Name: gibberella zeae ascospore production and collection for microarray experiments.
Uploaded: 2006-11-30T00:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 2 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gibberella zeae Ascospore Production and Collection for Microarray Experiments. at JoVE.com

저자는 훌륭한 기술 지원 카렌 힐번 감사합니다. 이 프로젝트는 USDA 협동 상태 연구, 교육 및 연장 서비스 (수상 # 2004-35604-14327)의 국립 연구 이니셔티브에 의해 지원되었다. 마띠아스 Pasquali는 브랑코 와이즈 원정대에 의해 지원됩니다. 미국 밀과 보리의 스켑 이니셔티브는 연구의 지속적인 지원을 인정받고 있습니다.

<ol><li> 캐롯 한천은 (Klittich와 레슬리, 1988) 9 cm 직경 배양 접시에 준비되었다. </li><li> 덱스 트로 오스 감자 한천 배지에서 성장 신선한 균사체를 포함하는 한천의 2mm 큐브는 각 페트리 접시의 중심에 적용되었다. </li><li> 문화가 25 성장했다 ° C와 96 시간을위한 12 - H photoperiod. </li><li> 수성 2.5 % 트윈 60 하나 ML은 부드럽게 눌러, 플라스틱 막대와 문화의 표면 (트레일 및 커먼, 2000)에 적용하고 문화에 걸쳐 확산되었다. </li><li> 같은 photoperiod 25 ° C에서 높은 습도 환경에서 보관하면 Perithecia 촬영이 유도 치료 후 7-10 일 개발 ascospores. </li><li> 포자 수집 perithecia가 어둠 속에서 제한된 시간 (예 : 12 시간)을 위해 촬영을 떠나, 페트리 접시의 뚜껑을 변경하여 수행됩니다. </li><li> 멸균 물을 부드럽게 표면에 물을 이동하여 ascospores를 보류, 뚜껑에 추가됩니다. </li><li> Ascospores는 무균 팰컨 튜브에 수집 세탁 및 추가 분석을 위해 사용됩니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Beyer, M., Verreet, J. A., Francl, L., Shaner, G., Bergstrom, G., Gilbert, J., Pedersen, W., Dill-Macky, R., Sweets, L., Corwin, B., Jin, Y., Gallenberg, D., Wiersma, J., Goswami, R. S., Kistler, H. C., Klittich, C. J. R., Leslie, J. F., Trail, F., Common, R., Tschantz, A. T., Horst, R. L., Nelson, P. E., Tschanz, A. T., Horst, R. K., Nelson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germination+of+Gibberella+zeae+ascospores+as+affected+by+age+of+spores+after+discharge+and+environmental+factors.">Germination of Gibberella zeae ascospores as affected by age of spores after discharge and environmental factors.</a> Genetics. 118, 417-2013 (2005).</li></ol>

여기에 제시 프로토콜은 Fusarium 종에 대한 perithecial 생산에 사용되는 이전 절차에 따라 달라집니다. (Klittich와 레슬리, 1988, 트레일 및 커먼, 2000). ascospores 다량의 (microarray 분석을위한 충분한)가 생성되었습니다하는 절차의 표준화는 실험의 재현성을위한 필수했다. 이것은 환경 요인, 나이, 기판 차이가 ascospores의 생물 학적 특성 (베여 및 Verreet, 2005)를 변경할 수보고되었습니다. 따라서 동영상의 사용은 재현성을 ?...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Petri dish 9 cm diameter</td><td>Tool</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 60 (20%)</td><td>Reagent</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carrot agar (20% w/v organic carrots and 1.5% w/v agar) </td><td>Reagent</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

gibberella zeae ascospore production and collection for microarray experiments.

