代表的なデータは、国立がん研究所(K22CA218549からS.T.S.)を通じて資金提供されました。ここに報告された包括的な分析方法の開発に協力することに加えて、我々は、オハイオ州立大学総合癌センター比較病理学およびマウスフェノタイピング共有リソース(ディレクター - クリスタ・ラ・ペルル、DVM、博士号)の組織学および免疫組織化学サービス、およびアルゴリズムの開発および分析のための病理イメージングコアに感謝します。

動物の使用は、OSU機関動物の世話と使用委員会(IACUC)承認プロトコル2007A0120-R4(PI:ジーナ・サイズモア博士)の下で大学実験動物資源(ULAR)規制に従いました。
1. 乳がん細胞の尾静脈注射
<ol><li>注射用細胞および注射器の調製<ol>
<li>使用するマウスの数と細胞濃度に基づいて適切な数の細胞をプレートします。 注: 注入される細胞の数と転移の発生に要する時間は、使用される細胞のラインによって異なっており、最適化する必要があります。本デモでは、1 x 106個のMDA-MB-231細胞を NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ(NSG)マウスに静脈内注射し、注射後24日以上で巨視的な肺病変が観察される。MVT1マウス乳腺腫瘍細胞株17に対して、3 x 106細胞が免疫に優れたFVB/Nマウスに注入され、14日22,23で多数の肺転移が観察される。</li>
		<li>吸気培地と1x PBSで細胞プレートをすすいだ。細胞を最小量でトリプシン化し、適切な量の培地を加え、造馬計または別の好ましい方法を用いて細胞を数える。トリパンブルー(0.4%)または他の生きている/死んだ細胞色素を使用して、生存可能な細胞数を決定することができます。</li>
		<li>ペレット細胞は180xgで5分間回転する。</li>
		<li>1回のマウスに100 μLの体積が注入されるよう、滅菌1x PBSの細胞の適切な数を再中断します。生存率を維持するために、細胞懸濁液を氷の上に保管してください。</li>
		<li>注入する前に、凝集を避けるために200 μLまたは1 mLピペットで細胞を十分に再懸濁させる。28Gインシュリンシリンジで100μLを引き上げる( 材料表参照)。</li>
		<li>シリンジを垂直に保ち、シリンジをタップし、プランジャーをゆっくりと調整して、気泡を除去します。静脈への気泡の注入は、致命的な可能性がある空気/ガス塞栓症を引き起こす可能性があります。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>横尾静脈注射 注:実験的な乳癌転移アッセイの場合、注射は生後6週齢の雌マウス>に対して行われる。<ol>
<li>尾でマウスを処理し、適切なサイズのスロットチューブ/拘束装置に動物をスライドさせます(使用する拘束装置 については、材料表 を参照)。</li>
		<li>拘束装置のプラグ部分を挿入し、横方向の尾静脈が見えやすいような側にマウスを置きます。マウスは生殖器、後部静脈、および2つの側尾静脈に沿った腹側動脈を有する。</li>
		<li>無菌ワイプでマウスの尾の表面をきれいにします。人差し指と親指の間の尾を非支配的な手で握り、わずかな緊張を加えます。</li>
		<li>尾の遠位部分から始まり、ベベルが終わる静脈に平行に針を挿入します。</li>
		<li>許可されている場合は、 慎重に 針を要約し、20〜30°の角度に曲げ。片手でアプローチまたは針のリタッピング装置を強くお勧めします。 注:これは静脈が崩壊する可能性があるため、吸引する必要はありません。しかし、最初に置かれたときに血の小さなフラッシュが見られるかもしれません。針は適切な配置で静脈にスムーズに進みます。</li>
		<li>ゆっくりと静脈に完全なボリュームを分配します。プランジャーを押しても抵抗があってはならない。</li>
		<li>抵抗が感じられる場合は、速やかに注射針を取り外します。必要に応じて、尾部の近位端または反対側の側面静脈に向かって移動する針(理想的には3回以下)を再挿入します。</li>
		<li>少量の血液は、注射後に置き換えられる可能性が高い。滅菌ガーゼで穏やかな圧力をかけ、無菌ワイプで拭きます。</li>
		<li>適切なシャープ容器に注射器を速やかに処分する。</li>
		<li>清潔で換気の良いケージにマウスを戻し、苦痛の兆候を監視します。</li>
		<li>マウスの転移形成(呼吸困難、姿勢のハンチ、体重減少)および一般的な苦痛の徴候を、週2~3倍に監視する。転移の発生までの時間は、細胞株とマウス株に依存します。</li>
		<li>in vivo生きた動物イメージング装置を用いる場合、尾静脈注射直後の画像マウスは、細胞の正常な注入を確認し、時間「ゼロ」データを得る(インビボ生物発光イメージングに関する具体的な詳細はここに含まれていないが、Yangらららによって記載されている)。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 肺組織の固定と転移性肺腫瘍の負担の解析
<ol><li>組織病理学のための肺の構造様式を維持するための肺組織の膨張<ol>
<li>承認された安楽死手順(例えば、チャンバー容積/分の30〜70%の変位で二酸化炭素)が続いた後、マウスの死骸をピンで解剖板に固定します。スプレーまたは70%エタノールを適用して、解剖中にマウスの毛皮を邪魔さないようにします。 注:二酸化炭素窒息は、特に遅い流速で、期待される背景病変として肺出血を引き起こす可能性があります。</li>
		<li>正中線切開で胸郭を開き、腹膜を通して切開を頸部/尾様に伸ばし、xyphoidプロセスをつかんで横隔膜を切り取る。</li>
		<li>刃を鈍らせないように別のハサミのセットを使用して、胸骨の両側に沿って肋骨を切断し、慎重に肺が拡大するための余地を残す肋骨ケージを取り除きます。</li>
		<li>下顎下唾液腺とインフラヒロイド筋肉を除去することによって気管を分離します。気管の両側にピンを置くと、針の挿入中に不要な動きを防ぐことができます。</li>
		<li>26 G シリンジに 2~3 mL の 10% 中性緩衝ホルマリンを充填し、気管に挿入します。</li>
		<li>ゆっくりとホルマリンを注入し、肺が拡大するのを見てください(通常、ホルマリンの約1.5 mLが必要です)。</li>
		<li>ホルマリンが肺から漏れ始めたら(インフレを避ける)、鉗子で気管をつまみ、注射針を取り外し、呼吸器装置全体を取り外します。組織の追加のトリミングが後に行うことができるように、肺、心臓などをホルマリンに直接入れる。</li>
		<li>完全な処理、埋め込み、組織の切片、および標準的な方法を使用してヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン(H&E)染色。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>転移性肺腫瘍の負担の解析<ol>
<li>H&E染色された肺のセクションを、40倍の倍率で高解像度のスライドスキャナーでスキャンします(図3)。</li>
