이 작품은 시작 그랜트 OKV에게 수여 코넬 대학 농업 실험 스테이션 (CUAES) NYC - 125433 해치 그랜트와 코넬에서 지원했습니다

1 부. 성장 식물 고체 매체의 준비. 우리는 일반적으로 집중 Murasige와 Skoog (MS) 매체에 문화 공장 1 % 자당 및 0.7 %의 한천과 함께 보충. 그것은 식물이 건강하게 유지하는 필요한 모든 재료가 포함되어 있습니다. MS의 1L, 미디어 산도 5.7 준비 <ol><li> 1.5 2.0L autoclavable 병에 물 800 ML에 MS 분말 2.15 g을 추가합니다. </li><li> 병에 감동 막대를 삽입하고 감동 접시에 매체를 교반하여 MS 분말을 풀다. </li><li> 교반하는 동안, 추가 드롭 들러, 1N 코는 5.7으로 MS 매체의 산도를 조정합니다. </li><li> 자당의 10g를 추가, 감동 유지. </li><li> 한천의 7g 추가 *. </li><li> 1000 ML에 준비 매체의 최종 볼륨을 조정하고 autoclaving하여 소독 .* </li><li> 장소 감동 접시에 매체를 autoclaved하고 교반하면서 그것을 진정 그 한천은 병의 바닥에 침전되지 않습니다. ~ 60 ° C. *로 매체를 쿨 </li><li> 100mm 페트리 접시에 붓고. 4 접시 보관 ° C. </li></ol> * 팁 1 : 한천을 분해하지 마십시오. 그것은 autoclaving 동안 solubilize 것입니다. * 팁 2 : autoclaving 동안 병에 교반 막대를 유지하는데, 나중에 필요합니다. * 팁 3 : 10 s에 대한 autoclaved 병에 손을 유지할 수있다면, 그것은 매체 충분히 식었 당신이 접시를 따르고 시작할 수있다는 것을 의미합니다. 2 부. 식물과 성장 조건. <ol><li> Arabidopsis thaliana의 씨앗을 소독 <ol><li> eppendorf의 microcentrifuge 튜브에 씨앗 100 MG를 삽입하고 70 % 에탄올 1 ML를 추가합니다. 잘 믹스 2 분 알을 품다. , 씨앗을 스핀 다운 뜨는을 대기음. </li><li> 1.8 %의 표백제 용액 1 ML 추가 * 0.1 % 트윈 - 20를 포함. 10 분 섞는다. 종자 및 대기음 표백 용액을 스핀. </li><li> 이 단계는 층류 후드에서 수행되어야한다. 씨앗을 멸균 물 1 ML 추가, 잘 섞는다. 물을 기음, 씨앗을 스핀. 이 단계에게 5 회 반복합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 1 단계 접시 (100 씨앗 / 플레이트)의 준비에 씨앗을 퍼뜨린다. </li><li> 4 24-48 H에 대한 씨앗을 품고 번호판을 계속 ° 충화 동안 짙은 어둠 속에서 C. </li><li> 19분의 23 ° C 빛 / 어둠의 온도 정권 8 H light/16 H 어두운 photoperiod (250 μmol m -2 S -1의 광합성 광자 선속 밀도에서)와 함께 성장 챔버에서 14 일 동안 식물을 성장하고 75 % 상대 습도. </li></ol> * 팁 1 : 블리치 솔루션 지어낸입니다 희석 가정 Clorox하여 6 % 나트륨 차아 염소 산염을 포함하고 0.1 %의 최종 농도 트윈 - 20를 추가. 부 3. Arabidopsis 모종의 protoplasts의 고립. <ol><li> 슬라이스 필터 - 살균 TVL 솔루션의 15 ML에 신선한 면도날로 14 일 된 모종의 2g. 우리는 일회용 멸균 배양 접시에 식물 자료를 들어온다. </li><li> 200 ML의 비커에 잘게 조직을 전송, 필터 살균 효소 솔루션, 소용돌이 효소 솔루션으로 조직 믹스가 parafilm 및 알루미늄 호일로 커버하도록 비커 20 ML를 추가합니다. </li><li> 16-18 H. 위해 상온에서 어두운 35 RPM에서 식물 조직 쉐이크 </li><li> 치즈 천 8 층, W5 용액에 미리 서부 유럽 표준시를 통해 거를 50 ML 팔콘 튜브에 공개 protoplasts를 수집합니다. </li><li> W5 솔루션의 15 ML과 천을 세탁하여 치즈 천으로 한 번 더에서 체의 protoplasts. </li><li> 조심스럽게 W5 솔루션의 10 ML과 오버레이 protoplasts은 설탕 기울기를 방해하지, 원심 분리기를 100 7 분, G.위한 </li><li> 효소 솔루션 및 W5 솔루션 (그림의 1B)의 인터페이스에서 protoplasts 10 ML를 수집하고 새로운 50 ML 팔콘 튜브로 전송할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 60 G.에서 5 분 15 ML W5 솔루션, 원심 분리기 추가 뜨는을 제거합니다. </li><li> 60g에서 5 분 대한 15ml W5의 솔루션, 원심 분리기에 protoplasts을 resuspending하여 효소 솔루션에서 무료 protoplasts 와시 </li><li> 1 - 3ml W5 솔루션에 뜨는, resuspend pelleted protoplasts를 제거합니다. </li><li> hemocytometer로 계산하여 세포 원형질의 수율을 평가해보십시오. </li></ol> 부 4. 시약 : TVL : sorbitol 0.3 M, 50 MM CaCL이 필터 - 소독 및 -20 ° C.에 저장 효소 솔루션 : 0.5 M의 자당, 10 MM MES - ​​코 [산도 5.7], 20 MM CaCl 2, 40 MM KCl, 1 % Cellulase (Onozuka R - 10), 1 %의 Macerozyme (R10). 필터 - 소독과 갓 사용합니다. W5 솔루션 : 0.1 % (W / V) 포도당, 0.08 % (W / V) KCl, 0.9 % (W / V) NaCl, 1.84 % (W / V) CaCl 2, 2 MM MES - ​​코 산도 5.7. 필터 - 소독하고 실온에서 저장합니다. 제 5 부 : 대표 결과 : 부품 1과 2에서 설명한 Arabidopsis 문화 조건을 사용하면 protoplasts (그림 1A)을 분리에 적합한 건강한 모종을 렌더링. 원형질은 자당 농도 그라디에 의해 정화 아르엔트 원심 분리 및 W5 및 효소 솔루션 (그림의 1B)의 인터페이스에서 수집했습니다. 제 3에 설명되어있는 원형질 분리 절차를 사용하여 우리는 일반적으로 신선한 모종 중 하나 그램에서 그대로 protoplasts의 10월 5일부터 10일까지 6 (그림 1C)를 수확. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1149/Fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. Arabidopsis 모종의 protoplasts의 고립. A, Arabidopsis 14 일 된 모종의 조직가의 수정 절차 (첸과 Halkier, 2000)이 수집하여 protoplasts로 변환되었습니다. B, Protoplasts은 자당 밀도 기울기 원심 분리에 의해 정화 및 효소 솔루션의 인터페이스에서 수집되었습니다 W5 uffer (화이트 화살표). C, protoplasts의 브라이트 - 필드 현미경. Microphotographs은 자이스 혈구 Axioscope이 플러스 현미경으로 연계 냉각 CCD 카메라를 사용하여 수집되었습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Cocking, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+the+Isolation+of+Plant+Protoplasts+and+Vacuoles.">A Method for the Isolation of Plant Protoplasts and Vacuoles.</a> Nature. 187, 962-963 (1960).</li><li>Chen, S., Halkier, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+glucosinolate+uptake+by+leaf+protoplasts+of+Brassica+napus.">Characterization of glucosinolate uptake by leaf protoplasts of Brassica napus.</a> J Biol Chem. 275, 22955-22960 (2000).</li><li>Robert, S., Zouhar, J., Carter, C., Raikhel, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+intact+vacuoles+from+Arabidopsis+rosette+leaf-derived+protoplasts.">Isolation of intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis rosette leaf-derived protoplasts.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2, 259-262 (2007).</li><li>Yoo, S. D., Cho, Y. H., Sheen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+mesophyll+protoplasts:+a+versatile+cell+system+for+transient+gene+expression+analysis.">Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 1565-1572 (2007).</li><li>Zhai, Z., Sooksa-nguan, T., Vatamaniuk, O. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+RNAi+as+a+reverse+genetic+approach+for+gene+functional+analysis+in+protoplasts.">Establishing RNAi as a reverse genetic approach for gene functional analysis in protoplasts.</a> Plant Phys. 149, 642-652 (2009).</li></ol>

식물 유전자의 기능 분석에의 이용에 대해이 절차를 설명 잠정 특허는 기술 기업 및 상용화에 대한 코넬 센터 (CCTEC) 월 2008 접수되었습니다. OK Vatamaniuk, 그리고 Zhai, 식물 유전자의 기능 분석에 대한 신속한 Z. 방법 : 내용 적요 대한 50341/015001 없습니다.

그대로 원형질의 높은 수율을 보장하기 위해서는 건강 식물 - 시작하는 것은 매우 중요하다. protoplasts를 분리 위해 필터 소독 솔루션을 사용합니다. protoplasts가되기 것을 기억하십시오. 따라서 protoplasts을 처리하는 경우, pipet 또는 그들을 브레이크 것입 적극적으로부터 와동을 혼합하지 않습니다. 대신 천천히 회전 또는 원심 튜브를 녹화하여 protoplasts를 섞는다. 적어도 96 H.에 대한 가능한 설명하?...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture (MS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M5524</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A1296</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Petri Dishes (100x15mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kreckeler Scientific</td>
<td>82-4001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cellulase (Onozuka R&#x2010;10)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>RPI Corp</td>
<td>C32200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Macerozyme (R10)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>RPI Corp</td>
<td>M22010</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cheesecloth wipes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>06-665-29</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lab Rotator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>1167152Q</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Allegra X&#x2010;15R Centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>392932</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Axioskop2 Plus Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

isolation of protoplasts from tissues of 14-day-old seedlings of arabidopsis thaliana

Protoplasts 자신의 세포 벽을 제거 효소가 있었 식물의 세포 수 있습니다. 다른 식물의 조직에서 protoplasts의 분리가 먼저 40 년 이상 전에보고되었다<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; 이후 같은 subcellular 단백질의 지방화, 손상 organelles의 고립을 두 번 좌초 RNA 간섭 (RNAi)에 의해 유전자 불활 성화 대상으로 세포 프로세스 다양한, 연구에 적응되었습니다<sup&gt; 2-5</sup&gt;. 원형질 분리 프로토콜의 대부분은 성숙 Arabidopsis의 잎 조직 (예 : 35 일 된 식물)를 사용<sup&gt; 2-4</sup&gt;. 우리는 14 일 된 Arabidopsis의 모종을 채용하여 기존의 프로토콜을 수정했습니다. 이 절차에서는, 14 일 된 모종의 일g 5 10 굴복<sup&gt; 6</sup&gt; -10<sup&gt; 7</sup&gt; 최소한 96시간 그대로 유지 protoplasts. 모종의 protoplasts의 수확량은 성숙 Arabidopsis의 잎사귀에서 준비를 비교하지만, 대신 35-36일의 protoplasts의 분리는 15 일 이내에 완료됩니다. 이것은 성숙한 식물을 사용하는 경우 protoplasts를 분리하는 데 필요한 시간과 성장 챔버 공간을 감소 수 있으며 그대로 protoplasts을 필요로 하류 연구를 신속.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

이 동영상은 Arabidopsis 14 일 된 모종의 조직에서 그대로 protoplasts를 분리하는 절차를 보여줍니다. 격리 protoplasts 적어도 96h 위해 그대로 유지하고 대신 한 달 된 성숙한 식물의 모종으로부터 격리되는 감안할 때,이 절차는 그대로 protoplasts가 필요한 assays을 신속.

14 일 된 모종의 조직에서 Protoplasts의 분리 Arabidopsis thaliana</em

Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls enzymatically removed. Isolation of protoplasts  from different plant tissues was first ...

isolation-protoplasts-from-tissues-14-day-old-seedlings-arabidopsis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

35.9K 조회수.  Cornell University. 이 동영상은 Arabidopsis 14 일 된 모종의 조직에서 그대로 protoplasts를 분리하는 절차를 보여줍니다. 격리 protoplasts 적어도 96h 위해 그대로 유지하고 대신 한 달 된 성숙한 식물의 모종으로부터 격리되는 감안할 때,이 절차는 그대로 protoplasts가 필요한 assays을 신속.

비디오: Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting of Plant Protoplasts

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental stimuli in any multicellular organism. In situ hybridization and reporter gene visualization can to a limited extent be used to this end but for high resolution quantitative RT-PCR or high-throughput transcriptome-wide analysis the isolation of RNA from particular cell types is requisite. Cellular dissociation of tissue expressing a fluorescent protein marker in a specific cell type and subsequent Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) makes it possible to collect sufficient amounts of material for RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis/amplification and microarray analysis.
An extensive set of cell type-specific fluorescent reporter lines is available to the plant research community. In this case, two marker lines of the Arabidopsis thaliana root are used: PSCR::GFP (endodermis and quiescent center) and PWOX5::GFP (quiescent center). Large numbers (thousands) of seedlings are grown hydroponically or on agar plates and harvested to obtain enough root material for further analysis. Cellular dissociation of plant material is achieved by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. This procedure makes use of high osmolarity-induced plasmolysis and commercially available cellulases, pectinases and hemicellulases to release protoplasts into solution.
FACS of GFP-positive cells makes use of the visualization of the green versus the red emission spectra of protoplasts excited by a 488 nm laser. GFP-positive protoplasts can be distinguished by their increased ratio of green to red emission. Protoplasts are typically sorted directly into RNA extraction buffer and stored for further processing at a later time.
This technique is revealed to be straightforward and practicable. Furthermore, it is shown that it can be used without difficulty to isolate sufficient numbers of cells for transcriptome analysis, even for very scarce cell types (e.g. quiescent center cells). Lastly, a growth setup for Arabidopsis seedlings is demonstrated that enables uncomplicated treatment of the plants prior to cell sorting (e.g. for the cell type-specific analysis of biotic or abiotic stress responses). Potential supplementary uses for FACS of plant protoplasts are discussed.

A method for isolating specific cell types from plant material is demonstrated. This technique employs transgenic marker lines expressing fluorescent proteins in particular cell types, cellular dissociation and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. Additionally, a growth setup is established here that facilitates treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings prior to cell sorting.

식물 Protoplasts의 형광 활성 세포 정렬

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental ...

연구

생물학

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

의 꽃 - 물놀이 변환 Arabidopsis thaliana 검사 pTSO2 : β - glucuronidase 리포터 유전자 발현

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

Arabidopsis thaliana Polar Glycerolipid Profiling by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Coupled with Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

Biological membranes separate cells from the environment. From a single cell to multicellular plants and animals, glycerolipids, such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine, form bilayer membranes which act as both boundaries and interfaces for chemical exchange between cells and their surroundings. Unlike animals, plant cells have a special organelle for photosynthesis, the chloroplast. The intricate membrane system of the chloroplast contains unique glycerolipids, namely glycolipids lacking phosphorus: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG)4. The roles of these lipids are beyond simply structural. These glycolipids and other glycerolipids were found in the crystal structures of photosystem I and II indicating the involvement of glycerolipids in photosynthesis8,11. During phosphate starvation, DGDG is transferred to extraplastidic membranes to compensate the loss of phospholipids9,12.
Much of our knowledge of the biosynthesis and function of these lipids has been derived from a combination of genetic and biochemical studies with Arabidopsis thaliana14. During these studies, a simple procedure for the analysis of polar lipids has been essential for the screening and analysis of lipid mutants and will be outlined in detail. A leaf lipid extract is first separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and glycerolipids are stained reversibly with iodine vapor. The individual lipids are scraped from the TLC plate and converted to fatty acyl methylesters (FAMEs), which are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (FID-GLC) (Figure 1). This method has been proven to be a reliable tool for mutant screening. For example, the tgd1,2,3,4 endoplasmic reticulum-to-plastid lipid trafficking mutants were discovered based on the accumulation of an abnormal galactoglycerolipid: trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGDG) and a decrease in the relative amount of 18:3 (carbons : double bonds) fatty acyl groups in membrane lipids 3,13,18,20. This method is also applicable for determining enzymatic activities of proteins using lipids as substrate6.