Fusarium graminearum 슈왑 (teleomorph Gibberella zeae)은 밀가루와 작물 생산량과 곡물의 품질을 감소 보리에 딱지가 질병을 일으키는 식물 병원균이다. F. graminearum 또한 옥수수의 줄기와 귀를 썩게하는 원인과 같은 곡물을 오염과 인간과 가축 (Goswami 및 키슬러, 2004)에 유해한하는 trichothecenes로 mycotoxins의 생산이다. 곰팡이는 포자의 두 종류를 생산하고 있습니다. Ascospores, 성적 재생산으로 인한 propagules는 주요 감염의 주요 원천입니다. 이들 포자는 강제 성숙 perithecia에서 배출되는 바람 (Francl 외 1999)에 의해 분산됩니다. 이차 감염은 주로 식물의 표면에 성별이없는 방법으로 생산 macroconidia로 인해 발생합니다. 이 균류에 ascospores의 발달 과정을 연구하기 위해 무균 조건 하에서 대량의 그들의 수집에 대한 절차가 필요했습니다. 전체 게놈의 유전자 발현 프로파일을 생성하고 해석하는 경우 중요한 측면, 우리 프로토콜은 이해와 재현성에 대한 정보의 최고 수준을 생성하기 위해 촬영되었습니다. 특히, ascospore 발아 및 생물 학적 활동의 변화는 물질의 사전 처리에 의존하고 있습니다. ascospore 생산의 모든 단계를 문서화를위한 비디오의 사용 microarray 분석을 위해 점점 더 엄격한 요구 사항 준수, 표준화를 향상시키기 위해 제안합니다. 절차는 표준 실험실 장비가 필요합니다. 단계는 오염 및 ascospores 찬성 시간 동기화를 방지하기 위해 표시됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gibberella zeae Ascospore Production and Collection for Microarray Experiments. at JoVE.com

Gibberella zeae Ascospore Production and Collection for Microarray Experiments.

무균 조건 하에서 Gibberella zeae, 수집을위한 절차에 ascospores의 발달 과정을 공부를하는 것은 프로토콜에 대한 정보의 최고 수준을 생성하기 위해 촬영입니다. 이것은 실험, 전체 게놈 표현 프로필 테스트 구현하는 중요한 부분의 재현성을 촉진한다.

Microarray 실험에 대한 Gibberella zeae Ascospore 생산 및 수집.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a plant pathogen causing scab disease on wheat and barley that reduces crop yield and grain ...

gibberella-zeae-ascospore-production-collection-for-microarray

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K 조회수.  USDA. 무균 조건 하에서 Gibberella zeae, 수집을위한 절차에 ascospores의 발달 과정을 공부를하는 것은 프로토콜에 대한 정보의 최고 수준을 생성하기 위해 촬영입니다. 이것은 실험, 전체 게놈 표현 프로필 테스트 구현하는 중요한 부분의 재현성을 촉진한다.

비디오: Gibberella zeae Ascospore Production and Collection for Microarray Experiments.

Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays

The rotting of grains by seed-infecting fungi poses one of the greatest economic challenges to cereal production worldwide, not to mention serious risks to human and animal health. Among cereal production, maize is arguably the most affected crop, due to pathogen-induced losses in grain integrity and mycotoxin seed contamination. The two most prevalent and problematic mycotoxins for maize growers and food and feed processors are aflatoxin and fumonisin, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides, respectively.
Recent studies in molecular plant-pathogen interactions have demonstrated promise in understanding specific mechanisms associated with plant responses to fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination1,2,3,4,5,6. Because many labs are using kernel assays to study plant-pathogen interactions, there is a need for a standardized method for quantifying different biological parameters, so results from different laboratories can be cross-interpreted. For a robust and reproducible means for quantitative analyses on seeds, we have developed in-lab kernel assays and subsequent methods to quantify fungal growth, biomass, and mycotoxin contamination. Four sterilized maize kernels are inoculated in glass vials with a fungal suspension (106) and incubated for a predetermined period. Sample vials are then selected for enumeration of conidia by hemocytometer, ergosterol-based biomass analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), aflatoxin quantification using an AflaTest fluorometer method, and fumonisin quantification by HPLC.