		<li>肺転移の定量化のための画像解析ソフトウェア(例えば、Visiopharm画像解析)に画像をインポートします。 注: 新しいユーザーは、画像解析ソフトウェアを使用するためにオンサイトまたはオンラインのトレーニングを受けることをお勧めします。市販のウェブページからも多数のウェビナーが利用できます。</li>
		<li>ソフトウェアのアプリライブラリから、Visiopharm 10118 H&E肺転移アプリを選択します。 注:このアプリの目的は、H&E染色されたスライドに肺転移をラベル付けし、定量化することです。10118 H&E肺転移アプリの一部として、最初の画像処理ステップは、組織検出アプリで肺組織をセグメント化します。第二の画像処理ステップは、肺組織内の転移を識別する転移検出アプリを使用しています。転移は、形状が間違っている領域、赤すぎる領域、または転移として識別するにはまばらすぎる領域と共に識別されます。</li>
		<li>形状とスパースを定義するパラメータを調整して、代表的な画像に最適にフィットします。腫瘍転移および正常肺組織のセグメント化領域は、組織タイプごとに異なる色ラベルを使用して表示することができる。 注: アプリが正常な肺組織から正確に転移を分離できない場合、Visiopharm Decision Forest プログラムを使用するカスタム アプリは、実験で行われたように記述する必要があります ( 図 2 および 図 3 を参照)。カスタム アルゴリズムを記述する詳細は以下のとおりです。それ以外の場合は、ステップ 2.2.9 に進みます。</li>
		<li>所望の画像上の複数の クラス (すなわち、肺組織(非腫瘍性)、転移、赤血球、上皮、および/または白いスペースを訓練することによって動作するDecision Forestプログラムを開きます。 図2では、腫瘍転移は青色、正常組織は緑色、気管支上皮は黄色である。また、赤血球は赤と空気空間にピンク色です。</li>
		<li>プロンプトされた一連のイエスまたはノーの質問に従って、各 クラス を適切に画像に合わせて訓練します。アルゴリズムの精度は、イエス/ノーの質問の数を決定します。分析のために、カスタム アルゴリズム/アプリは 50 (範囲 0 から 100) に設定された精度で書き込まれました。</li>
		<li>アルゴリズム/App. Visiopharm は、機能と呼ばれる 1 つまたは複数のレンズを通じて各クラスを表示する精度を高めるために、シャープ、ぼかし、形状による並べ替えなどを行うフィルターを適用して、各クラスの機能を調整します。特徴は、特定の色や強度を引き出すために、クラスが画像を見る方法を変更します。 注: カスタムアルゴリズムでは、8500 μm2 以上のメタスタは、メタスタとしてラベル付けされ、測定されます。これは、サイズの差異と転移が小さすぎて検出できない場合を示します。小さな誤った形状の領域と8500 μm2 の下の小さな転移領域は、正常な組織定量に含まれていた。</li>
		<li>アプリまたはカスタムアルゴリズムのいずれかから変更された設定を保存し、その後、全体のセットまたは一連のH&E染色組織にアルゴリズム/アプリを適用します。</li>
		<li>最後に、 表 1 に示した出力変数を含むすべての出力変数をエクスポートします。ミクロン二乗(μm2)の面積は、組織タイプごとに定量化することができ、パーセンテージは標本の総正味組織面積(すなわち、総組織から空気空間を差し引いた)に由来する。</li>
		<li>カスタムアルゴリズムを作成する場合は、米国獣医病理学者の米国大学によって認定された獣医病理学者の理事会と協議して組織マークアップをレビューし、正確な測定を保証し、組織タイプを区別します。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+for+tumor+metastasis.">Mouse models for tumor metastasis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 928, 221-228 (2012).</li><li>La Perle, K. M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+Pathologists:+Ultimate+Control+Freaks+Seeking+Validation.">Comparative Pathologists: Ultimate Control Freaks Seeking Validation.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 56 (1), 19-23 (2019).</li><li>Blomberg, O. S., Spagnuolo, L., de Visser, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+regulation+of+metastasis:+mechanistic+insights+and+therapeutic+opportunities.">Immune regulation of metastasis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.</a> Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms. 11 (10), (2018).</li><li>Gonzalez, H., Hagerling, C., Werb, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+the+immune+system+in+cancer:+from+tumor+initiation+to+metastatic+progression.">Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression.</a> Genes and Development. 32 (19-20), 1267-1284 (2018).</li><li>Borowsky, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syngeneic+mouse+mammary+carcinoma+cell+lines:+two+closely+related+cell+lines+with+divergent+metastatic+behavior.">Syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines: two closely related cell lines with divergent metastatic behavior.</a> Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 22 (1), 47-59 (2005).