work.

This protocol demonstrates how to use the Auto-CHO software for hierarchical and programmable one-pot synthesis of oligosaccharides. It also describes the general procedure for RRV determination&#160;experiments and one-pot glycosylation of SSEA-4.

階層的でプログラム可能なワンポットオリゴ糖合成

This article presents a general experimental protocol for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis and demonstrates how to use Auto-CHO software for ...

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

This protocol presents the use of Lewis acidic multi-role reagents to circumvent kinetic trapping observed during the self-assembly of information-encoded oligomeric strands mediated by paired dynamic covalent interactions in a manner mimicking the thermal cycling commonly employed for the self-assembly of complementary nucleic acid sequences. Primary amine monomers bearing aldehyde and amine pendant moieties are functionalized with orthogonal protecting groups for use as dynamic covalent reactant pairs. Using a modified automated peptide synthesizer, the primary amine monomers are encoded into oligo(peptoid) strands through solid-phase submonomer synthesis. Upon purification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterization by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), sequence-specific oligomers are subjected to high-loading of a Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflate which both deprotects the aldehyde moieties and affects the reactant pair equilibrium such that strands completely dissociate. Subsequently, a fraction of the Lewis acid is extracted, enabling annealing of complementary sequence-specific strands to form information-encoded molecular ladders characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The simple procedure outlined in this report circumvents kinetic traps commonly experienced in the field of dynamic covalent assembly and serves as a platform for the future design of robust, complex architectures.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of information-encoded peptoid oligomers and for the sequence-directed self-assembly of these peptoids into molecular ladders using amines and aldehydes as dynamic covalent reactant pairs and Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflates as multi-role reagents.

情報を持つペプトイドの合成と、その配列指向動的共有自己集合

This protocol presents the use of Lewis acidic multi-role reagents to circumvent kinetic trapping observed during the self-assembly of information-encoded ...

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

The 5&#8242;-triphosphate is an essential nucleic acid modification found throughout all life and increasingly used as a functional modification of oligonucleotides in biotechnology and synthetic biology. Oligonucleotide 5&#8242;-triphosphates have historically been prepared in vitro by enzymatic methods. However, these methods are limited to natural RNA oligonucleotides, have strong sequence preferences, and tend to produce heterogeneous products. New methods of chemical triphosphorylation complement both the reduced cost of automated oligonucleotide synthesis by phosphoramidite chemistry and the diverse range of nucleotide modifications now available. Thus, the synthesis of oligonucleotide triphosphates of arbitrary sequence and length, and optionally containing various nonnatural modifications, is now accessible.
This paper presents the appropriate methods and techniques for chemical triphosphorylation of oligonucleotides using salicyl phosphorochloridite and pyrophosphate. This method uses commercially available reagents, is compatible with most oligonucleotides prepared by standard solid-phase synthesis methods, and can be completed in 2 h following oligonucleotide synthesis, before deprotection and purification. Two uses of chemically triphosphorylated oligonucleotides as substrates for catalytic RNA enzymes are demonstrated, including the synthesis of a mirror-image version of the hammerhead ribozyme from nonbiological L-RNA triphosphates.

Oligonucleotide 5&#8242;-triphosphates are ubiquitous components in essential biological pathways and have seen increasing use in biotechnology applications. Here, we describe techniques for the routine synthesis and purification of oligonucleotide 5&#8242;-triphosphates, starting from oligonucleotides prepared by standard automated synthesis techniques.

オリゴヌクレオチドの化学的三リン酸化

The 5&#8242;-triphosphate is an essential nucleic acid modification found throughout all life and increasingly used as a functional modification of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>MOEによる細胞内シアリル化糖鎖の可視化のための拡大顕微鏡

Visualizing Intracellular Sialylation with Click Chemistry and Expansion Microscopy

Metabolic labeling techniques allow the incorporation of bioorthogonal reporters into glycans, enabling the targeted bioconjugation of molecular dyes within cells through click and bioorthogonal chemistry. Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) has attracted considerable interest due to the essential role of glycosylation in numerous biological processes that involve molecular recognition and its impact on pathologies ranging from cancer to genetic disorders to viral and bacterial infections.
Although MOE is better known for the detection of cell surface glycoconjugates, it is also a very important methodology for the study of intracellular glycans in physiological and pathological contexts. Such studies greatly benefit from high spatial resolution. However, super-resolution microscopy is not readily available in most laboratories and poses challenges for daily implementation. Expansion microscopy is a recent alternative that enhances the resolution of microscopy by physically enlarging biological specimens labeled with fluorescent markers. By embedding the sample in a swellable gel and causing it to expand isotropically through chemical treatment, subcellular structures can be visualized with enhanced precision and resolution without the need for super-resolution techniques.
In this work, we illustrate the capacity of expansion microscopy to visualize intracellular sialylated glycans through the combined use of MOE and click chemistry. Specifically, we propose a procedure for bioorthogonal labeling and expansion microscopy that employs a reporter targeting sialylation, which may be associated with immunofluorescence for co-localization studies. This protocol enables localization studies of sialoconjugate biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and recycling.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Click Chemistry and Expansion Microscopyによる細胞内シアル化の可視化

Here, we propose a simple protocol combining metabolic oligosaccharide engineering, click chemistry, and expansion microscopy that allows bioimaging of intracellular sialylated N-glycoproteins with improved resolution using routine microscopy equipment.

Click Chemistry and Expansion Microscopyによる細胞内シアル化の可視化

Metabolic labeling techniques allow the incorporation of bioorthogonal reporters into glycans, enabling the targeted bioconjugation of molecular dyes ...