The devastation of cereal crops by seed-infecting fungi has prompted numerous research efforts to better understand plant-pathogen interactions. To study seed-fungal interactions in a laboratory setting, we developed a robust method for the quantification of fungal reproduction, biomass, and mycotoxin contamination using kernel bioassays.

커널 Bioassays를 사용하여 곰팡이 콜로니, Sporogenesis 및 Mycotoxins 생산의 부량

The rotting of grains by seed-infecting fungi poses one of the greatest economic challenges to cereal production worldwide, not to mention serious risks ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the &#945;-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.

Aflatoxin contamination in food and feed crops is a major challenge worldwide. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) are potent carcinogens that substantially reduce crop value in maize and other oil rich crops like peanut besides posing serious threat to human and animal health. Different approaches, including traditional breeding, transgenic expression of resistance associated proteins, and RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-induced gene silencing of critical A. flavus gene targets, are being evaluated to increase aflatoxin resistance in susceptible crops. Past studies have shown an important role of &#945;-amylase in A. flavus pathogenesis and aflatoxin production, suggesting this gene/enzyme is a potential target to reduce both A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production. In this regard, the current study was undertaken to evaluate heterologous expression (under control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter) of a Lablab purpureus L. &#945;-amylase inhibitor-like protein (AILP) in maize against A. flavus. AILP is a 36-kDa protein, which is a competitive inhibitor of A. flavus &#945;-amylase enzyme and belongs to the lectin&#8211;arcelin&#8211;&#945;-amylase inhibitor protein family in common bean. In vitro studies prior to the current work had demonstrated the role of AILP in inhibition of A. flavus &#945;-amylase activity and fungal growth. Fungal growth and aflatoxin production in mature kernels were monitored in real time using a GFP-expressing A. flavus strain. This kernel screening assay (KSA) is very simple to set up and provides reliable and reproducible data on infection and the extent of spread that could be quantified for evaluation of germplasm and transgenic lines. The fluorescence from the GFP strain is closely correlated to fungal growth and, by extension, it is well-correlated to aflatoxin values.&#160; The goal of the current work was to implement this previous knowledge in a commercially important crop like maize to increase aflatoxin resistance. Our results show a 35%&#8211;72% reduction in A. flavus growth in AILP-expressing transgenic maize kernels which, in turn, translated into a 62%&#8211;88% reduction in aflatoxin levels.

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the &#945;-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.

Here we present a protocol to analyze Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in maize kernels expressing an antifungal protein.&#160; Using a GFP-expressing A. flavus strain we monitored the infection and spread of the fungus in mature kernels in real time. The assay is rapid, reliable, and reproducible.

Aspergillus flavus 성장 및 유전자 변형 옥수수 표현 Lablab purpureus L.에서에서 α-아 밀라 아 제 억제제에서 아플 라 톡 신 생산의 억제

Aflatoxin contamination in food and feed crops is a major challenge worldwide. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) are ...

환경과학

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent. In the experiment, yeast is grown for 48 hours in 1/2X YPD broth containing 3X glucose. The culture is split into a control and treated group. The experiment culture is treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 in Hanks Buffered Saline (HBSS) for 1 hour. The control culture is treated with HBSS only. Total RNA is extracted from both cultures and is converted to a biotin-labeled cRNA product through a multistep process. The final synthesis product is taken back to the UVM Microarray Core Facility and hybridized to the Affymetrix yeast GeneChips. The resulting gene expression data are uploaded into bioinformatics data analysis software.

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent.

Microarray 분석을위한 Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen ...

생물학

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

The quantification of lung fungal burden is critical for the determination of the relative levels of immune protection and fungal virulence in mouse models of pulmonary fungal infection. Although multiple methods are used to assess fungal burden, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of fungal DNA has emerged as a technique with several advantages over previous culture-based methods. Currently, a comprehensive assessment of lung pathology, leukocyte recruitment, fungal burden, and gene expression in mice with invasive aspergillosis (IA) necessitates the use of a significant number of experimental and control animals. Here the quantification of lung histological staining to determine fungal burden using a reduced number of animals was examined in detail. Lung sections were stained to identify fungal structures with Gomori&#39;s modified methanamine silver (GMS) staining. Images were taken from the GMS-stained sections from 4 discrete fields of each formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung. The GMS stained areas within each image were quantified using an image analysis program, and from this quantification, the mean percentage of stained area was determined for each sample. Using this strategy, eosinophil-deficient mice exhibited decreased fungal burden and disease with caspofungin therapy, while wild-type mice with IA did not improve with caspofungin. Similarly, fungal burden in mice lacking &#947;&#948; T cells were also improved by caspofungin, as measured by qPCR and GMS quantification. GMS quantification is therefore introduced as a method for the determination of relative lung fungal burden that may ultimately reduce the quantity of experimental animals required for comprehensive studies of invasive aspergillosis.

Here we describe a protocol to determine pulmonary fungal burden in mice with invasive aspergillosis by quantification of Gomori&#39;s modified methanamine silver staining in histological sections. Use of this method resulted in comparable results with less animals compared to assessment of fungal burden by quantitative PCR of lung fungal DNA.

조직학 정량화 폐 실험 Aspergillosis에 곰 팡이 부담을 결정 하

The quantification of lung fungal burden is critical for the determination of the relative levels of immune protection and fungal virulence in mouse ...

High Throughput Yeast Strain Phenotyping with Droplet-Based RNA Sequencing

The powerful tools available to edit yeast genomes have made this microbe a valuable platform for engineering. While it is now possible to construct libraries of millions of genetically distinct strains, screening for a desired phenotype remains a significant obstacle. With existing screening techniques, there is a tradeoff between information output and throughput, with high-throughput screening typically being performed on one product of interest. Therefore, we present an approach to accelerate strain screening by adapting single cell RNA sequencing to isogenic picoliter colonies of genetically engineered yeast strains. To address the unique challenges of performing RNA sequencing on yeast cells, we culture isogenic yeast colonies within hydrogels and spheroplast prior to performing RNA sequencing. The RNA sequencing data can be used to infer yeast phenotypes and sort out engineered pathways. The scalability of our method addresses a critical obstruction in microbial engineering.

A bottleneck in the &#8216;design-build-test&#8217; cycle of microbial engineering is the speed at which we can perform functional screens of strains. We describe a high-throughput method for strain screening applied to hundreds to thousands of yeast cells per experiment that utilizes droplet-based RNA sequencing.

액적 기반 RNA 시퀀싱을 통한 높은 처리량 효모 균주 현상태핑

The powerful tools available to edit yeast genomes have made this microbe a valuable platform for engineering. While it is now possible to construct ...

생체공학

Sexual Development and Ascospore Discharge in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. F. graminearum most easily produces fruiting bodies, called perithecia, on carrot agar. Perithecia contain numerous tissue types, produced at specific stages of perithecium development. These include (in order of appearance) formation of the perithecium initials (which give rise to the ascogenous hyphae), the outer wall, paraphyses (sterile mycelia which occupy the center of the perithecium until the asci develop), the asci, and the ascospores within the asci14. The development of each of these tissues is separated by approximately 24 hours and has been the basis of transcriptomic studies during sexual development12,8. Refer to Hallen et al. (2007) for a more thorough description of development, including photographs of each stage. Here, we present the methods for generating and harvesting synchronously developing lawns of perithecia for temporal studies of gene regulation, development, and physiological processes. Although these methods are written specifically to be used with F. graminearum, the techniques can be used for a variety of other fungi, provided that fruiting can be induced in culture and there is some synchrony to development. We have recently adapted this protocol to study the sexual development of F. verticillioides. Although individual perithecia must be hand picked in this species, because a lawn of developing perithecia could not be induced, the process worked well for studying development (Sikhakolli and Trail, unpublished).
The most important function of fungal fruiting bodies is the dispersal of spores. In many of the species of Ascomycota (ascus producing fungi), spores are shot from the ascus, due to the generation of turgor pressure within the ascus, driving ejection of spores (and epiplasmic fluid) through the pore in the ascus tip2,7. Our studies of forcible ascospore discharge have resulted in development of a "spore discharge assay", which we use to screen for mutations in the process. Here we present the details of this assay.
F. graminearum is homothallic, and thus can form fruiting bodies in the absence of a compatible partner. The advantage of homothallism is that crossing is not necessary to generate offspring homozygous for a particular trait, a facet that has facilitated the study of sexual development in this species14,7. However, heterothallic strains have been generated that can be used for crossing5,9. It is also possible to cross homothallic strains to obtain mutants for several genes in one strain1. This is done by coinoculating one Petri dish with 2 strains. Along the meeting point, the majority of perithecia will be recombinant (provided a mutation in one of the parent strains does not inhibit outcrossing). As perithecia age, they exude ascospores en masse instead of forcibly discharging them. The resulting spore exudate (called a cirrhus) sits at the tip of the perithecium and can easily be removed for recovery of individual spores. Here we present a protocol to facilitate the identification of recombinant perithecia and the recovery of recombinant progeny.

Sexual Development and Ascospore Discharge in Fusarium graminearum

Sexual crosses and isolation of recombinant progeny are important research tools for the filamentous fungus, Fusarium graminearum, The techniques necessary successfully carry out these processes are presented.

의 성적 개발 및 Ascospore 방전 Fusarium graminearum</em

Fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. F. graminearum most easily produces ...

Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of&#160;the most common fungal infections among immunocompromised individuals. Despite the availability of antifungal drugs, IA can cause &#62;50% mortality in infected immunocompromised patients. It is crucial to determine both host and pathogen factors that contribute to infection susceptibility and low survival rates in infected patients in order to develop novel therapeutics. Innate immune responses play a pivotal role in recognition and clearance of Aspergillus spores, though little is known about the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms. Reliable models are required to investigate detailed mechanistic interactions between the host and pathogen. The optical clarity and genetic tractability of zebrafish larvae make them an intriguing model&#160;to study host-pathogen interactions of multiple human bacterial and fungal infections in a live and intact host. This protocol describes a larval zebrafish Aspergillus infection model. First, Aspergillus spores are isolated and injected into the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle via microinjection. Then, chemical inhibitors such as immunosuppressive drugs are added directly to the larval water. Two methods to monitor the infection in injected larvae are described, including the 1) homogenization of larvae for colony forming unit (CFU) enumeration and 2) a repeated, daily live imaging setup. Overall, these techniques can be used to mechanistically analyze the progression of Aspergillus infection in vivo and can be applied to different host backgrounds and Aspergillus strains to interrogate host-pathogen interactions.

Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions

This protocol describes an Aspergillus infection model in zebrafish larvae. Aspergillus spores are microinjected into the hindbrain of larvae, and chemical treatment is used to induce immunosuppression. Infection progression is monitored via a daily imaging setup to monitor fungal growth and immune responses as well as enumeration of live spores by colony forming unit plating.

호스트 병원체 상호 작용의 분석을 위한 아스퍼질러스 포자를 가진 얼룩말 물고기 애벌레의 감염

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of&#160;the most common fungal infections among immunocompromised individuals. Despite the availability of antifungal ...

Quantitative Analysis of Aspergillus nidulans Growth Rate using Live Microscopy and Open-Source Software

It is well established that colony growth of filamentous fungi, mostly dependent on changes in hyphae/mycelia apical growth rate, is macroscopically estimated on solidified media by comparing colony size. However, to quantitatively measure the growth rate of genetically different fungal strains or strains under different environmental/growth conditions (pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources, antibiotics, etc.) is challenging. Thus, the pursuit of complementary approaches to quantify growth kinetics becomes mandatory in order to better understand fungal cell growth. Furthermore, it is well-known that filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus spp., have distinct modes of growth and differentiation under sub-aerial conditions on solid media or submerged cultures. Here, we detail a quantitative microscopic method for analyzing growth kinetics of&#160;the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans, using live imaging in both submerged cultures and solid media. We capture images, analyze, and quantify growth rates of different fungal strains in a reproducible and reliable manner using an open source, free software for bio-images (e.g., Fiji), in a way that does not require any prior image analysis expertise from the user.

Quantitative Analysis of Aspergillus nidulans Growth Rate using Live Microscopy and Open-Source Software

We present a label-free live imaging protocol using transmitted light microscopy techniques to capture images, analyze and quantify growth kinetics of the filamentous fungus A. nidulans in both submerged cultures and solid media. This protocol can be used in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy.

라이브 현미경 및 오픈 소스 소프트웨어를 사용하여 아스퍼길러스 니둘란스 성장률의 정량적 분석

It is well established that colony growth of filamentous fungi, mostly dependent on changes in hyphae/mycelia apical growth rate, is macroscopically ...

Isolation of Culturable Yeasts and Molds from Soils to Investigate Fungal Population Structure

Soil is host to an incredible amount of microbial life, with each gram containing up to billions of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal cells. Multicellular fungi such as molds and unicellular fungi, broadly defined as yeasts, fulfill essential roles in soil ecosystems as decomposers of organic material and as food sources for other soil dwellers. Fungal species diversity in soil is dependent on a multitude of climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature, as well as soil properties including organic matter, pH, and moisture. Lack of adequate environmental sampling, especially in regions of Asia, Africa, South America, and Central America, hinders the characterization of soil fungal communities and the discovery of novel species. 
We characterized soil fungal communities in nine countries across six continents using ~4,000 soil samples and a protocol developed in the laboratory for the isolation of yeasts and molds. This protocol begins with separate selective enrichment for yeasts and the medically relevant mold Aspergillus fumigatus, in liquid media while inhibiting bacterial growth. Resulting colonies are then transferred to solid media and further processed to obtain pure cultures, followed by downstream genetic characterization. Yeast species identity is established via sequencing of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster, while global population structure of A. fumigatus is explored via microsatellite marker analysis. 
The protocol was successfully applied to isolate and characterize soil yeast and A. fumigatus populations in Cameroon, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Iceland, Peru, New Zealand, and Saudi Arabia. These findings revealed much-needed insights on global patterns in soil yeast diversity, as well as global population structure and antifungal resistance profiles of A. fumigatus. This paper presents the method of isolating both yeasts and A. fumigatus from international soil samples.

This protocol is an effective, speedy method of culturing yeasts and the mold Aspergillus fumigatus from large sets of soil samples in as little as 7 days. The methods can be easily modified to accommodate a range of incubation media and temperatures as needed for experiments.

곰팡이 개체군 구조를 조사하기 위해 토양에서 배양 가능한 효모와 곰팡이를 분리합니다.

Soil is host to an incredible amount of microbial life, with each gram containing up to billions of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal cells. Multicellular ...

A zWEDGI Technique to Visualize Fungal Pathogen-Infected Zebrafish Larvae

Source: Thrikawala, S. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61165">Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2020)
The video demonstrates a zebrafish wounding and entrapment device technique for observing fluorescently labeled fungal pathogen infection in zebrafish larvae. Initial infection attracts macrophages, and as infection persists, neutrophil recruitment progresses at the injection site.

진균 병원체에 감염된 제브라피시 유충을 시각화하기 위한 zWEDGI 기법

1. Preparation of&#160;Aspergillus&#160;spores for injection

	From an&#160;Aspergillus&#160;spore suspension, calculate the volume needed to obtain 1 x ...