We thank Timothy J. Kurtti and Benjamin Cull for their insightful discussions and suggestions. This study was financially supported by a grant to U.G.M. from the NIH (2R01AI049424) and a grant to U.G.M. from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (MIN-17-078).

1. Propagation and purification of R. parkeri from tick cell culture
NOTE: All cell culture procedures are to be performed in a class II biosafety cabinet.
<ol>
	<li>Preparing R. parkeri-infected tick cells
	<ol>
		<li>Grow ISE6 cells in 25 cm2 cell culture flasks at 34 &#176;C in 5 mL of L15C300 medium17, supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 5% tryptose phosphate broth (TPB), and 0.1% lipoprotein concentrate (LP...

<ol>
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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+shuttle+vectors+for+transformation+of+diverse+Rickettsia+species.">Development of shuttle vectors for transformation of diverse Rickettsia species.</a> PLoS One. 6 (12), 29511 (2011).</li><li>Welch, M. D., Reed, S. C., Lamason, R. L., Serio, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+an+epitope-tagged+virulence+protein+in+Rickettsia+parkeri+using+transposon+insertion.">Expression of an epitope-tagged virulence protein in Rickettsia parkeri using transposon insertion.</a> PloS One. 7 (5), 37310 (2012).</li><li>Oliver, J. D., Burkhardt, N. Y., Felsheim, R. F., Kurtti, T. J., Munderloh, U. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motility+characteristics+are+altered+for+Rickettsia+bellii+transformed+to+overexpress+a+heterologous+rickA+gene.">Motility characteristics are altered for Rickettsia bellii transformed to overexpress a heterologous rickA gene.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (3), 1170-1176 (2014).</li><li>Kurtti, T. J., Burkhardt, N. Y., Heu, C. C., Munderloh, U. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+protein+expressing+Rickettsia+buchneri+and+Rickettsia+peacockii+for+tracking+symbiont-tick+cell+interactions.">Fluorescent protein expressing Rickettsia buchneri and Rickettsia peacockii for tracking symbiont-tick cell interactions.</a> Veterinary Sciences. 3 (4), 34 (2016).</li><li>Oliver, J. D., Ch&#225;vez, A. S., Felsheim, R. F., Kurtti, T. J., Munderloh, U. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Ixodes+scapularis+cell+line+with+a+predominantly+neuron-like+phenotype.">An Ixodes scapularis cell line with a predominantly neuron-like phenotype.</a> Experimental and Applied Acarology. 66 (3), 427-442 (2015).</li><li>Grabowski, J. M., Gulia-Nuss, M., Kuhn, R. J., Hill, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+reveals+proteins+for+metabolism+and+protein+processing+associated+with+Langat+virus+infection+in+Ixodes+scapularis+(black-legged+tick)+ISE6+cells.">RNAi reveals proteins for metabolism and protein processing associated with Langat virus infection in Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick) ISE6 cells.</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 10 (1), 1-4 (2017).</li><li>Al-Rofaai, A., Bell-Sakyi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tick+cell+Lines+in+research+on+tick+control.">Tick cell Lines in research on tick control.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 11, 152 (2020).</li><li>Wang, X. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrion-dependent+apoptosis+is+essential+for+Rickettsia+parkeri+infection+and+replication+in+vector+cells.">Mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis is essential for Rickettsia parkeri infection and replication in vector cells.</a> mSystems. 6 (2), 01209-01220 (2021).</li><li>Berney, M., Hammes, F., Bosshard, F., Weilenmann, H. U., Egli, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+interpretation+of+bacterial+viability+by+using+the+LIVE/DEAD+BacLight+Kit+in+combination+with+flow+cytometry.">Assessment and interpretation of bacterial viability by using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Kit in combination with flow cytometry.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (10), 3283-3290 (2007).</li><li>Riley, S. P., Macaluso, K. R., Martinez, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrotransformation+and+clonal+isolation+of+Rickettsia+species.">Electrotransformation and clonal isolation of Rickettsia species.</a> Current Protocols in Microbiology. 39, 1-20 (2015).</li><li>Burkhardt, N. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+rickettsial+host+range+for+shuttle+vectors+based+on+dnaA+and+parA+genes+from+the+pRM+plasmid+of+Rickettsia+monacensis.">Examination of rickettsial host range for shuttle vectors based on dnaA and parA genes from the pRM plasmid of Rickettsia monacensis.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 88 (7), 00210-00222 (2022).</li><li>Kurtti, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rickettsia+buchneri+sp.+nov.,+a+rickettsial+endosymbiont+of+the+blacklegged+tick+Ixodes+scapularis.">Rickettsia buchneri sp. nov., a rickettsial endosymbiont of the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis.</a> International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65, 965 (2015).</li><li>Munderloh, U. G., Kurtti, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formulation+of+medium+for+tick+cell+culture.">Formulation of medium for tick cell culture.</a> Experimental &amp; Applied Acarology. 7 (3), 219-229 (1989).</li><li>Bell-Sakyi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cell+lines+from+the+tick+Hyalomma+anatolicum+anatolicum.">Continuous cell lines from the tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.</a> The Journal of Parasitology. 77 (6), 1006-1008 (1991).</li><li>Mattila, J. T., Burkhardt, N. Y., Hutcheson, H. J., Munderloh, U. G., Kurtti, T. 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Here, we demonstrate a method for introducing exogenous DNA encoded on the shuttle plasmid pRAM18dSFA into rickettsiae using electroporation. In this procedure, cell-free rickettsiae were purified from host cells, transformed with a rickettsial shuttle vector, and released onto tick cells for infection. Also described is a confocal immunofluorescence procedure to detect red fluorescence protein-expressing R. parkeri in tick cells. Similar methods are applicable to other Rickettsia species and with furth...

Rickettsioses are caused by a broad range of obligate intracellular bacteria that belong to the genus Rickettsia (family Rickettsiaceae, order Rickettsiales). The genus Rickettsia is classified into four major groups based on phylogenetic characteristics1,2: the spotted fever group (SFG), which contains those rickettsiae that cause the most severe and fatal tick-borne rickettsioses (e.g., Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever), the typhus group (TG, e.g., Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus), the transitional group (TRG, e.g., Rickettsia felis, the causative agent of flea-borne spotted fever), and the ancestral group (AG, e.g., Rickettsia bellii).
Among the oldest known vector-borne diseases, rickettsioses are mainly acquired following transmission of the pathogens through the bites of infected arthropod vectors, including ticks, fleas, lice, and mites3,4. Although the discovery of effective antibiotics improved treatment outcomes, emerging and re-emerging epidemic rickettsioses continue to challenge traditional prevention and control strategies. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of rickettsia/host/vector interactions would ultimately establish a strong foundation for developing new approaches to prevent and cure these ancient diseases.
In nature, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria occurs through conjugation, transduction, and transformation5. In vitro bacterial transformation utilizes these HGT concepts, although the intracellular nature of rickettsiae presents some challenges. The restricted growth conditions and poorly understood conjugation and transduction systems in different species of rickettsiae have prevented the application of conjugation and transduction methods in rickettsiae6,7,8. Compared with other obligate intracellular bacterial genera (e.g., Chlamydia, Coxiella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia), the genus Rickettsia differs with regard to the growth and replication strategies within the cell cytoplasm, which imposes specific challenges to the genetic modification of rickettsiae due to their unique lifestyle features9.
The initial hurdle to overcome when attempting the genetic modification of rickettsiae is to achieve successful transformation. Thus, designing a feasible approach with high transformation efficiency would be extremely valuable for developing genetic tools for rickettsiae. Here, we focus on electroporation, a broadly recognized transformation method that has been used to introduce exogenous DNA successfully into several species of rickettsiae, including Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia parkeri, Rickettsia montanensis, Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia peacockii, and Rickettsia buchneri10,11,12,13,14,15,16.
This paper describes a procedure for the electroporation of the R. parkeri strain Tate&#39;s Hell (accession: GCA_000965145.1) with the shuttle vector pRAM18dSFA derived from the Rickettsia amblyommatis strain AaR/SC plasmid pRAM18 engineered to encode mKATE, a far-red fluorescent protein, and aadA, conferring spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance13,15,20. Transformed R. parkeri are viable and stably maintained under antibiotic selection in tick cell lines. In addition, we show that the localization of transformed R. parkeri in live tick cells via confocal microscopy can be used to assess the quality of transformation rates in vector cell lines.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1 cm gap gene pulser electroporation cuvette</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 &#956;m pore size filter&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences Whatman</td>
			<td>6783-2520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Luer-lock syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60-90 silicon carbide grit&#160;</td>
			<td>LORTONE, inc</td>
			<td>&#160;591-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>absolute methanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A457-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto tryptose phosphate broth&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>260300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytospin centrifuge Cytospin4</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A78300003</td>
			<td>The rotor is detatchable so the whole rotor can be put into the hood to load infectious samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit (10)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td>used to obtain endotoxin-free pRAM18dSFA plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>extended fine tip transfer pipet&#160;</td>
			<td>Perfector Scientific</td>
			<td>TP03-5301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio</td>
			<td>900-108</td>
			<td>The FBS batch has to be tested to make sure ISE6 cells will grow well in it.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser II electroporator with Pulse Controller PLUS</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2105 &#38; 165-2110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>267110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ Fiji</td>
			<td>National Institute of Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>raw image editing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KaryoMAX Giemsa stain&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>&#160;2021-10-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>41300039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lipoprotein concentrate&#160;</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>191476</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Diaphot</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>epifluorescence microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucBlue Live ReadyProbes Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R37605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Disc Scanning Unit (DSU) confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petroff-Hausser Counting Chamber</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;Chamber 3900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>Fisher Vortex Genie 2</td>
			<td>12-812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an electroporation method to transform rickettsia spp. with a fluorescent protein-expressing shuttle vector in tick cell lines

