우리는 스피커 음성으로 자원 봉사를위한 영화 음악을 제공 앤더스 보빈과 마이클 엘리엇 주식 매우 감사하고 있습니다. 지원 칼 Trygger 재단, 농업 과학, 스웨덴 연구 협의회 (VR)의 스웨덴의 대학에서 전략적 연구 프로그램 농업 기능성 유전체학 (AgriFunGen), 그리고 환경에 대한 스웨덴 연구 협의회, 농업 과학, 그리고 공간 계획 (FORMAS에 의해 제공된 ).

<ol>
	<li>Carr, S. M., Irish, V. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Floral+homeotic+gene+expression+defines+developmental+arrest+stages+in+Brassica+oleracea+L.+vars.+botrytis+and+italica.">Floral homeotic gene expression defines developmental arrest stages in Brassica oleracea L. vars. botrytis and italica.</a> Planta. 201 (2), 179-188 (1997).</li><li>Coen, E. S., Meyerowitz, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+war+of+the+whorls:+genetic+interactions+controlling+flower+development.">The war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development.</a> Nature. 353 (6339), 31-37 (1991).</li><li>Jackson, D., Gurr, S. J., McPherson, M. J., Bowles, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization+in+plants.">In situ hybridization in plants.</a> Molecular Plant Patology: a practical approach. , (1991).</li><li>Leitch, A. R., Schwarzacher, T., Jackson, D., Leitch, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> In situ hybridization: a practical guide. , (1994).</li><li>Smyth, D. R., Bowman, J. L., Meyerowitz, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+flower+development+in+Arabidopsis.">Early flower development in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Cell. 2 (8), 755-767 (1990).</li><li>Azevedo, H., Lino-Neto, T., Tavares, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+high-quality+RNA+isolation+from+needles+of+adult+maritime+pine+trees.">An improved method for high-quality RNA isolation from needles of adult maritime pine trees.</a> Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. , 333-338 (2003).</li><li>Sundstrom, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MADS-box+genes+active+in+developing+pollen+cones+of+Norway+spruce+(Picea+abies)+are+homologous+to+the+B-class+floral+homeotic+genes+in+angiosperms.">MADS-box genes active in developing pollen cones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) are homologous to the B-class floral homeotic genes in angiosperms.</a> Dev Genet. 25 (3), 253-266 (1999).</li><li>Tandre, K., Svenson, M., Svensson, M. E., Engstrom, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation+of+gene+structure+and+activity+in+the+regulation+of+reproductive+organ+development+of+conifers+and+angiosperms.">Conservation of gene structure and activity in the regulation of reproductive organ development of conifers and angiosperms.</a> Plant J. 15 (5), 615-623 (1998).</li><li>Winter, K. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MADS-box+genes+reveal+that+gnetophytes+are+more+closely+related+to+conifers+than+to+flowering+plants.">MADS-box genes reveal that gnetophytes are more closely related to conifers than to flowering plants.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96 (13), 7342-7347 (1999).</li><li>Savard, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chloroplast+and+nuclear+gene+sequences+indicate+late+Pennsylvanian+time+for+the+last+common+ancestor+of+extant+seed+plants.">Chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences indicate late Pennsylvanian time for the last common ancestor of extant seed plants.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (11), 5163-5167 (1994).</li><li>Jack, T., Brockman, L. L., Meyerowitz, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+homeotic+gene+APETALA3+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana+encodes+a+MADS+box+and+is+expressed+in+petals+and+stamens.">The homeotic gene APETALA3 of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a MADS box and is expressed in petals and stamens.</a> Cell. 68 (4), 683-697 (1992).</li><li>Bowman, J. L., Smyth, D. R., Meyerowitz, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+directing+flower+development+in+Arabidopsis.">Genes directing flower development in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Cell. 1 (1), 37-52 (1989).</li><li>Kramer, E. M., Irish, V. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+genetic+mechanisms+controlling+petal+development.">Evolution of genetic mechanisms controlling petal development.</a> Nature. 399 (6732), 144-148 (1999).</li><li>Sundstrom, J., Engstrom, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conifer+reproductive+development+involves+B-type+MADS-box+genes+with+distinct+and+different+activities+in+male+organ+primordia.">Conifer reproductive development involves B-type MADS-box genes with distinct and different activities in male organ primordia.</a> Plant J. 31 (2), 161-169 (2002).</li><li>Carlsson, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+reveals+altered+expression+of+a+large+number+of+nuclear+genes+in+developing+cytoplasmic+male+sterile+Brassica+napus+flowers.">Microarray analysis reveals altered expression of a large number of nuclear genes in developing cytoplasmic male sterile Brassica napus flowers.</a> Plant J. 49 (3), 452-462 (2007).</li><li>Teixeira, R. T., Farbos, I., Glimelius, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+levels+of+meristem+identity+and+homeotic+genes+are+modified+by+nuclear-mitochondrial+interactions+in+alloplasmic+male-sterile+lines+of+Brassica+napus.">Expression levels of meristem identity and homeotic genes are modified by nuclear-mitochondrial interactions in alloplasmic male-sterile lines of Brassica napus.</a> Plant J. 42 (5), 731-742 (2005).</li><li>Ying, S., Kay, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+technique+of+in+situ+hybridization.">The technique of in situ hybridization.</a> Methods in Molecular Medicine. 56, 263-283 (2001).</li></ol>