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunocompetent+mouse+allograft+models+for+development+of+therapies+to+target+breast+cancer+metastasis.">Immunocompetent mouse allograft models for development of therapies to target breast cancer metastasis.</a> Oncotarget. 8 (19), 30621-30643 (2017).</li><li>Resch, M., Neels, T., Tichy, A., Palme, R., Rulicke, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+assessment+of+tail-vein+injection+in+mice+using+a+modified+anaesthesia+induction+chamber+versus+a+common+restrainer+without+anaesthesia.">Impact assessment of tail-vein injection in mice using a modified anaesthesia induction chamber versus a common restrainer without anaesthesia.</a> Laboratory Animals. 53 (2), 190-201 (2019).</li><li>Rashid, O. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+tail+vein+injection+a+relevant+breast+cancer+lung+metastasis+model.">Is tail vein injection a relevant breast cancer lung metastasis model.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 5 (4), 385-392 (2013).</li><li>Goodale, D., Phay, C., Postenka, C. O., Keeney, M., Allan, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+tumor+cell+dissemination+patterns+in+preclinical+models+of+cancer+metastasis+using+flow+cytometry+and+laser+scanning+cytometry.">Characterization of tumor cell dissemination patterns in preclinical models of cancer metastasis using flow cytometry and laser scanning cytometry.</a> Cytometry Part A. 75 (4), 344-355 (2009).</li><li>Goddard, E. T., Fischer, J., Schedin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Portal+Vein+Injection+Model+to+Study+Liver+Metastasis+of+Breast+Cancer.">A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (118), (2016).</li><li>Wright, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+models+of+breast+cancer+bone+metastasis.">Murine models of breast cancer bone metastasis.</a> BoneKEy Reports. 5, 804 (2016).</li><li>Simmons, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+Bone+Metastasis.">Animal Models of Bone Metastasis.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 52 (5), 827-841 (2015).</li><li>Liu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+orthotopic+mouse+models+of+patient-derived+breast+cancer+brain+metastases+by+a+modified+intracarotid+injection+method.">Improving orthotopic mouse models of patient-derived breast cancer brain metastases by a modified intracarotid injection method.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 622 (2019).</li><li>Kodack, D. P., Askoxylakis, V., Ferraro, G. B., Fukumura, D., Jain, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+strategies+for+treating+brain+metastases+from+breast+cancer.">Emerging strategies for treating brain metastases from breast cancer.</a> Cancer Cell. 27 (2), 163-175 (2015).</li><li>Brown, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+Stereology+Applications+for+the+Pathologist.">Practical Stereology Applications for the Pathologist.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 54 (3), 358-368 (2017).</li><li>Aeffner, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+Microscopy,+Image+Analysis,+and+Virtual+Slide+Repository.">Digital Microscopy, Image Analysis, and Virtual Slide Repository.</a> Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal. 59 (1), 66-79 (2018).</li></ol>

著者らは開示するものは何もない。

研究者が転移の実験モデルとして腫瘍細胞の静脈内注射を使用し続ける中で、得られた転移性腫瘍の負担を分析するための標準的な慣行は欠けている。場合によっては、特定の細胞株の操作や化学化合物の使用時に転移性腫瘍の負担に有意な差が認められる。しかし、他の例では、転移性播種と成長の微妙な違いは、徹底的な病理学的分析なしに見落とされたり、誤って解釈されたりする可?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61270/pathological-analysis-lung-metastasis-following-lateral-tail-vein">Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells</a>. The author list was updated.
The author list was updated from:
Katie A. Thies1,&#160;Sue E. Knoblaugh2, and Steven T. Sizemore1 
1Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center 
2Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Digital Imaging Shared Resource, The Ohio State University
to:
Katie A. Thies1, Sarah Steck1, Sue E. Knoblaugh2, and Steven T. Sizemore1 
1Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center 
2Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Digital Imaging Shared Resource, The Ohio State University

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61270/pathological-analysis-lung-metastasis-following-lateral-tail-vein">Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells</a>. The author list was updated.

Erratum: Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

非常に複雑で非効率的なプロセス1であるにもかかわらず、転移は癌患者の罹患率と死亡率に大きく寄与する2である。実際、ほとんどの癌関連死は、疾患の転移性広がりに起因する3,4である。腫瘍細胞が正常に転移するためには、一次部位から切り離し、隣接する間質を通って侵入し、血液循環またはリンパ管に浸潤し、二次部位の毛細血管床に移動し、二次組織に飛び出し、増殖または成長して転移病変を形成する必要がある。マウスモデルの使用は、転移性播種および成長を担う分子機構の理解を深める上で重要であった6,7。ここでは、遺伝子組み換えマウスモデルと移植方法の両方がしばしば使用される乳がん転移に焦点を当てています。
遺伝子組み換え乳腺腫瘍モデルは、MMTV-LTR(マウス乳腺腫瘍ウイルス長末反復)およびWAP(乳清酸性タンパク質)を含む乳腺特異的プロモーターを利用して、乳腺上皮8の遺伝子導入の発現を促進する。ポリオーマ中期T抗原(PyMT)、ErbB2/Neu、c-Myc、Wnt-1、シミアンウイルス40(SV40)を含む腫瘍遺伝子は、この方法で発現されており、これらの遺伝モデルは原発性腫瘍の開始および進行を研究するのに有用であるが、遠くの器官に容易に転移する。さらに、これらの遺伝的マウスモデルは、多くの場合、自発的または実験的な転移モデルよりも時間とコストが非常に高いです。転移を研究する最も遺伝子組み換え乳腺腫瘍モデルの限界を考えると、移植技術はこの複雑なプロセスを研究する魅力的な方法となっています。これには、適切な細胞株の正交性、尾静脈、心臓内注射、頭蓋内注射が含まれる。
いくつかの乳癌細胞株は、乳腺脂肪パッド14,15への交所注入後に容易に転移するが、転移性腫瘍負担の一貫性および再現性は困難であり、そのような研究の持続期間は数ヶ月のオーダーで可能である。肺転移を評価するために、特に、尾静脈への静脈内注射は、典型的には数週間のスパンで起こる転移性広がりを伴うより再現性が高く、時間効果の高い方法である。しかし、静脈内注入モデルは転移性カスケードの初期ステップをバイパスするので、これらの研究の結果を解釈する際に注意が必要である。本デモでは、乳腺腫瘍細胞の尾静脈注射と、正確かつ包括的な分析方法を示す。
研究コミュニティは乳がん転移の複雑なプロセスを理解する上で大きな進歩を遂げましたが、現在150,000人以上の女性が転移性乳癌を持っていると推定されています16。ステージIV乳癌の患者のうち、>36%の患者が肺転移17を有する。しかし、部位特異的パターンおよび転移の発生率は、分子サブタイプ18、19、20、21に基づいて変化する可能性がある。乳癌関連肺転移を有する患者は、この疾患に対する有効な治療法および新規バイオマーカーを同定する必要性を強調するわずか21ヶ月の生存期間の中央値を有する17。腫瘍細胞の静脈内注射を含む実験的転移モデルの使用は、この重要な臨床的課題に関する我々の知識を引き続き進める。デジタルイメージング病理と、このプロトコルに記載されている転移性肺腫瘍負担分析の方法と組み合わせると、尾静脈注射は乳癌転移研究にとって貴重なツールです。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-750</td>
			<td>for cleaning tail prior to injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dissection scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-951-5</td>
			<td>for mouse dissection and lung tissue inflation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with L-Glutamine, 4.5g/L Glucose and Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT10013CV</td>
			<td>cell culture media base for MDA-MB-231 and MVT1 cell lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Salt Solution 1x</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT21030CV</td>
			<td>used for resuspending tumor cells for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol (70 % solution)</td>
			<td>OSU</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to minimize mouse&#39;s fur during dissection; use caution - flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evan&#39;s blue dye</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td>used at 1 % in sterile PBS for practice with tail-vein injection method; use caution - dangerous reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td>cell culture media additive; used at 10% in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-270</td>
			<td>for dissection and lung tissue inflation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FVB/NJ mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>001800</td>
			<td>syngeneic mouse strain for MVT1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hemacytometer (Bright-Line)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>Z359629</td>
			<td>for use in cell culture to obtain cell counts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>insulin syringe (28 G)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-829-1B</td>
			<td>for tail-vein injections (BD 329424)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>human breast cancer cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MVT1 cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mouse mammary tumor cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needles (26 G)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-826-15</td>
			<td>used to inflate the mouse&#39;s lungs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>neutral buffered formalin (10%)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>245685</td>
			<td>used as a tissue fixative and to inflate lung tissue; use caution - dangerous reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>005557</td>
			<td>maintained by OSUCCC Target Validation Shared Resource</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin 100x</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15140163</td>
			<td>cell culture media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile gauze</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9379092</td>
			<td>for applying pressue to mouse&#39;s tail if bleeding occurs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe (5 mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-955-458</td>
			<td>used to inflate mouse lung tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tail-vein restrainer</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>TV-150 STD</td>
			<td>used to restrain mouse for tail-vein injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue (0.4 %)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15250061</td>
			<td>used in cell culture to assess viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.25 %</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25200-114</td>
			<td>used in cell culture to detach tumor cells from plate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pathological analysis of lung metastasis following lateral tail-vein injection of tumor cells

ほとんどのがん患者の罹患率と死亡率の主な原因である転移は、マウスの前臨床的にモデル化するのが難しい場合があります。自然転移モデルはごくわずかです。したがって、適切な細胞株の尾静脈注入を伴う実験転移モデルは転移研究の主力である。癌細胞が横尾静脈に注入されるとき、肺は植民地化の彼らの好ましい部位である。この技術の潜在的な制限は、転移性肺腫瘍の負担の正確な定量化である。一部の研究者は、事前に定義されたサイズのマクロ転移を数える、または/または組織の切除後の微小転移を含むが、他の研究者は正常な組織領域に対する転移性病変の領域を決定する。これらの定量方法はいずれも転移負担が高い場合に非常に困難な場合があります。本明細書において、画像解析ソフトを用いて転移性腫瘍負担を定量化するための高度な方法を用いて、肺転移の静脈内注射モデルを示す。このプロセスにより、平均転移サイズ、転移の総数、総転移領域など、複数のエンドポイントパラメータを調査して包括的な分析を行うことができます。さらに、この方法は、正確性を確保するために、米国獣医病理学者会(SEK)によって認定された獣医病理学者委員会によって見直されました。

尾静脈注射に標識されていない細胞を用いる場合、(1)マクロメタスターゼが観察される場合は壊死時まで肺の植民地化を確認することが困難であり、顕微鏡転移が存在する場合は(2)組織学的分析に従う。広範な転移性肺腫瘍の負担で、マウスは呼吸を働かされるであろう。他の腫瘍研究と同様に、マウスは研究期間中を通して注意深く監視されるべきである。標識された細胞の使用は、成功?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells at JoVE.com

Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

癌細胞の静脈内注射は転移研究でよく用いられるが、転移性腫瘍の負担は分析が難しい。本明細書において、転移の尾静脈注入モデルを示し、生じる転移性肺腫瘍の負担を分析する新しいアプローチを含む。