Arabidopsis thaliana Polar Glycerolipid Profiling by Thin Layer Chromatography TLC Coupled with Gas-Liquid Chromatography GLC

Composition of polar lipid extracts and the fatty acid composition of individual glycerolipids are determined in a simple and robust lipid profiling experiment. For this purpose, glycerolipids are isolated by thin layer chromatography and subjected to transmethylation of their acyl groups. Fatty acyl methylesters are quantified by gas-liquid chromatography.

씬 크로마 토그래피 (TLC)에 의해 Arabidopsis thaliana 폴라 Glycerolipid의 프로파일은 기체 - 액체 크로마 토그래피 (GLC)와 결합

Biological membranes separate cells from the environment. From a single cell to multicellular plants and animals, glycerolipids, such as ...

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

에서 초기 단계의 배아의 효율적이고 신속한 분리<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 씨앗

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling processes. Extracting sterol-enriched membrane microdomains from plant cells for proteomic analysis is a difficult task mainly due to multiple preparation steps and sources for contaminations from other cellular compartments. The plasma membrane constitutes only about 5-20% of all the membranes in a plant cell, and therefore isolation of highly purified plasma membrane fraction is challenging. A frequently used method involves aqueous two-phase partitioning in polyethylene glycol and dextran, which yields plasma membrane vesicles with a purity of 95% 1. Sterol-rich membrane microdomains within the plasma membrane are insoluble upon treatment with cold nonionic detergents at alkaline pH. This detergent-resistant membrane fraction can be separated from the bulk plasma membrane by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient 2. Subsequently, proteins can be extracted from the low density band of the sucrose gradient by methanol/chloroform precipitation. Extracted protein will then be trypsin digested, desalted and finally analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Our extraction protocol for sterol-rich microdomains is optimized for the preparation of clean detergent-resistant membrane fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures.
We use full metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures with K15NO3 as the only nitrogen source for quantitative comparative proteomic studies following biological treatment of interest 3. By mixing equal ratios of labeled and unlabeled cell cultures for joint protein extraction the influence of preparation steps on final quantitative result is kept at a minimum. Also loss of material during extraction will affect both control and treatment samples in the same way, and therefore the ratio of light and heave peptide will remain constant. In the proposed method either labeled or unlabeled cell culture undergoes a biological treatment, while the other serves as control 4.

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Here we describe a robust method for the fractionation of plant plasma membranes into detergent resistant and detergent soluble membranes based on a mixture of unlabeled and in vivo fully 15N labeled Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The procedure is applied for comparative proteomic studies to understand signaling processes.

비교 단백체 분석을위한 신진 대사 라벨링 및 막 분별<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 서스펜션 세포 배양

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

의 조직 화학 염색<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 차 전지 벽 요소

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila melanogaster embryonic and larval tissues often contain a highly heterogeneous mixture of cell types, which can complicate the analysis of gene expression in these tissues. Thus, to analyze cell-specific gene expression profiles from Drosophila tissues, it may be necessary to isolate specific cell types with high purity and at sufficient yields for downstream applications such as transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation. However, the irregular cellular morphology in tissues such as the central nervous system, coupled with the rare population of specific cell types in these tissues, can pose challenges for traditional methods of cell isolation such as laser microdissection and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Here, an alternative approach to characterizing cell-specific gene expression profiles using affinity-based isolation of tagged nuclei, rather than whole cells, is described. Nuclei in the specific cell type of interest are genetically labeled with a nuclear envelope-localized EGFP tag using the Gal4/UAS binary expression system. These EGFP-tagged nuclei can be isolated using antibodies against GFP that are coupled to magnetic beads. The approach described in this protocol enables consistent isolation of nuclei from specific cell types in the Drosophila larval central nervous system at high purity and at sufficient levels for expression analysis, even when these cell types comprise less than 2% of the total cell population in the tissue. This approach can be used to isolate nuclei from a wide variety of Drosophila embryonic and larval cell types using specific Gal4 drivers, and may be useful for isolating nuclei from cell types that are not suitable for FACS or laser microdissection.

Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila tissues often contain a heterogeneous mixture of cell types.&#160;To examine gene expression in specific cell types from a particular tissue, nuclei can be genetically tagged and subsequently isolated using an affinity-based approach. Isolated nuclei can be used for downstream applications such as gene expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation.

에서 태그가 핵의 선호도 기반 격리<em&gt; 초파리</em유전자 발현 분석을위한&gt; 조직

Drosophila melanogaster embryonic and larval tissues often contain a highly heterogeneous mixture of cell types, which can complicate the analysis of gene ...

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable biotic and abiotic stress. Conversely, disruption of circadian timekeeping severely compromises plant health and reduces agricultural crop yields. It is therefore imperative that we understand the intricate regulation of circadian rhythms in plants, including the factors that affect motion of the transcriptional clockwork itself.
Testing circadian defects in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) traditionally involves crossing specific mutant lines to a line rhythmically expressing firefly luciferase from a circadian clock gene promoter. This approach is laborious, time-consuming, and could be fruitless if a mutant has no circadian phenotype. The methodology presented here allows a rapid initial assessment of circadian phenotypes. Protoplasts derived from mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis are isolated, transfected with a rhythmically expressed luminescent reporter, and imaged under constant light conditions for 5 days. Luminescent traces will directly reveal whether the free-running period of mutant plants is different from wild-type plants. The advantage of the method is that any Arabidopsis line can efficiently be screened, without the need for generating a stably transgenic luminescent clock marker line in that mutant background.

The circadian clock regulates about a third of the Arabidopsis transcriptome, but the percentage of genes that feed back into timekeeping remains unknown. Here we visualize a method to rapidly assess circadian phenotypes in any mutant line of Arabidopsis using luminescent imaging of a circadian reporter transiently expressed in protoplasts.

발광 시계 기자와 애기 장대 원형질체 트랜의 일주기 표현형의 신속한 분석

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light conditions, which are preferably variable in quantity and quality so that studies under different setups can be conducted. These requirements are met by climatic chambers featuring light emitting diodes (LED) lights, which can &#8211; in contrast to fluorescent lights &#8211; be set to different wavelengths. LEDs are energy conserving and emit virtually no heat even at light intensities, which often constitutes a problem with other light sources. The presented protocol provides a step-by-step guidance of how to program a climatic chamber equipped with variable LED lights as well as describing several approaches for in depth analysis of growth phenotypes. Depending on the experimental set-up various characteristics of the growing plants can be observed and analyzed. Here we describe how to determine fresh weight, leaf area, photosynthetic activity, and stomatal density. We demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable data and draw valid conclusions it is mandatory to use a sufficient number of individuals for statistical evaluation. Taking too few plants for this kind of analysis results in high statistical errors and consequently in less clear interpretations of the data.

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Here, we present a protocol for studying plant growth behavior and especially phenotypes in a reproducible manner. We show how to provide variable and at the same time stable light conditions. Proper analyses depend on sufficient sample numbers and valid statistical evaluations.

다른 빛 자질에 애기 thaliana 성장 행동의 분석

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. Therefore, it is important to establish an efficient transient gene expression system in soybean. Here, we report a simple protocol for the preparation of soybean protoplasts and its application for transient functional analyses. We found that young unifoliate leaves from soybean seedlings resulted in large quantities of high quality protoplasts. By optimizing a PEG-calcium-mediated transformation method, we achieved high transformation efficiency using soybean unifoliate protoplasts. This system provides an efficient and versatile model for examination of complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live soybean cells and may help to better understand diverse cellular, developmental and physiological processes of legumes.

We developed a simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of large quantities of soybean protoplasts to study complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live cells.