P. 두 측면 아비 에스 프로토콜 A.에 비해 최적화되었습니다 thaliana / B. napus 프로토콜 RNase 처리 및 proteinase K의 농도. RNase 배경 신호를 제거하기 때문에 신호 특이성의 17 증가합니다. proteinase K 처리는 프로브 입력과 관심의 RNA 수영장에 잡종 수 있도록 조직을 permeabilize 필요합니다. DAL13 안티 센스 탐사선은 30 분 (그림 2D, F 및 H)의 RNase 취급 섹션에 비해 RNase - 치료 (그림 3C, E, G)없이 높은 신호를 주었다. RNase - 치료 신호를 강화하지 않았으므로 그것은 프로토콜에서 제거되었습니다. 1, 3 및 5 μg / ML, proteinase K 치료는 세 가지 다른 농도에서 테스트되었습니다. P.의 경우에는 낮은 또는 아니오 신호 아비 에스는 1 μg / ML proteinase K (그림 3C - D)를 사용하여 관찰되었다. 5 μg / ML proteinase K를 사용하면 강한 신호가 3 μg / ML (그림 3E - F), 5 μg / ML 모두 얻은 것입니다 (그림 3G - H) proteinase K.는 신호의 강도에 뚜렷한 차이가 있기 때문에 발견 3 μg / ML에 비해, 우리는 프로토콜 3 μg / ML을 사용하기로 결정했습니다. 그것은 가능성이 그 P.의 높은 proteinase K의 농도의 필요성 아비 에스 남성 원뿔은 A. 비교 thaliana와 B. napus 꽃 꽃봉오리는 phenolics와 다당류의 높은 수준과 더 컴팩트한 조직에 의한 것입니다. 고정 동안과 A. 사이의 차이를 삽입 thaliana / B. napus 프로토콜과 P. 아비 에스 프로토콜은 분명합니다. 관심의 조직은 RNA 보존을 제공하는 고정하고 제대로 고정 재료는 mRNA가 매우 풍부에도 불구하고 낮은 또는 탐지 신호를 줄 수 있으므로 이것은 중요한 단계입니다. 조직 취소 및 조직 손상을 방지하기 위해 점진적 변화의 왁스에 포함된, 건조하고, 어떤 프로토콜을 0.85 % NaCl에서 추가 전지 3 수축과 팽창을 피하기 위해 탈수의 에탄올에 추가됩니다. 퍼가기 동안 탈수 단계는 최소한 RNase 활동을 유지하기 위해 얼음을 수행할 수 있습니다. P. 년 아비 에스 프로토콜 4 % paraformaldehyde의 해결책 일부는 아마도 아무런 차이 3도하지 않습니다 주장되는 경우에도 더 나은 RNA 보존 17를 제공하도록되어 0.25 %의 글루 타 알데히드를 포함하고 있습니다. 자료를 sectioning 후 하이브리드화 이전 (비 특정 프로브의 결합 그리고 마침내 탈진을 줄이기 위해 치료 permeabilized rehydrated 즉 dewaxed,,,) 슬라이드에 고정하고 pretreated입니다. 여기에 제시된 프로토콜 전체 검색 절차가 일반적인 실험실에서 수행할 수, 신호 1-3 일 이내 개발 및 배경을 통해 신호 간의 비율을 지속적으로 모니터링할 수 있습니다. 디그 - 라벨이 프로브는 일반적으로 방사능 표시 프로브에 비해,보다 뚜렷한 신호를보다 안정되고 연속 실험에 활용할 수 있습니다. 반면에, 감도는 방사성 프로브 17에 비해 줄일 수있다. 원위치 하이브리드화에서는 특정 mRNA의 특정 라벨 프로브를 사용하여 표현을 감지합니다. 라디오 레이블은 강력하고 민감한 분류 방법입니다하지만 방사능의 처리가 필요하며 그 결과가 감지되기​​ 전에는 몇 주 정도 소요됩니다. 한편 항원 - 라벨 프로브는 덜 위험한,보다 안정되고 겨우 17 몇 일 동안 검색 매체 노출을 필요로합니다. 따라서 항원 라벨링 방법은 현재 지배하고 있습니다. 에 관계없이 프로토콜의 가장 중요한 단계는 프로브 디자인입니다. 케어는 탐사선이 높은 특이성을 가지고 있으며, 양질의 UTPs로 분류되어 있는지 확인하십시오로 이동해야합니다. 가끔 하이브리드화 온도 및 / 또는 반응 길이는 특정 프로브에 따라 조정해야합니다. 디그 - 라벨 프로브에 따라 우리 수정된 프로토콜 A. 이르기까지 종 동시에 mRNA의 표현의 지방화를 촉진합니다 P.로 thaliana 아비 에스, 그리고 약간의 조정 다른 식물 종을에서 사용할 수 있어야합니다. 프로토콜은 남성 콘 옆에도 식물 쏘고의 다른 단계와 P.부터 접합자의와 체세포 배아 모두에서 테스트되었습니다 좋은 결과 (.; Karlgren 외 미발표 결과)와 아비 에스.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Acetic anhydride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>A6404-200ml</td>
<td>minimum 98%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acrylamide, linear</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>9520</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-DIG-antibodies</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Blocking reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
<td>11 175 041 910 or 11 096 176 001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>A7030-50g</td>
<td>minimum 98%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Deionized formamide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Denhardts solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>D2532-5ml</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dextran sulfate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DIG RNA Labeling Kit (SP6/T7)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
<td>11175025910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutaraldehyde (25%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Histolab products AB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glycogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>9510G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Histoclear II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Histolab products AB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>You may use Tissue-clear, Histoclear II, xylen or something similar when embedding your tissue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Histowax</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Histolab products AB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Histowax or Paraplast can be used for embedding.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>P6148-500g</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Paraplast plus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>P3683-1kg</td>
<td>Histowax or Paraplast can be used for embedding.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Phusion&#x2122; High-Fidility DNA Polymerase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Finnzymes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Probe-on Plus slides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
<td>22-230-900</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Proteinase K</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>P2308-5mg</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RNase A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>R5503-100mg</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue-clear</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sakura Finetek Europ&#233; BV</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>You may use Tissue-clear, Histoclear II, xylen or something similar when embedding your tissue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Triethanolamine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>T1377-100ml</td>
<td>minimum 98%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>use your standard product in the lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Use one or both of Triton X-100 and Tween-20.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tRNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>83853-100mg</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tween-20</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>use your standard product in the lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Use one or both of Triton X-100 and Tween-20.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blue</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Promega Corp.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