腫瘍細胞の横尾静脈注入後の肺転移の病理学的解析

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous ...

pathological-analysis-lung-metastasis-following-lateral-tail-vein

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.7K ビュー.  The Ohio State University Medical Center. 癌細胞の静脈内注射は転移研究でよく用いられるが、転移性腫瘍の負担は分析が難しい。本明細書において、転移の尾静脈注入モデルを示し、生じる転移性肺腫瘍の負担を分析する新しいアプローチを含む。

ビデオ: Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we demonstrate a simple assay to evaluate tumor cell extravasation or micrometastasis. In this assay, tumor cells were injected through the tail vein, and after a short period, the lungs were dissected and digested to count the accumulated labeled tumor cells. This assay skips the initial step of primary tumor invasion into the blood vessel and facilitates the study of events in the distant organ where tumor metastasis occurs. The number of cells injected into the blood vessel can be optimized to observe a limited number of metastases. It has been reported that stromal cells in the distant organ contribute to metastasis. Thus, this assay could be a useful tool to explore potential therapeutic drugs or devices for prevention of tumor metastasis.

This manuscript describes a method to quantify tumor cell accumulation in the lungs in an animal model of tumor metastasis.

肺腫瘍細胞募集試験

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

がん研究

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

Hypoxia has been implicated in the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) by clinical observations and in vitro data, yet direct evidence for its pro-metastatic effect is lacking and the exact mechanisms of its action are unclear. Here, we report an animal model that allows for direct testing of the effects of tumor hypoxia on ES dissemination and investigation into the underlying pathways involved. This approach combines two well-established experimental strategies, orthotopic xenografting of ES cells and femoral artery ligation (FAL), which induces hindlimb ischemia. Human ES cells were injected into the gastrocnemius muscles of SCID/beige mice and the primary tumors were allowed to grow to a size of 250 mm3. At this stage either the tumors were excised (control group) or the animals were subjected to FAL to create tumor hypoxia, followed by tumor excision 3 days later. The efficiency of FAL was confirmed by a significant increase in binding of hypoxyprobe-1 in the tumor tissue, severe tumor necrosis and complete inhibition of primary tumor growth. Importantly, despite these direct effects of ischemia, an enhanced dissemination of tumor cells from the hypoxic tumors was observed. This experimental strategy enables comparative analysis of the metastatic properties of primary tumors of the same size, yet significantly different levels of hypoxia. It also provides a new platform to further assess the mechanistic basis for the hypoxia-induced alterations that occur during metastatic tumor progression in vivo. In addition, while this model was established using ES cells, we anticipate that this experimental strategy can be used to test the effect of hypoxia in other sarcomas, as well as tumors orthotopically implanted in sites with a well-defined blood supply route.

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

This manuscript describes the development of an animal model that allows for the direct testing of the effects of tumor hypoxia on metastasis and the deciphering the mechanisms of its action. Although the experiments described here focus on Ewing sarcoma, a similar approach can be applied to other tumor types.

腫瘍転移に対する低酸素のテストの効果のためのインビボモデル

Hypoxia has been implicated in the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) by clinical observations and in vitro data, yet direct evidence for its pro-metastatic ...

A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 &#956;l, &#8805; 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of &#8804; 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and &#62; 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

A surgical procedure was developed to deliver mammary tumor cells to the murine liver via portal vein injection. This model permits investigation of late stages of liver metastasis in a fully immune competent host, including tumor cell extravasation, seeding, survival, and metastatic outgrowth in the liver.

乳癌の肝転移を研究するためのポータル静脈注射モデル

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast ...

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. Recently, impressive advances in novel therapies have dramatically prolonged survival and improved quality of life for many cancer patients. Sadly, incidence of brain metastatic recurrences is fast rising, and all current therapies are merely palliative. Hence, good experimental animal models are urgently needed to facilitate in-depth studies of the disease biology and to assess novel therapeutic regimens for preclinical evaluation. However, the standard in vivo metastasis assay via tail vein injection of cancer cells produces predominantly lung metastatic lesions; animals usually succumb to the lung tumor burden before any meaningful outgrowth of brain metastasis. Intracardiac injection of tumor cells produces metastatic lesions to multiple organ sites including the brain; however, the variability of tumor growth produced with this model is large, dampening its utility in evaluating therapeutic efficacy. To generate reliable and consistent animal models for brain metastasis study, here we describe a procedure for producing experimental brain metastasis in the house mouse (Mus musculus) via intracarotid injection of tumor cells. This approach allows one to produce large number of brain metastasis-bearing mice with similar growth and mortality characteristics, thus facilitating research efforts to study basic biological mechanisms and to assess novel therapeutic agents.

Brain metastasis has become an urgent unmet medical need as its incidence has increased while therapeutic options have remained palliative. Creating experimental animal models of brain metastasis via intracarotid arterial injection of cancer cells facilitates mechanistic studies of the disease biology and evaluation of novel intervention regimens.

脳転移のマウスモデルを生成するために頸動脈内癌細胞注入

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. ...

Simple and Rapid Method to Obtain High-quality Tumor DNA from Clinical-pathological Specimens Using Touch Imprint Cytology

It is critical to determine the mutational status in cancer before administration and treatment of specific molecular targeted drugs for cancer patients. In the clinical setting, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are widely used for genetic testing. However, FFPE DNA is generally damaged and fragmented during the fixation process with formalin. Therefore, FFPE DNA is sometimes not adequate for genetic testing because of low quality and quantity of DNA. Here we present a method of touch imprint cytology (TIC) to obtain genomic DNA from cancer cells, which can be observed under a microscope. Cell morphology and cancer cell numbers can be evaluated using TIC specimens. Furthermore, the extraction of genomic DNA from TIC samples can be completed within two days. The total amount and quality of TIC DNA obtained using this method was higher than that of FFPE DNA. This rapid and simple method allows researchers to obtain high-quality DNA for genetic testing (e.g., next generation sequencing analysis, digital PCR, and quantitative real time PCR) and to shorten the turnaround time for reporting results.

Obtaining high-quality genomic DNA from tumor tissues is an essential first step for analyzing genetic alterations using next generation sequencing. In this article, we present a simple and rapid method to enrich tumor cells and obtain intact DNA from touch imprint cytology specimens.

タッチ捺印細胞診を用いた臨床病理標本から質の高い腫瘍 DNA を取得する簡易法

It is critical to determine the mutational status in cancer before administration and treatment of specific molecular targeted drugs for cancer patients. ...

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor cells with a natural matrix and continual flow of nutrients, as well as a model that shows the interaction of tumor cells with normal cellular components and a natural matrix. The acellular ex vivo lung model is created by isolating a rat heart-lung block and removing all the cells using the decellularization process. The right main bronchus is tied off and tumor cells are placed in the trachea by a syringe. The cells move and populate the left lung. The lung is then placed in a bioreactor where the pulmonary artery receives a continual flow of media in a closed circuit. The tumor grown on the left lung is the primary tumor. The tumor cells that are isolated in the circulating media are circulating tumor cells and the tumor cells in the right lung are metastatic lesions. The cellular ex vivo lung model is created by skipping the decellularization process. Each model can be used to answer different research questions.

Here, we present a protocol for an ex vivo lung cancer model that mimics the steps of tumor progression and helps to isolate a primary tumor, circulating tumor cells, and metastatic lesions.

無細胞性と細胞の肺転移モデル

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...

Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment

Blood-borne metastasis accounts for&#160;most cancer-related deaths and involves circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are successful in establishing new tumors at distant sites. CTCs are found in the bloodstream of patients as single cells (single CTCs) or as multicellular aggregates (CTC clusters and CTC-white blood cell clusters), with the latter displaying a higher metastatic ability. Beyond enumeration, phenotypic and molecular analysis is extraordinarily important to dissect CTC biology and to identify actionable vulnerabilities. Here, we provide a detailed description of a workflow that includes CTC immunostaining and micromanipulation, ex vivo culture to assess&#160;proliferative and survival capabilities of individual cells, and in vivo metastasis-formation assays. Additionally, we provide a protocol to achieve the dissociation of CTC clusters into individual cells and the investigation of intra-cluster heterogeneity. With these approaches, for instance, we precisely quantify survival and proliferative potential of single CTCs and individual cells within CTC clusters, leading us to the observation that cells within clusters display better survival and proliferation in ex vivo cultures compared to single CTCs. Overall, our workflow offers a platform to dissect the characteristics of CTCs at the single cell level, aiming towards the identification of metastasis-relevant pathways and a better understanding of CTC biology.

Here, we present an integrated workflow to identify phenotypic and molecular features that characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We combine live immunostaining and robotic micromanipulation of single and clustered CTCs with single cell-based techniques for downstream analysis and assessment of metastasis-seeding ability.

下流の分子分析と転移性電位評価のための循環腫瘍細胞のマイクロマニピュレーション

Blood-borne metastasis accounts for&#160;most cancer-related deaths and involves circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are successful in establishing new ...

Combined Use of Tail Vein Metastasis Assays and Real-Time In Vivo Imaging to Quantify Breast Cancer Metastatic Colonization and Burden in the Lungs

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification and testing of novel therapeutic targets that will facilitate the development of better treatments for metastatic disease requires preclinical in vivo models. Demonstrated here is a syngeneic mouse model for assaying breast cancer metastatic colonization and subsequent growth. Metastatic cancer cells are stably transduced with viral vectors encoding firefly luciferase and ZsGreen proteins. Candidate genes are then stably manipulated in luciferase/ZsGreen-expressing cancer cells and then the cells are injected into mice via the lateral tail vein to assay metastatic colonization and growth. An in vivo imaging device is then used to measure the bioluminescence or fluorescence of the tumor cells in the living animals to quantify changes in metastatic burden over time. The expression of the fluorescent protein allows the number and size of metastases in the lungs to be quantified at the end of the experiment without the need for sectioning or histological staining. This approach offers a relatively quick and easy way to test the role of candidate genes in metastatic colonization and growth, and provides a great deal more information than traditional tail vein metastasis assays. Using this approach, we show that simultaneous knockdown of Yes associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in breast cancer cells leads to reduced metastatic burden in the lungs and that this reduced burden is the result of significantly impaired metastatic colonization and reduced growth of metastases.

The described approach combines experimental tail vein metastasis assays with in vivo live animal imaging to allow real-time monitoring of breast cancer metastasis formation and growth in addition to the quantification of metastasis number and size in the lungs.

尾静脈転移アッセイとリアルタイムインビボイメージングの併用による乳癌転移性コロニー形成と肺の負担の定量化

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification ...

Using Computer-based Image Analysis to Improve Quantification of Lung Metastasis in the 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

Breast cancer is a devastating malignancy, accounting for 40,000 female deaths and 30% of new female cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2019 alone. The leading cause of breast cancer related deaths is the metastatic burden. Therefore, preclinical models for breast cancer need to analyze metastatic burden to be clinically relevant. The 4T1 breast cancer model provides a spontaneously-metastasizing, quantifiable mouse model for stage IV human breast cancer. However, most 4T1 protocols quantify the metastatic burden by manually counting stained colonies on tissue culture plates. While this is sufficient for tissues with lower metastatic burden, human error in manual counting causes inconsistent and variable results when plates are confluent and difficult to count. This method offers a computer-based solution to human counting error. Here, we evaluate the protocol using the lung, a highly metastatic tissue in the 4T1 model. Images of methylene blue-stained plates are acquired and uploaded for analysis in Fiji-ImageJ. Fiji-ImageJ then determines the percentage of the selected area of the image that is blue, representing the percentage of the plate with metastatic burden. This computer-based approach offers more consistent and expeditious results than manual counting or histopathological evaluation for highly metastatic tissues. The consistency of Fiji-ImageJ results depends on the quality of the image. Slight variations in results between images can occur, thus it is recommended that multiple images are taken and results averaged. Despite its minimal limitations, this method is an improvement to quantifying metastatic burden in the lung by offering consistent and rapid results.

We describe a more consistent and expeditious method to quantify lung metastasis in the 4T1 breast cancer model by using Fiji-ImageJ.

コンピュータベースの画像解析を用いて4T1乳がんモデルにおける肺転移の定量化を改善

Breast cancer is a devastating malignancy, accounting for 40,000 female deaths and 30% of new female cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2019 alone. ...

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells

Metastatic spread to the brain is a common and devastating manifestation of many types of cancer. In the United States alone, about 200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases each year. Significant progress has been made in improving survival outcomes for patients with primary breast cancer and systemic malignancies; however, the dismal prognosis for patients with clinical brain metastases highlights the urgent need to develop novel therapeutic agents and strategies against this deadly disease. The lack of suitable experimental models has been one of the major hurdles impeding advancement of our understanding of brain metastasis biology and treatment. Herein, we describe a xenograft mouse model of brain metastasis generated via tail-vein injection of an endogenously HER2-amplified cell line derived from inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. Cells were labeled with firefly luciferase and green fluorescence protein to monitor brain metastasis, and quantified metastatic burden by bioluminescence imaging, fluorescent stereomicroscopy, and histologic evaluation. Mice robustly and consistently develop brain metastases, allowing investigation of key mediators in the metastatic process and the development of preclinical testing of new treatment strategies.

We describe a xenograft mouse model of breast cancer brain metastasis generated via tail-vein injection of an endogenously HER2-amplified inflammatory breast cancer cell line.

炎症性乳癌細胞の尾静脈注射による脳転移のモデル化

Metastatic spread to the brain is a common and devastating manifestation of many types of cancer. In the United States alone, about 200,000 patients are ...