We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31800903, awarded to W. Zheng) and the Wenzhou Science and Technology Project (no. Y2020426, awarded to Y. Y. Weng) for this work.

All animal procedures described in this study were conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Wenzhou Medical University.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Purchase male C57BL/6 mice aged 8-12 weeks and weighing 20-22 g.</li>
	<li>Obtain the transgenic Rosa-LSL (Lox-StoP-Lox)-tdTomato (Ai9) mouse line, and male A2ARflox/flox mice.<...

Selective Gene Silencing in the Choroid Plexus

<ol>
	<li>Damkier, H. H., Brown, P. D., Praetorius, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+secretion+by+the+choroid+plexus.">Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus.</a> Physiological Reviews. 93 (4), 1847-1892 (2013).</li><li>Lun, M. P., Monuki, E. S., Lehtinen, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+functions+of+the+choroid+plexus-cerebrospinal+fluid+system.">Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system.</a> Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. 16 (8), 445-457 (2015).</li><li>Wolburg, H., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus:+biology+and+pathology.">Choroid plexus: biology and pathology.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 119 (1), 75-88 (2010).</li><li>Solar, P., Zamani, A., Kubickova, L., Dubovy, P., Joukal, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus+and+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier+in+disease.">Choroid plexus and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in disease.</a> Fluids Barriers CNS. 17 (1), 35 (2020).</li><li>Marques, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+choroid+plexus+in+health+and+in+disease:+dialogues+into+and+out+of+the+brain.">The choroid plexus in health and in disease: dialogues into and out of the brain.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 107, 32-40 (2017).</li><li>Myung, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+choroid+plexus+is+an+important+circadian+clock+component.">The choroid plexus is an important circadian clock component.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 1062 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgenic+FOXJ1-Cre+system+for+gene+inactivation+in+ciliated+epithelial+cells.">A transgenic FOXJ1-Cre system for gene inactivation in ciliated epithelial cells.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 36 (5), 515-519 (2007).</li><li>Johansson, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factor+Otx2+regulates+choroid+plexus+development+and+function.">The transcription factor Otx2 regulates choroid plexus development and function.</a> Development. 140 (5), 1055-1066 (2013).</li><li>Xu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus+NKCC1+mediates+cerebrospinal+fluid+clearance+during+mouse+early+postnatal+development.">Choroid plexus NKCC1 mediates cerebrospinal fluid clearance during mouse early postnatal development.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 447 (2021).</li><li>Spatazza, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid-plexus-derived+Otx2+homeoprotein+constrains+adult+cortical+plasticity.">Choroid-plexus-derived Otx2 homeoprotein constrains adult cortical plasticity.</a> Cell Reports. 3 (6), 1815-1823 (2013).</li><li>Zheng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus-selective+inactivation+of+adenosine+A2A+receptors+protects+against+T+cell+infiltration+and+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Choroid plexus-selective inactivation of adenosine A2A receptors protects against T cell infiltration and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Neuroinflammation. 19 (1), 52 (2022).</li><li>Steffensen, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cotransporter-mediated+water+transport+underlying+cerebrospinal+fluid+formation.">Cotransporter-mediated water transport underlying cerebrospinal fluid formation.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2167 (2018).</li><li>Zhu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Klotho+controls+the+brain-immune+system+interface+in+the+choroid+plexus.">Klotho controls the brain-immune system interface in the choroid plexus.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (48), E11388-E11396 (2018).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+serotypes+of+adeno-associated+virus+vector-+and+lentivirus-mediated+tropism+in+choroid+plexus+by+intracerebroventricular+delivery.">Different serotypes of adeno-associated virus vector- and lentivirus-mediated tropism in choroid plexus by intracerebroventricular delivery.</a> Human Gene Therapy. 31 (7-8), 440-447 (2020).</li><li>Konsman, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+brain+in+stereotaxic+coordinates.">The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 6 (28), 827-828 (2003).</li><li>Weaver, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+elevated+matrix+metalloproteinase+(MMP)+in+an+animal+model+of+multiple+sclerosis+is+protective+by+affecting+Th1/Th2+polarization.">An elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in an animal model of multiple sclerosis is protective by affecting Th1/Th2 polarization.</a> FASEB J. 19 (12), 1668-1670 (2005).</li><li>Kertser, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corticosteroid+signaling+at+the+brain-immune+interface+impedes+coping+with+severe+psychological+stress.">Corticosteroid signaling at the brain-immune interface impedes coping with severe psychological stress.</a> Science Advances. 5 (5), 4111 (2019).</li><li>Kaiser, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MEIS-WNT5A+axis+regulates+development+of+fourth+ventricle+choroid+plexus.">MEIS-WNT5A axis regulates development of fourth ventricle choroid plexus.</a> Development. 148 (10), (2021).</li><li>Compston, A., Coles, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+sclerosis.">Multiple sclerosis.</a> Lancet. 372 (9648), 1502-1517 (2008).</li><li>Reboldi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C-C+chemokine+receptor+6-regulated+entry+of+TH-17+cells+into+the+CNS+through+the+choroid+plexus+is+required+for+the+initiation+of+EAE.">C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE.</a> Nature Immunology. 10 (5), 514-523 (2009).</li><li>Jovanova-Nesic, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus+connexin+43+expression+and+gap+junction+flexibility+are+associated+with+clinical+features+of+acute+EAE.">Choroid plexus connexin 43 expression and gap junction flexibility are associated with clinical features of acute EAE.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1173, 75-82 (2009).</li><li>Jovanova-Nesic, K., Jovicic, S., Sovilj, M., Spector, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+brain+stimulation+upregulates+adhesion+and+prevents+Eae:+MMP-2,+ICAM-1,+and+VCAM-1+in+the+choroid+plexus+as+a+target.">Magnetic brain stimulation upregulates adhesion and prevents Eae: MMP-2, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the choroid plexus as a target.</a> International Journal of Neuroscience. 119 (9), 1399-1418 (2009).</li><li>Mills, J. H., Alabanza, L. M., Mahamed, D. A., Bynoe, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+adenosine+signaling+induces+CX3CL1+expression+in+the+brain+to+promote+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Extracellular adenosine signaling induces CX3CL1 expression in the brain to promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Journal of Neuroinflammation. 9, 193 (2012).</li></ol>

The research presented two distinct approaches for the targeted knockdown of ChP genes. The first approach involved the ICV injection of CRE-TAT, which contains Cre recombinase, into A2ARflox/flox mice. The second approach entailed ICV injection of AAV2/5 carrying shRNA of A2AR. By utilizing these two strategies, the work achieved the selective knockdown of A2AR within the ChP and was able to demonstrate the protective effects of inhibiting A2AR signaling in the ChP ...

The choroid plexus (ChP) was often thought to help maintain brain functional homeostasis by secreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)1,2. Increasing research over the last three decades has revealed that the ChP represents a distinct pathway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS).
The tight junctions (TJs) of the ChP, composed of a monolayer ChP epithelium, maintain immunological homeostasis by preventing macromolecules and immune cells from entering the brain3. However, under certain pathological conditions, the ChP tissue detects and responds to danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the CSF and blood, leading to abnormal immune infiltration and brain dysfunction4,5. Despite its critical role, the ChP&#39;s small size and unique location in the brain make it difficult to study its function without affecting other brain regions. Therefore, manipulating gene expression specifically in the ChP is an ideal approach to understanding its function.
Initially, cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre) transgenic lines, which express Cre under the control of promoters specific to genes expressed in the ChP, were commonly used to delete target genes by breeding with floxed candidate genes6,7,8. For example, the transcription factor Forkhead box J1 (FoxJ1) is exclusively expressed in the ChP epithelium of the prenatal mouse brain7. Thus, the FoxJ1-Cre line was often used to delete genes located in the ChP6,9. However, the success of this strategy relies heavily on the specificity of the promoter. It was gradually discovered that the FoxJ1 expression pattern was not distinctive enough, as FoxJ1 was also present in ciliated epithelial cells in other parts of the brain and peripheral system7. To overcome this limitation, intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Cre recombinase was performed to deliver recombinase into the ventricles of floxed transgenic lines. This strategy showed high specificity, as evidenced by the presence of tdTomato fluorescence solely in the ChP tissue10,11. However, this method is still limited by the availability of floxed transgenic mouse lines. To address this issue, researchers have employed ICV injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to achieve ChP-specific knockdown or the overexpression of target genes12,13. A comprehensive evaluation of different AAV serotypes for ChP infection revealed that AAV2/5 and AAV2/8 exhibit strong infection abilities in the ChP, while not infecting other brain regions. However, AAV2/8 was found to infect the ependyma surrounding ventricles, whereas the AAV2/5 group showed no infection14. This method has the advantage of overcoming the limitations of acquiring floxed transgenic animals.
This article describes a step-by-step protocol for gene knockdown in the ChP using two methods: ICV of AAV2/5 carrying shRNA of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and Cre recombinase protein consisting of TAT sequence (CRE-TAT) recombinase to achieve ChP-specific knockdown of A2AR. The study findings suggest that knocking down A2AR in the ChP can alleviate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This detailed protocol provides useful guidance for ChP function studies and the specific knockdown of genes in the ChP.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>A2ARflox/flox mice</td>
			<td>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV2/5-A2AR-ShRNA virus</td>
			<td>Shanghai Heyuan Biotechnology Co. LTD</td>
			<td>pt-4828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>borosilicate glass capillary</td>
			<td>Beijing Meiyaxian Technology Co. Ltd</td>
			<td>B100-50-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>brain stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td>RWD, Shenzhen</td>
			<td>69100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Beijing Vital Charles River Laboratory Animal Technology Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CRE-TAT recombinase</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCR508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Absin</td>
			<td>B25A031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>frozen slicing machine</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H37Ra</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and company</td>
			<td>231141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton, American</td>
			<td>P/N:&#160;86259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incomplete Freunds adjuvant</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F5506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOG35-55</td>
			<td>Suzhou Qiangyao Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>4010006243</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT glue</td>
			<td>Epredia</td>
			<td>6502p</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Company</td>
			<td>30525-89-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Boyun Biotech</td>
			<td>PC13003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette gun</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>N45014F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrimeScript 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>&#160;6110A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real- Time PCR System</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>CFX96</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rosa-LSL (Lox-StoP-Lox)-tdTomato mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A502792-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>super high speed homogenizer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3737025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylene solution</td>
			<td>Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Company</td>
			<td>1330-20-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

targeted knockdown of genes in the choroid plexus

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Recent research has shown that regulating ChP activity may offer protection against CNS disorders. However, studying the biological function of the ChP without affecting other brain regions is challenging due to its delicate structure. This study presents a novel method for gene knockdown in ChP tissue using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) or cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre) recombinase protein consisting of TAT sequence (CRE-TAT). The results demonstrate that after injecting AAV or CRE-TAT into the lateral ventricle, the fluorescence was exclusively concentrated in the ChP. Using this approach, the study successfully knocked down the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in the ChP using RNA interference (RNAi) or Cre/locus of X-overP1 (Cre/LoxP) systems, and showed that this knockdown could alleviate the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This technique may have important implications for future research on the ChP's role in CNS disorders.

Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research 

Targeted Knockdown of Genes in the Choroid Plexus

The objective of this research is to investigate the techniques for manipulating gene expression in the choroid plexus. Our study has introduced the two methods that allow for technique exclusively in the choroid plexus without any discernible impact on other regions. Our findings can potentially enhance future function studies of the choroid plexus in neuroscience.Our research has reviewed that inhibiting T-cell infiltration across the choroid plexus through selective lockdown of adenosine to a receptor is sufficient to protect mice from EAE pathology. This finding supports the notion that detecting gateway activity in the choroid plexus could present a promising new strategy for treating multiple sclerosis. This study presents two alternative methods for gene expression manipulation in the choroid plexus.ICV injection of Cre recombinase into those transgenic mice or ICV injection of AAV2/5, or it's targeted SHI in the WT mice. These methods overcome issues with promoting specificity and transgenetic mouse breeding.

ChP-specific A2AR knockdown by ICV injection of AAV2/5-shRNA or CRE-TAT 
The role of A2AR in the ChP as a powerful regulator of neural information in EAE pathogenesis remains unclear. Knocking down ChP-specific A2AR expression could shed light on the A2AR regulatory effects on the central immune system in EAE and other nervous system inflammations. This study used ICV injection of CRE-TAT to decrease A2AR expression in the ChP of A2AR...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research at JoVE.com

Here, we describe a method to selectively alter gene expressions in the choroid plexus while avoiding any impact in other brain areas.

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and ...

targeted-knockdown-of-genes-in-the-choroid-plexus

Research

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Neuroscience

659 ビュー.  Wenzhou Medical University. 本研究の目的は、脈絡叢における遺伝子発現の操作技術を調査することである。私たちの研究では、脈絡叢のみでテクニックを可能にする2つの方法を導入しました 他の領域への識別可能な影響はありません。私たちの発見は、神経科学における脈絡叢の将来の機能研究を強化する可能性があります。私たちの研究では、受容体へのアデノシンの選択的封鎖を介し?...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:脈絡叢研究のための遺伝子発現操作技術における洞察と革新 

Here, we describe a method to selectively alter gene expressions in the choroid plexus while avoiding any impact in other brain...

manual segmentation of the human choroid plexus using brain mri

Author Spotlight: Bridging Gaps in Anatomy and Establishing a Foundation for Algorithmic Studies 

Despite the crucial role of the choroid plexus in the brain, neuroimaging studies of this structure are scarce due to the lack of reliable automated segmentation tools. The present protocol aims to ensure gold-standard manual segmentation of the choroid plexus that can inform future neuroimaging studies.

Enhancing Neuroimaging Analysis in Brain Disorders

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combining a breath-synchronized olfactometer with brain simulation to study the impact of odors on corticospinal excitability and effective connectivity

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research 

This paper describes using a breath-synchronized olfactometer to trigger single- and dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during odorant presentation synchronized to human nasal breathing. This combination allows us to objectively investigate how pleasant and unpleasant odors impact corticospinal excitability and brain-effective connectivity in a given...

Effect of Odor on Brain Excitability Assessed by a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/65714_b.jpg

free-hand intracerebroventricular injections in mice

Author Spotlight: Insights, Innovations, and Future Avenues in Reproductive Neurocontrol 

Here, a simple and rapid approach for performing intracerebroventricular injections in mice using a free-hand approach (that is, without a stereotaxic device) is...

Performing Intracerebroventricular Injection in Mice Using a Free-Hand Approach

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Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI

microdissection and whole mount scanning electron microscopy visualization of mouse choroid plexus

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular...

segmentation of the choroid plexus using manual delineations

Segmentation of the Choroid Plexus Using Manual Delineations  

ex vivo calcium imaging for drosophila model of epilepsy

Author Spotlight: Insights into the Techniques and Findings of Recent Advancements in Epilepsy Research 

Here, we present a protocol for ex vivo calcium imaging in GCaMP6-expressing adult Drosophila to monitor epileptiform activities. The protocol provides a valuable tool for investigating ictal events in adult Drosophila through ex vivo calcium imaging, allowing for exploration of the potential mechanisms of epilepsy at the cellular...

Monitoring Epileptiform Events in &lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt; via Calcium Imaging

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in vivo application of the remote-control system for the manipulation of endogenous gene expression

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

This protocol outlines the steps needed to generate a model system in which the transcription of an endogenous gene of interest can be conditionally controlled in live animals or cells using enhanced lac repressor and/or tet activator...

characterizing multidrug efflux systems in acinetobacter baumannii using an efflux&#45;deficient bacterial strain and a single&#45;copy gene expression system

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antibiotic Resistance Research Using an Efflux&amp;#45;Deficient Bacterial Strain and a Single&amp;#45;Copy Gene Expression System

We describe a facile procedure for the single-copy chromosomal complementation of an efflux pump gene using a mini-Tn7-based expression system into an engineered efflux-deficient strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. This precise genetic tool allows for controlled gene expression, which is key for the characterization of efflux pumps in multidrug resistant...

Single&amp;#45;Copy Gene Expression for Characterizing Multidrug Efflux Systems

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observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural...

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

in planta gene expression and gene editing in moso bamboo leaves

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Editing in Bamboo Leaves for Sustainable Plastic Alternatives 

In this study, a novel in planta gene expression and gene editing method mediated by Agrobacterium was developed in bamboo. This method greatly improved the efficiency of gene function validation in bamboo, which has significant implications for accelerating the process of bamboo...

Developing Gene Transformation and Editing Methods in Bamboo

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manipulation of gene function in mexican cavefish

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish

We describe approaches for the manipulation of genes in the evolutionary model system Astyanax mexicanus. Three different techniques are described: Tol2-mediated transgenesis, targeted manipulation of the genome using CRISPR/Cas9, and knockdown of expression using morpholinos. These tools should facilitate the direct investigation of genes underlying the variation between surface- and cave-dwelling...

a visual description of the dissection of the cerebral surface vasculature and associated meninges and the choroid plexus from rat brain

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function.  They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)...

using motion capture technology in the instrumented timed up and go test to detect the risk of falling in aged adults

Author Spotlight: Innovations in iTUG Test for Enhanced Risk Assessment and Cognitive Insights

The instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG) test is gaining increasing attention in body sway and gait analysis with the development of new technologies. We present a protocol to analyze the subcomponents of the iTUG with motion...

Evaluating the Risk of Falling in Elderly Using iTUG Motion Capture Technology

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In Planta Gene Expression and Gene Editing in Moso Bamboo Leaves

operation procedure and precautions of thread-embedding acupuncture therapy in alzheimer

Author Spotlight: Exploring Acupuncture in Alzheimer&#039;s Research from Thread-Embedding Techniques to Clinical Trials

This study presents a protocol for thread-embedding acupuncture therapy in Alzheimer's disease-like...

Improving Cognitive Functions in Rats via Thread-Embedding Acupuncture Therapy

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a mechanical construction to enhance the stability and safety of lifting and thrusting manipulation of acupuncture

Author Spotlight: Development of a Standardized Acupuncture Tool Inspired by Advanced Techniques for Improved Safety and Precision

This protocol designs a cannula that can be used to control the range of motion for the lifting and thrusting manipulation in acupuncture, thereby improving stability and safety. It can thus serve both the clinical application and scientific research of acupuncture...

Control Cannula Improves Precision and Stability in Acupuncture Manipulation

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blood sampling and hormone measurement for determining the stage in the ovarian cycle in marmosets

Author Spotlight: Advancing Primatology Through Germ Cell Research and Genetic Modification Techniques

This protocol describes blood and urine sampling for measuring progesterone/estradiol and chorionic gonadotropin levels to determine the ovarian cycle stage. The hormone levels are used to predict and determine the timing of ovulation and hormones are injected to regulate the ovarian cycle and oocyte...

Assessing Ovarian Cycle in Marmosets by Blood Collection and Hormone Analysis

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ChP Specific Knockdown of A2ARs with AAV2/5-shRNA and Cre/LoxP System

ChP Specific Knockdown of A2ARs with AAV2/5-shRNA and Cre/LoxP System  

To begin, place the anesthetized mice on the surgical platform. After trimming the hair, apply eye ointment down both eyes to prevent them from drying. Then fix the mice onto a stereotaxic apparatus for immobilization.Make a small incision under a microscope to fully expose the skull. Prepare two 10 microliter syringes, one containing AAV2/5-adenosine 2A receptor shRNA, and the other containing AAV2/5 scramble. Then use the microscope to locate the bregma and lambda and set the coordinate point on the 10 microliter syringe based on the mouse brain stereotaxic atlas.Drill a small hole in the skull at the established coordinate point. Inject two microliters of AAV2/5-Adenosine 2A receptor shRNA virus into the brain ventricle via lateral injection at a steady rate of 100 nanoliters per minute. Keep the needle in place for 10 minutes before withdrawing.Seal the injured skin promptly using medical bio fibrin glue to prevent virus loss. Place the mouse on a heating pad, maintaining its body temperature approximately at 37 degrees Celsius to facilitate recovery. Inject two microliters of CRE-TAT Recombinase into each lateral ventricle of Arosa L-D-L-T-D tomato mouse for the experimental group, and two microliters of sterile PBS for the control group.Two weeks after the CRE-TAT Recombinase injection, prepare frozen tissue sections, perform nuclear staining and prepare the slide for imaging Knocking down adenosine 2A receptor in the choroid plexus in homozygous adenosine 2A receptor fluxed mouse, using CRE-TAT, led to decreased EAE clinical scores. Similarly, knocking down choroid plexus in adenosine 2A receptor wild-type mice, using AAV2/5 shRNA decreased EAE clinical scores. The QPCR analysis showed that the mRNA levels of adenosine 2A receptor decreased in the AAV2/5 shRNA and CRE-TAT groups, compared to each control.Silencing adenosine 2A receptor, specifically in the choroid plexus, reduced immune cell infiltration into the spinal cord.