non-radioactive in situ hybridization protocol applicable for norway spruce and a range of plant species

높은 처리량 표현 분석 기술을 사용할 수 있기 때문에 오늘날 각각의 조직을 해부에 문제가 제한됩니다 과학자에게 표현 프로필 오버플로하지만, 구체적인 조직 표현의 측면에서 그들의 해상도를 제공합니다. 표현 데이터 확인 및 세포 특정 mRNA 표현을 집중하기 위해 현장 하이브리드화, 사용 기술의 예를 사용하여 표현식 패턴을 구비해야합니다. 현장 하이브 리다이 제이션 방식으로이 힘드는, 시간이 많이 걸리는이며 종종 종과 조직에 따라 광범위한 최적화가 필요합니다. 원위치 실험에서 같은 침엽수 노르웨이 스프루스 (피세아 아비 에스)로 우디 수종으로 수행하기 위해 상대적으로 더 어렵습니다. 여기 P. 포함한 식물 종의 다양한에서 빠르게 적용 현장 하이브리드화 프로토콜에서 수정된 파고를 제시 아비 에스. 변경된 RNase 처리 및 proteinase K 농도를 포함한 몇 가지 조정을 통해, 우리는 동종 한 gymnosperm의 남성 생식 기관의 유전자 두 angiosperm 종의 조직 구체적인 표현을 연구하기 위해 프로토콜을 사용할 수 있습니다; P. 아비 에스, Arabidopsis thaliana와 Brassica napus. 프로토콜은 공부 종 및 유전자 동일하게하였습니다. AtAP3과 BnAP3가 A에서 두 번째 및 세 번째 윤생체 플로랄 장기에서 관찰되었다 thaliana와 B. P.에서 남성 원뿔의 microsporophylls에 napus와 DAL13 아비 에스. P. 들어 아비 에스의 조직을 permeablize하는 데 사용되는 proteinase K의 농도는, 3 증가야만 G / ML 대신 1 개 소형 조직 및 phenolics와 다당류의 높은 수준을 가능으로 인해 G / ML. 모든 종족에 대한 RNase 처리는 특이성에 해당 증가없이 감소 신호 강도로 인해 제거되었습니다. 꽃 식물과 구과를 맺는 나무 모두의 상동 유전자의 조직 구체적인 표현 패턴을 비교하여 우리가 현장 프로토콜의 파고는 분 조정, 여기를 제시 것을 보여주는 식물 종의 다양한 적용할 수 있습니다. 따라서 프로토콜은 광범위한 종 특정 최적화 및 발굴 분류 프로브에 찬성 radioactively 레이블 프로브의 힘드는 사용 모두를 방지합니다. 우리는 영화에있는 프로토콜의 기술적 요구하는 단계를 설명하기 위해 선택했습니다. 안나 Karlgren 제니 칼슨은이 연구에 동등하게 공헌했습니다. 해당 저자 : Jens.Sundstrom @ vbsg.slu.se에서 Anna.Karlgren @ ebc.uu.se와 젠스 F.의 Sundström에 안나 Karlgren

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species at JoVE.com

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

우리는 수정된 발굴을 설명<em&gt; 현장에서</em신속하고 노르웨이 스프루스를 포함한 식물 종의 광범위한 적용됩니다&gt; 하이브리드화 프로토콜. 변경된 RNase 처리 및 proteinase K 농도를 포함한 몇 가지 조정을 통해 프로토콜은 서로 다른 조직과 종의 연구에 사용할 수 있습니다.

비 - 방사성 현장에서 하이브 리다이 제이션 노르웨이 스프루스에 대한 해당 프로토콜과 식물 종의 범위

The high-throughput expression analysis technologies available today give scientists an overflow of expression profiles but their resolution in terms of ...

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Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

20.9K 조회수.  Uppsala University. 우리는 수정된 발굴을 설명 현장에서 하이브리드화 프로토콜. 변경된 RNase 처리 및 proteinase K 농도를 포함한 몇 가지 조정을 통해 프로토콜은 서로 다른 조직과 종의 연구에 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

In situ Protocol for Butterfly Pupal Wings Using Riboprobes

Here we present, in video format, a protocol for in situ hybridizations in pupal wings of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana using riboprobes.  In situ hybridizations, a mainstay of developmental biology, are useful to study the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in developing tissues at the level of transcription. If antibodies that target the protein products of gene transcription have not yet been developed, and/or there are multiple gene copies of a particular protein in the genome that cannot be differentiated using available antibodies, in situs can be used instead. While an in situ technique for larval wing discs has been available to the butterfly community for several years, the current protocol has been optimized for the larger and more fragile pupal wings.

In order to examine gene expression in the pupal wing tissue of Bicyclus anynana, we present an optimized protocol for in situ hybridizations using riboprobes. We also provide guidelines for the further optimization of this protocol for use in pupal wings of other Lepidopteran species.

Riboprobes를 사용하여 나비 Pupal 날개에 대한해라 프로토콜

Here we present, in video format, a protocol for in situ hybridizations in pupal wings of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana using riboprobes.  In situ ...