Rickettsioses are caused by a broad range of obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia that can be transmitted to vertebrate hosts through the bite of infected arthropod vectors. To date, emerging or re-emerging epidemic rickettsioses remain a public health risk due to the difficulty in diagnosis, as diagnostic methods are limited and not standardized or universally accessible. Misdiagnosis resulting from a lack of recognition of the signs and symptoms may result in delayed antibiotic treatment and poor health outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of Rickettsia characteristics would ultimately improve clinical diagnosis, assessment, and treatment with improved control and prevention of the disease. 
Functional studies of rickettsial genes are crucial for understanding their role in pathogenesis. This paper describes a procedure for the electroporation of the Rickettsia parkeri strain Tate's Hell with the shuttle vector pRAM18dSFA and the selection of transformed R. parkeri in tick cell culture with antibiotics (spectinomycin and streptomycin). A method is also described for the localization of transformed R. parkeri in tick cells using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, a useful technique for checking transformation in vector cell lines. Similar approaches are also suitable for the transformation of other rickettsiae.

The morphology of R. parkeri in ISE6 cells under a light microscope after Giemsa staining are shown in Figure 1. In Figure 2, transformed R. parkeri expressing red fluorescence protein in ISE6 cells are shown using confocal microscopy. There is a substantial increase in the infection rate of transformed R. parkeri (red) in ISE6 cells (blue, corresponds to the nuclei) from (A) day 7 to (B) day 10 of inc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Electroporation Method to Transform Rickettsia spp. with a Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Shuttle Vector in Tick Cell Lines at JoVE.com

An Electroporation Method to Transform Rickettsia spp. with a Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Shuttle Vector in Tick Cell Lines

Electroporation is a rapid, broadly adopted method for introducing exogenous DNA into the genus Rickettsia. This protocol provides a useful electroporation method for the transformation of obligate intracellular bacteria in the genus Rickettsia.

An Electroporation Method to Transform Rickettsia spp. with a Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Shuttle Vector in Tick Cell Lines

Rickettsioses are caused by a broad range of obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia that can be transmitted to vertebrate hosts ...

Functional studies of Rickettsia genes are crucial for understanding their role in pathogenesis, so we need dependable methods of altering the genes in a controlled fashion. Our protocol uses electroporation to introduce exogenous DNA into obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, thus allowing us to study the effects of the introduced DNA. Demonstrating the procedure along with me today will be Lisa Price, a researcher from Dr.Munderloh and Dr.Kurtti's laboratory.To begin, prepare a 90 to 100%Rickettsia parkeri-infected ISE6 cell culture as described in the text. Then, to determine the infection rate by Giemsa staining, dilute the cell suspension to a ratio of 1:5 with complete medium and deposit 100 microliters of the cell suspension onto a glass microscope slide by centrifugation at 113 G for five minutes. After letting the slide air-dry, fix it an absolute methanol for five minutes at room temperature.Then, incubate the slide and Giemsa stain for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Next, rinse the slide in water and once dry, view it under a light microscope with oil objectives. Determine the percentage of infected cells by counting the infected and non-infected cells.To prepare the cell-free Rickettsia parkeri, pour about 0.2 milliliters of sterile 60 to 90 silicon carbide grit into two two-milliliter sterile microcentrifuge tubes and set the tubes aside. From a previously inoculated Rickettsia parkeri-infected flask containing five milliliters of medium, remove two milliliters of the medium, taking care not to disturb the cell layer. Then, resuspend the cells with the remaining three milliliters of the medium.Divide this suspension equally between the two prepared silicone carbide grit tubes and vortex the tube at high speed for 30 seconds. Then, place them on ice. Next, prepare a sterile five-milliliter luer lock syringe by extending the plunger and insert the plunger end into a polystyrene base used for holding 15-milliliter conical tubes.Using a barrier two-milliliter Pasteur pipette operated with a rubber bulb, carefully remove the supernatant of the vortex cells without aspirating any grit. Then, insert the pipette tip into the syringe hub opening and eject the contents into the syringe with gentle pressure. Next, filter the Rickettsia parkeri culture into sterile 1.5-milliliter tubes through a sterile two-micrometer pore size filter fitted on the syringe hub and centrifuge the tubes at 13, 600 G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius.After removing the supernatant, wash the cell pellet two times with 1.2 milliliters of 300-millimolar ice-cold sucrose solution. Centrifuge the sample and remove the supernatant between washes. At the end of centrifugation, resuspend the pooled cell pellet with 100 to 150 microliters of ice-cold sucrose solution for two to three transformation samples, respectively.Then, divide the sample into 50-microliter aliquots in pre-chilled, sterile, 1.5-microliter microcentrifuge tubes. For transformation at three micrograms of endotoxin-free pRAM18sSFA plasmid DNA to each tube containing 50 microliters of Rickettsia parkeri on ice and stir gently with a pipette tip. Transfer the mixture into a pre-chilled sterile electroporation cuvette with a 0.1-centimeter gap size.Gently tap the cuvette to distribute the mixture evenly and incubate on ice for 10 to 30 minutes. Meanwhile, remove the medium from a fully-confluent previously cultured ISE6 cell culture flask and resuspend the cell layer by gently rinsing the cells with 1.5 milliliters of fresh medium containing sodium bicarbonate and HEPES buffer. After generating a homogenous cell suspension, transfer the whole volume into a single sterile two-milliliter microcentrifuge tube.Next, electroporate the Rickettsia parkeri and plasmid DNA mixture using an electroporator. After electroporation, use a sterile extended fine-tip pipette to transfer a small amount of the ISE6 cell suspension into the cuvette and gently pipette up and down to recover the electroporated Rickettsia parkeri. Then, transfer the contents of the cuvette to the two-milliliter tube containing the remainder of the ISE6 cell suspension.Next, centrifuge the sample at room temperature, first at 700 G for two minutes to pull down the ISE6 cells, and then at 13, 600 G for one minute to pull down the Rickettsia. Incubate the tube at 34 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes to one hour. After incubation, transfer the resuspended contents of one transformation into one 25 square-centimeter cell culture flask containing 3.5 milliliters of fresh medium with sodium bicarbonate and HEPES buffer.Rock the flask to spread the mixture evenly and incubate at 34 degrees Celsius. After 16 to 24 hours, add 10 microliters each of spectinomycin and streptomycin into the incubated flask. Rock the flask to mix the antibiotics evenly into the medium before returning the flask to the incubator.Successful propagation of wild-type Rickettsia parkeri and ISE6 cells was evident by Giemsa staining. The nuclei of the ISE6 cells stained dark purple with Giemsa in the intracellular as well as extracellular Rickettsi are visible. Transformation of Rickettsia parkeri expressing the red fluorescence protein in ISE6 cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy after seven days of incubation.A substantial increase in the infection rate was observed after 10 days. Keep everything sterile during the whole procedure. Pay attention to detail and be patient, as some species of Rickettsia take a long time to transform, especially slow growing endosymbionts.This protocol has enabled the study of multiple aspects of Rickettsia biology and their interactions with their arthropod vectors and mammalian hosts. For example, fluorescent protein-expressing Rickettsi have been used to track motility and symbiont tick cell interactions.

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JoVE Journal

Biology

1.7K ビュー.  University of Minnesota. リケッチア遺伝子の機能的研究は、病因におけるそれらの役割を理解するために重要であるため、制御された方法で遺伝子を変更する信頼できる方法が必要です。私たちのプロトコルは、エレクトロポレーションを使用して、リケッチア属の偏性細胞内細菌に外因性DNAを導入し、導入されたDNAの影響を研究することを可能にします。今日、私と一緒に手順を実演するの?...

ビデオ: An Electroporation Method to Transform Rickettsia spp. with a Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Shuttle Vector in Tick Cell Lines

Electroporation is a rapid, broadly adopted method for introducing exogenous DNA into the genus Rickettsia. This protocol provides a useful electroporation method for the transformation of obligate intracellular bacteria in the genus Rickettsia.

fluorescent labeling of glioma cells: a lentiviral vector-based transfection method to obtain glioma cells expressing fluorescent protein for deep tissue imaging

After 24 hours, replace the supernatant with 5 milliliters of fresh medium and incubate the culture for another 48 hours. At the end of the incubation, replace the medium with 3 to 5 milliliters of trypsin for 10 to 15 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius, followed by careful pipetting to fully dissociate the detached...

Fluorescent Labeling of Glioma Cells: A Lentiviral Vector-based Transfection Method to Obtain Glioma Cells Expressing Fluorescent Protein for Deep Tissue Imaging

In this video, we describe a protocol for genetically engineering glioma cells to express infrared fluorescent protein or iRFP. These fluorescent-tagged glioma cells hold utility in deep tissue imaging to understand the development of brain...

specific marking of hiv-1 positive cells using a rev-dependent lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescent protein

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

We have developed a lentiviral vector that possesses, in addition to the Tat-responsive LTR, the Rev-response element (RRE) that can regulate reporter gene expression in an HIV-1 Tat- and Rev-dependent fashion. The vector permits the specific detection of replicating HIV in living cells via the expression of GFP.

ex vivo electroporation of chick embryo cerebellar slices: a method to introduce plasmid dna encoding green fluorescent protein to visualize granular cell development

In this video, we perform electroporation of chick embryo cerebellum slices with reporter gene plasmids. The technique facilitates visualization of the development and migration of granule cell precursors to form granular...

Ex Vivo Electroporation of Chick Embryo Cerebellar Slices: A Method to Introduce Plasmid DNA Encoding Green Fluorescent Protein to Visualize Granular Cell Development

nucleofection of parasite forms: an electroporation-based transfection method to deliver fluorescent protein encoding-plasmids into sporozoite nucleus

In this video, we describe nucleofection, an electroporation-based transfection procedure to deliver fluorescent reporter protein-encoding plasmid DNA into sporozoite form of the chicken Eimeria...

Nucleofection of Parasite Forms: An Electroporation-Based Transfection Method to Deliver Fluorescent Protein Encoding-Plasmids Into Sporozoite Nucleus

Put the cup into a nuclear transfer groove, turn on the nucleofection device by using the power button, and select the transfection procedure U-033. When the program finishes, press the X button of the nucleofection device, and the screen displays OK, indicating that the nucleofection is successful. Add 0.5 to 1 milliliter of Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium to the nucleofection cup to stop the...

Use a 3-milliliter Pasteur pipette with a cut tip to transfer the identified slices, up to 5 per insert onto the culture insert. Then, separate the slices and allow them to settle onto the culture insert in a sagittal orientation. Using a pipette, remove excess medium from the brain slices. Allow the insert to rest on the electrode so that there is contact between the insert and the...

electroporation-mediated in vitro gene delivery: an electric pulse technique to introduce fluorescent reporter protein-encoding plasmids into cultured cells

This video demonstrates the electroporation technique that introduces fluorescent protein-encoding plasmid DNA into mouse primary cerebellar granule cell...

Electroporation-Mediated In Vitro Gene Delivery: An Electric Pulse Technique to Introduce Fluorescent Reporter Protein-Encoding Plasmids Into Cultured Cells

Discard the supernatant, and resuspend the cell pellet in 200 microliters of Opti-MEM. Repeat this procedure twice to ensure no residual culture medium is present in the tube. Set the parameters of electroporation as listed. Pipette the electroporation reaction gently to mix well, and use a long P200 pipette tip to transfer an exact volume of 100 microliters of the mixture into the two-millimeter gap...

dissecting cell-autonomous function of fragile x mental retardation protein in an auditory circuit by in ovo electroporation

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Using in ovo electroporation, we devised a method to selectively transfect the auditory inner ear and cochlear nucleus in chicken embryos to achieve a cell-group-specific knockdown of fragile X mental retardation protein during discrete periods of circuit...

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

an efficient and simple method to establish nk and t cell lines from patients with chronic active epstein-barr virus infection

An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

A simple method for obtaining NK and T cell clones from CAEBV patients was developed with high efficiency, a small amount of peripheral blood, and a low-dose of...

spheroid generation from cell lines: a three-dimensional (3d) cell culture method

Spheroids are a type of 3D cell culture model used to more accurately represent a cell&#8217;s environment compared to 2D cell culture monolayer models. In the example protocol, we will see scientists generate spheroids from a colorectal cancer cell line and apply live-cell imaging to track the spheroids&#8217;...

Spheroid Generation from Cell Lines: A Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Culture Method

cytotoxicity assays with zebrafish cell lines

Cytotoxicity Assays with Zebrafish Cell Lines

This protocol presents commonly used cytotoxicity assays (Alamar Blue [AB], CFDA-AM, Neutral Red, and MTT assays) adapted for the assessment of cytotoxicity in zebrafish embryo (ZEM2S) and liver (ZFL) cell lines in 96-well...

visualizing yeast organelles with fluorescent protein markers

Visualizing Yeast Organelles with Fluorescent Protein Markers

Here we describe the use of a set of fluorescent protein-based organelle markers in live-cell imaging of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces...

in vivo electroporation: a site-specific method to transfect zebrafish

This video describes in vivo electroporation, which is a technique for DNA delivery into ependymoglial cells in adult...

In Vivo Electroporation: A Site-Specific Method to Transfect Zebrafish

internalization and observation of fluorescent biomolecules in living microorganisms via electroporation

Internalization and Observation of Fluorescent Biomolecules in Living Microorganisms via Electroporation

Studies of biomolecules in vivo are crucial for understanding molecular function in a biological context. Here we describe a novel method allowing the internalization of fluorescent biomolecules, such as DNA or proteins, into living microorganisms. Analysis of in vivo data recorded by fluorescence microscopy is also presented and...

antibody labeling with fluorescent dyes using magnetic protein a and protein g beads

Antibody Labeling with Fluorescent Dyes Using Magnetic Protein A and Protein G Beads

The on-bead method for labeling antibodies with small molecules enables labeling of a small amount of antibodies directly from cell media. This method is compatible with amine and thiol chemistry, and can handle multiple samples in parallel, manually or using automated...

organoid electroporation: a method to transfect plasmid dna into gastrointestinal organoids

This video describes the electroporation protocol for transfecting large plasmids into three-dimensional gastrointestinal organoids to prove its universal functionality in different entities, namely pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), colorectal cancer (CRC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCC), and gastric cancer (GC)...

Organoid Electroporation: A Method to Transfect Plasmid DNA into Gastrointestinal Organoids

transduction to label pdx tumor cells: introducing lentivirus expressing fluorescent marker into the tumor cell in vitro

The following video describes a technique of transduction to label (patient-derived xenografts) PDX tumor cells, which is&#160; used for introducing lentivirus expressing green-fluorescent protein and luciferase reporters into the tumor cell in...

Transduction to Label PDX Tumor Cells: Introducing Lentivirus Expressing Fluorescent Marker into the Tumor Cell In Vitro

Passaging HuES Human Embryonic Stem Cell-lines with Trypsin.

In this video we demonstrate how our lab routinely passages HuES human embryonic stem cell lines with trypsin.  Human embryonic stem cells are artifacts of cell culture, and tend to acquire karyotypic abnormalities with high population doublings.  Proper passaging is essential for maintaining a healthy, undifferentiated, karyotypically normal HuES human embryonic stem cell culture.  First, an expanding culture is washed in PBS to remove residual media and cell debris, then cells are overlaid with a minimal volume of warm 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA.  Trypsin is left on the cells for up to five minutes, then cells are gently dislodged with a 2mL serological pipette.  The cell suspension is collected and mixed with a large volume of HuES media, then cells are collected by gentle centrifugation.  The inactivated trypsin media mixture is removed, and cells resuspended in pre-warmed HuES media.  An appropriate split ratio is calculated (generally 1:10 to 1:20), and cells re-plated onto a 1-2 day old plate containing a monolayer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells.  The newly seeded HuES culture plate is left undisturbed for 48 hrs, then media is changed every day thereafter.  It is important not to trpsinize down to a single cell suspension, as this increases the risk of introducing karyotypic abnormalities.

In this video we demonstrate how our lab routinely passages HuES human embryonic stem cell lines with trypsin. Brought to you by JoVE.

In this video we demonstrate how our lab routinely passages HuES human embryonic stem cell lines with trypsin.  Human embryonic stem cells are artifacts ...

Tracheotomy: A Method for Transplantation of Stem Cells to the Lung

Lung disease is a leading cause of death and likely to become an epidemic given increases in pollution and smoking worldwide. Advances in stem cell therapy may alleviate many of the symptoms associated with lung disease and induce alveolar repair in adults. Concurrent with the ongoing search for stem cells applicable for human treatment, precise delivery and homing (to the site of disease) must be reassured for successful therapy. Here, I report that stem cells can safely be instilled via the trachea opening a non-stop route to the lung. This method involves a skin incision, caudal insertion of a cannula into and along the tracheal lumen, and injection of a stem cell vehicle mixture into airways of the lung. A broad range of media solutions and stabilizers can be instilled via tracheotomy, resulting in the ability to deliver a wider range of cell types. With alveolar epithelium confining these cells to the lumen, lung expansion and negative pressure during inhalation may also assist in stem cell integration. Tracheal delivery of stem cells, with a quick uptake and the ability to handle a large range of treatments, could accelerate the development of cell-based therapies, opening new avenues for treatment of lung disease.

Significant breakthroughs in stem cell identification are continuously being made. To translate these discoveries, however, novel methods for cellular delivery must be devised. Here I report that the airways provide a safe route for stem cell transplantation to the lungs.

Lung disease is a leading cause of death and likely to become an epidemic given increases in pollution and smoking worldwide. Advances in stem cell ...

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has been previously shown that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)2-4 . Like hESCs, human iPSCs are pluripotent and a potential source for autologous cells. Here we describe the protocol to reprogram human fibroblast cells with the four reprogramming factors cloned into GFP-containing retroviral backbone4. Using the following protocol, we generate human iPSCs in 3-4 weeks under human ESC culture condition. Human iPSC colonies closely resemble hESCs in morphology and display the loss of GFP fluorescence as a result of retroviral transgene silencing. iPSC colonies isolated mechanically under a fluorescence microscope behave in a similar fashion as hESCs. In these cells, we detect the expression of multiple pluripotency genes and surface markers.

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

A method to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retrovirus-mediated ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC is described. A practical way to identify human iPSC colonies based on GFP expression is also discussed.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

A Guide to Modern Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting with Troubleshooting Strategies

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins within complex biological samples. Since then, western blotting methodology has become a common component of the molecular biologists experimental repertoire. A cursory search of PubMed using the term &#8220;western blot&#8221; suggests that in excess of two hundred and twenty thousand published manuscripts have made use of this technique by the year 2014. Importantly, the last ten years have seen technical imaging advances coupled with the development of sensitive fluorescent labels which have improved sensitivity and yielded even greater ranges of linear detection. The result is a now truly Quantifiable Fluorescence based Western Blot (QFWB) that allows biologists to carry out comparative expression analysis with greater sensitivity and accuracy than ever before. Many &#8220;optimized&#8221; western blotting methodologies exist and are utilized in different laboratories. These often prove difficult to implement due to the requirement of subtle but undocumented procedural amendments. This protocol provides a comprehensive description of an established and robust QFWB method, complete with troubleshooting strategies.

The advancement of western blotting using fluorescence has allowed detection of subtle changes in protein expression enabling quantitative analyses. Here we describe a robust methodology for detection of a range of proteins across a variety of species and tissue types. A strategy to overcome common technical problems is also provided.

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins ...

The ability to study biomolecules in vivo is crucial for understanding their function in a biological context. One powerful approach involves fusing molecules of interest to fluorescent proteins such as GFP to study their expression, localization and function. However, GFP and its derivatives are significantly larger and less photostable than organic fluorophores generally used for in vitro experiments, and this can limit the scope of investigation. 
We recently introduced a straightforward, versatile and high-throughput method based on electroporation, allowing the internalization of biomolecules labeled with organic fluorophores into living microorganisms. Here we describe how to use electroporation to internalize labeled DNA fragments or proteins into Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisi&#230;, how to quantify the number of internalized molecules using fluorescence microscopy, and how to quantify the viability of electroporated cells. Data can be acquired at the single-cell or single-molecule level using fluorescence or FRET. The possibility of internalizing non-labeled molecules that trigger a physiological observable response in vivo is also presented. Finally, strategies of optimization of the protocol for specific biological systems are discussed.

Studies of biomolecules in vivo are crucial for understanding molecular function in a biological context. Here we describe a novel method allowing the internalization of fluorescent biomolecules, such as DNA or proteins, into living microorganisms. Analysis of in vivo data recorded by fluorescence microscopy is also presented and discussed.

The ability to study biomolecules in vivo is crucial for understanding their function in a biological context. One powerful approach involves fusing ...

Method for Measuring the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cell Lines and Tissue Samples

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, techniques for studying the regulatory mechanism of this system are essential to elucidating the cellular and molecular processes of the aforementioned diseases. The use of hemagglutinin derived ubiquitin probes outlined in this paper serves as a valuable tool for the study of this system. This paper details a method that enables the user to perform assays that give a direct visualization of deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Deubiquitinating enzymes control proteasomal degradation and share functional homology at their active sites, which allows the user to investigate the activity of multiple enzymes in one assay. Lysates are obtained through gentle mechanical cell disruption and incubated with active site directed probes. Functional enzymes are tagged with the probes while inactive enzymes remain unbound. By running this assay, the user obtains information on both the activity and potential expression of multiple deubiquitinating enzymes in a fast and easy manner. The current method is significantly more efficient than using individual antibodies for the predicted one hundred deubiquitinating enzymes in the human cell.

The current protocol details a method for measuring the activity of functionally homologous deubiquitinating enzymes. Specialized probes covalently modify the enzyme and allow for detection. This method holds the potential to identify new therapeutic targets.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, ...

Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility with high-throughput formatting. This protocol describes the use of three different methods for measuring cell proliferation in vitro including conventional hemocytometer counting chamber, a luminescence-based assay that utilizes the change in the metabolic activity of viable cells as a measure of the relative number of cells, and a multi-mode cell imager that measures cell number using a counting algorithm. Each method presents its own advantages and disadvantages for the measurement of cell proliferation, including time, cost and high-throughput compatibility. This protocol demonstrates that each method could accurately measure cell proliferation over time, and was sensitive to detect growth at differing cellular densities. Additionally, measurement of cell proliferation using a cell imager was able to provide further information such as morphology, confluence and allowed for a continual monitoring of cell proliferation over time. In conclusion, each method is capable of measuring cell proliferation, but the chosen method is user-dependent.

This protocol describes the use of three different methods for analyzing cell proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. This includes the use of conventional cell counting, luminescence-based cell viability, and cell counting through the use of a cell imager. Each offers advantages for the reproducible measurement of cell proliferation.

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility ...

An Efficient In Vitro Transposition Method by a Transcriptionally Regulated Sleeping Beauty System Packaged into an Integration Defective Lentiviral Vector

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a non-viral integrating system with proven efficacy for gene transfer and functional genomics. To optimize the SB transposon machinery, a transcriptionally regulated hyperactive transposase (SB100X) and T2-based transposon are employed. Typically, the transposase and transposon are provided transiently by plasmid transfection and SB100X expression is driven by a constitutive promoter. Here, we describe an efficient method to deliver the SB components to human cells that are resistant to several physical and chemical transfection methods, to control SB100X expression and stably integrate a gene of interest (GOI) through a &#34;cut and paste&#34; SB mechanism. The expression of hyperactive transposase is tightly controlled by the Tet-ON system, widely used to control gene expression since 1992. The gene of interest is flanked by inverted repeats (IR) of the T2 transposon. Both SB components are packaged in integration defective lentiviral vectors transiently produced in HEK293T cells. Human cells, either cell lines or primary cells from human tissue, are in vitro transiently transduced with viral vectors. Upon addition of doxycycline (dox, tetracycline analog) into the culture medium, a fine-tuning of transposase expression is measured and results in a long-lasting integration of the gene of interest in the genome of the treated cells. This method is efficient and applicable to the cell line (e.g., HeLa cells) and primary cells (e.g., human primary keratinocytes), and thus represents a valuable tool for genetic engineering and therapeutic gene transfer.

An Efficient In Vitro Transposition Method by a Transcriptionally Regulated Sleeping Beauty System Packaged into an Integration Defective Lentiviral Vector

This protocol describes a method to achieve stable integration of a gene of interest into the human genome by the transcriptionally regulated Sleeping Beauty system. Preparation of the integration of defective lentiviral vectors, the in vitro transduction of human cells, and the molecular assay on transduced cells are reported.

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a non-viral integrating system with proven efficacy for gene transfer and functional genomics. To optimize the SB ...