연구

생물학

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

조기 칙 태아의 현장 하이브리드화에서 더블 전체 산

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish 전체 마운트 고해상도 더블 형광등 현장에서 하이브 리다이 제이션

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic process in the parents. In human males, these errors can lead to the production of spermatozoa with numerical chromosome abnormalities which represent an increased risk of transmitting these anomalies to the offspring.
For this reason, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm nuclei has become a protocol widely incorporated in the context of clinical diagnosis. This practice provides an estimate of the frequencies of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the gametes of the patients that seek for genetic reproductive advice.
To date, the chromosomes most frequently included in sperm FISH analysis are chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21.
This video-article describes, step by step, how to process and fix a human semen sample, how to decondense and denature the sperm chromatin, how to proceed to obtain sperm FISH preparations, and how to visualize the results at the microscope. Special remarks of the most relevant steps are given to achieve the best results.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

This video-article describes, step by step, how to process a semen sample to achieve good-quality fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatozoa. Preparations obtained can be used for aneuploidy screening in the context of clinical diagnosis.

형광 현장에서</em인간의 정자에서> 하이브리드화 (물고기) 프로토콜

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using noninvasive sampling techniques to investigate population genetics and demography of wild populations1. This approach has proven to be especially useful when dealing with rare or elusive species2. While a number of these methods have been developed to sample hair, feces and other biological material from carnivores and medium-sized mammals, they have largely remained untested in elusive small mammals. In this video, we present a novel, inexpensive and noninvasive hair snare targeted at an elusive small mammal, the American pika (Ochotona princeps). We describe the general set-up of the hair snare, which consists of strips of packing tape arranged in a web-like fashion and placed along travelling routes in the pikas&#x2019; habitat. We illustrate the efficiency of the snare at collecting a large quantity of hair that can then be collected and brought back to the lab. We then demonstrate the use of the DNA IQ system (Promega) to isolate DNA and showcase the utility of this method to amplify commonly used molecular markers including nuclear microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), mitochondrial sequences (800bp) as well as a molecular sexing marker. Overall, we demonstrate the utility of this novel noninvasive hair snare as a sampling technique for wildlife population biologists. We anticipate that this approach will be applicable to a variety of small mammals, opening up areas of investigation within natural populations, while minimizing impact to study organisms.

We present a noninvasive sampling approach to efficiently collect hair samples from elusive small mammals, as shown for the American pika. We demonstrate the utility of this method by extracting DNA from sampled hair and amplifying several types of molecular markers commonly used in studies of wildlife ecology and conservation.

엘루시브 작은 포유류의 고품질 DNA를 얻기 위해 비침 투 헤어 샘플링 기법

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using ...

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene expression. Microarray and next generation sequencing approaches are being used to investigate developmental, physiological and stress response processes, dissect epigenetic and small RNA pathways, and build large gene regulatory networks1-3. While these techniques facilitate the simultaneous analysis of large gene sets, they typically provide a very limited spatiotemporal resolution of gene expression changes. This limitation can be partially overcome by using either profiling method in conjunction with lasermicrodissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting4-7. However, to fully understand the biological role of a gene, knowledge of its spatiotemporal pattern of expression at a cellular resolution is essential. Particularly, when studying development or the effects of environmental stimuli and mutants can the detailed analysis of a gene's expression pattern become essential. For instance, subtle quantitative differences in the expression levels of key regulatory genes can lead to dramatic phenotypes when associated with the loss or gain of expression in specific cell types. 
Several methods are routinely used for the detailed examination of gene expression patterns. One is through analysis of transgenic reporter lines. Such analysis can, however, become time-consuming when analyzing multiple genes or working in plants recalcitrant to transformation. Moreover, an independent validation to ensure that the transgene expression pattern mimics that of the endogenous gene is typically required. Immunohistochemical protein localization or mRNA in situ hybridization present relatively fast alternatives for the direct visualization of gene expression within cells and tissues. The latter has the distinct advantage that it can be readily used on any gene of interest. In situ hybridization allows detection of target mRNAs in cells by hybridization with a labeled anti-sense RNA probe obtained by in vitro transcription of the gene of interest. 
Here we outline a protocol for the in situ localization of gene expression in plants that is highly sensitivity and specific. It is optimized for use with paraformaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, which give excellent preservation of histology, and DIG-labeled probes that are visualized by immuno-detection and alkaline-phosphatase colorimetric reaction. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of tissues from a wide range of plant species, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs as well as small RNAs8-14.

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.

식물의 성적 증명서의 정확한 현지화에 대한 원위치 하이브리드화에서

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many aspects of host cell function are commandeered by viruses, usually by the expression of viral gene products that recruit host cell proteins and machineries. Moreover, viruses engineer specific membrane organelles or tag on to mobile vesicles and motor proteins to target regions of the cell (during de novo infection, viruses co-opt molecular motor proteins to target the nucleus; later, during virus assembly, they will hijack cellular machineries that will help in the assembly of viruses). Less is understood on how viruses, in particular those with RNA genomes, coordinate the intracellular trafficking of both protein and RNA components and how they achieve assembly of infectious particles at specific loci in the cell. The study of RNA localization began in earlier work. Developing lower eukaryotic embryos and neuronal cells provided important biological information, and also underscored the importance of RNA localization in the programming of gene expression cascades. The study in other organisms and cell systems has yielded similar important information. Viruses are obligate parasites and must utilise their host cells to replicate. Thus, it is critical to understand how RNA viruses direct their RNA genomes from the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, through the cytoplasm and on to one of its final destinations, into progeny virus particles 1.
FISH serves as a useful tool to identify changes in steady-state localization of viral RNA. When combined with immunofluorescence (IF) analysis 22, FISH/IF co-analyses will provide information on the co-localization of proteins with the viral RNA3. This analysis therefore provides a good starting point to test for RNA-protein interactions by other biochemical or biophysical tests 4,5, since co-localization by itself is not enough evidence to be certain of an interaction. In studying viral RNA localization using a method like this, abundant information has been gained on both viral and cellular RNA trafficking events 6. For instance, HIV-1 produces RNA in the nucleus of infected cells but the RNA is only translated in the cytoplasm. When one key viral protein is missing (Rev) 7, FISH of the viral RNA has revealed that the block to viral replication is due to the retention of the HIV-1 genomic RNA in the nucleus 8. 
Here, we present the method for visual analysis of viral genomic RNA in situ. The method makes use of a labelled RNA probe. This probe is designed to be complementary to the viral genomic RNA. During the in vitro synthesis of the antisense RNA probe, the ribonucleotide that is modified with digoxigenin (DIG) is included in an in vitro transcription reaction. Once the probe has hybridized to the target mRNA in cells, subsequent antibody labelling steps (Figure 1) will reveal the localization of the mRNA as well as proteins of interest when performing FISH/IF.

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to visually detect viral genomic RNA using fluorescence microscopy. A probe is made with specificity to the viral RNA that can then be identified using a combination of hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. This technique offers the advantage of identifying the localization of the viral RNA or DNA at steady-state, providing information on the control of intracellular virus trafficking events.

형광에 의한 바이러스성 RNA의 탐지<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드화 (물고기)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

RNA<em&gt; 현장에서</em전체 마운트 태아 및 세포 조직학에서&gt; 하이브리드는 해양 Elasmobranchs을위한 적응

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

형광을 사용하여 mRNA의 분자의 시각화 및 분석<em&gt; 제자리에서</em에서&gt; 하이브리드<em&gt; 사카 cerevisiae의</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA probes. This protocol, originally developed by Kloosterman and colleagues for broad use with Exiqon miRNA probes1, has been modified to overcome challenges inherent in miRNA analysis in kidney tissues. These include issues such as structure identification and hard to remove residual probe and antibody. Use of relatively thin, 5 mm thick, tissue sections allowed for clear visualization of kidney structures, while a strong probe signal was retained in cells. Additionally, probe concentration and incubation conditions were optimized to facilitate visualization of microRNA expression with low background and nonspecific signal. Here, the optimized protocol is described, covering the initial tissue collection and preparation through the mounting of slides at the end of the procedure. The basic components of this protocol can be altered for application to other tissues and cell culture models.

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

This article describes an in situ hybridization protocol optimized for colormetric detection of microRNA expression in formalin fixed kidney sections.

마이크로 RNA<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 포르말린 고정 신장 조직에 대한 하이브리드

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA ...