외과 기술 <ol><li> 환자 등의 위치의 표준 수술 방 조건 침대와 전체 복부가 desinfected입니다. 다음 환자는 멸균 시트로 덮여 있습니다. </li><li> &quot;역 L 자형&quot;개복술 후 복강은 복막 carcinomatosis를 제외 탐험이다. 이후 ligamentum teres와 ligamentum falciforme는 ligatures와 electrocautery로 나누어집니다. </li><li> 간장 인대의 복강주의 이중 수동 탐사의 다음 탐사는 extrahepatic의 림프절의 전이를 제외 수행됩니다. extrahepatic의 hilar 구조는 중앙 종양의 침투 또는 hilus 림프 노드 metastases가 제외하면 훼손되지 않은 상태로 유지됩니다. </li><li> 간 탐사는 오른쪽 간장 삼각 인대를 분할하는 데 후 전체 간을 수동 촉진과 함께 시작합니다. 이 intrahepatic 종양의 확산과 특히 주요 intrahepatic의 혈관 구조, 중간 간장 정맥하기 위해 관계를 조사하고, 따라서 절개 라인을 결정하고 표시하는 intraoperative 도플러 ultrasonogram옵니다. </li><li> 치료 절차가 가능 나타나면, 오른쪽 헤미 - 간이 완전히 클립 또는 봉합 사이에 후부 간 정맥을 나누어 subphrenium로부터 retrohepatic 하부 대정 맥의 동원이다. 오른쪽 간 정맥은 무료이며 때까지이 단계가 계속됩니다. 오른쪽 간 정맥을 분리 후 mersilene 루프는 나중에 parenchymal 절개시 간의 리프팅을위한 삽입됩니다. </li><li> 다음 역행 담낭 절제술이 수행됩니다. 낭성 덕트는 티타늄 클립 사이에 나누어집니다. </li><li> 이후 parenchymal 해부가 시작됩니다. 간장은 부드럽게 대칭 해제 두 수건 개설 실시하고 있습니다. parenchymal 절개는 CUSA 해부학자 (Valleylab, 볼더 - CO, 미국)과 함께 수행됩니다. 작은 혈관이와 함께 봉인된 물 irrigated 바이폴라 포셉을 (에르베, T 빙겐, 독일), 그리고 큰 혈관이나 담즙 관이 ligatures, 클립 또는 봉합 사이에 나누어집니다. Resections가 혈액 손실을 줄이기 위해 낮은 중심 정맥 압력 CVP (0 5mm HG)으로 수행됩니다. 오른쪽 작은 꽃자루 intrahepatic가 완전히 무료 때까지이 단계가 계속됩니다. 그런 다음, mersilene 루프는 작은 꽃자루를 일으키고 혈관의 스테이플러 (타이코 헬스케어 그룹 Autosuture TA, 노르 워크 - 코네티컷, 미국)의 atraumatic 도입을 허용하는 삽입됩니다. </li><li> 오른쪽 작은 꽃자루는 스테이플러로 가로 후 급격하게 그 오른쪽에 나이프로 나뉘어져 있습니다. </li><li> 이전 이전 위치 mersilene 루프를 사용하여 간장을 중단하여 설명된대로 다음 parenchymal 절개의 나머지 부분이 완료됩니다. </li><li> 이후 오른쪽 간장 정맥은 혈관 스테이플러로 해부하고 올바른 간 엽이 제거됩니다. </li><li> 이것은 절단 표면과 담즙 누수를 제외 정확한 탐사주의 월요일 수정옵니다. (7) 필요한 경우 흰색 시험이 시간에 수행할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마지막 단계는 해부학 방해 바늘에 의해 잔여 간 엽의 고정 후 복부 실행을 봉합하여 종료됩니다. </li><li> Postoperatively 환자는 정기적으로 하룻밤의 집중 치료 병동에서 관찰됩니다. 수술 과정은 일반 sonography 및 간기능 환자와 함께 사건이없는 경우에는 추가로 복구를 위해 구청로 이동합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Belghiti, J., Noun, R., Zante, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Portal+triad+clamping+or+hepatic+vascular+exclusion+for+major+liver+resection.+A+controlled+study.">Portal triad clamping or hepatic vascular exclusion for major liver resection. A controlled study.</a> Ann Surg. 224, 155-161 (1996).</li><li>Man, K., Fan, S. T., Ng, I. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+evaluation+of+Pringle+maneuver+in+hepatectomy+for+liver+tumors+by+a+randomized+study.">Prospective evaluation of Pringle maneuver in hepatectomy for liver tumors by a randomized study.</a> Ann Surg. 226, 704-711 (1997).</li><li>Wu, C. C., Hwang, C. R., Liu, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+and+limitations+of+prolonged+intermittent+ischaemia+for+hepatic+resection+of+the+cirrhotic+liver.">Effects and limitations of prolonged intermittent ischaemia for hepatic resection of the cirrhotic liver.</a> Br J Surg. 83, 121-124 (1996).</li><li>Figueras, J., Llado, L., Ruiz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+versus+selective+portal+triad+clamping+for+minor+liver+resections:+a+prospective+randomized+trial.">Complete versus selective portal triad clamping for minor liver resections: a prospective randomized trial.</a> Ann Surg. 241, 582-590 (2005).</li><li>Lesurtel, M., Selzner, M., Petrowsky, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Should+Transection+of+the+Liver+Be+Performed?+A+Prospective+Randomized+Study+in+100+Consecutive+Patients:+Comparing+Four+Different+Transection+Strategies..">How Should Transection of the Liver Be Performed? A Prospective Randomized Study in 100 Consecutive Patients: Comparing Four Different Transection Strategies..</a> Ann Surg. 242, 814-823 (2005).</li><li>K&#246;nigsrainer, I., Steurer, W., Witte, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+resection+without+hilus+preparation+and+with+selective+intrahepatic+hilus+stapling+for+benign+tumors+and+liver+metastasis.">Liver resection without hilus preparation and with selective intrahepatic hilus stapling for benign tumors and liver metastasis.</a> Langenbecks Arch Surg. 392, 485-488 (2007).</li><li>Nadalin, S., Li, J., Lang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+White+test:+a+new+dye+test+for+intraoperative+detection+of+bile+leakage+during+major+liver+resection.">The White test: a new dye test for intraoperative detection of bile leakage during major liver resection.</a> Arch Surg. 143, 402-404 (2008).</li></ol>

Hemihepatectomies은 대부분 양성 종양이나 심지어는 간 전이에 hepatoduodenal 인대 내에 extrahepatic의 hilar 구조를 준비 후에 수행됩니다. 1-5는 여러 센터에서 parenchymal 절개는 전체 또는 선택적 혈관 폐색 hilar에 따라 수행됩니다. 이 절차의 주요 단점은 contralateral 구조를 부상의 위험과 포털 정맥 사이드 지점 또는 담즙 관의 재관류 손상에서 출혈의 가능성과 hilus의 복잡한 준비하고 있습니다. <...

right hemihepatectomy by suprahilar intrahepatic transection of the right hemipedicle using a vascular stapler

성공 간장 절제술은 심오한 해부 지식과 섬세한 수술 기술이 필요합니다. Hemihepatectomies은 대부분 양성 종양이나 심지어는 간 전이에 hepatoduodenal 인대 내에 extrahepatic의 hilar 구조를 준비 후에 수행됩니다.<sup&gt; 1-5</sup&gt;. 간 전이 환자에서 간성 hilus의 림프 노드 metastases 좀처럼 하단 반면 지역 extrahepatic의 lymphadenectomy는 hilar cholangiocarcinoma에 종양학의 표준 intrahepatic cholangio - 세포 암종과 간세포암입니다. 이 절차의 주요 단점은 contralateral 구조를 부상의 위험과 포털 정맥 사이드 지점 또는 담즙 관의 재관류 손상에서 출혈의 가능성과 hilus의 복잡한 준비하고 있습니다. 바로 hemihepatectomy 또는 완전히 손길이 닿지 않은 hepatoduodenal 인대를 출발하는 작은 꽃자루의 intrahepatic의 절개와 함께 왼쪽 측면 세그먼트 절제술의 기술을 개발했습니다.<sup&gt; 6</sup인대의 intraoperative 시각화하거나 촉진이 종양 침투 또는 림프절의 전이에 대한 의심스러운 경우&gt; 그러나, hilus은 탐험과 lymphadenectomy가 수행되어야합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler at JoVE.com

Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler

이 동영상은 완전히 훼손되지 않은 hepatoduodenal 인대를두고 오른쪽 hemipedicle의 intrahepatic의 절개와 권리 hemihepatectomy을 설명합니다.

혈관 스테플러를 사용하여 마우스 오른쪽 Hemipedicle의 Suprahilar Intrahepatic의 절개에 의해 오른쪽 Hemihepatectomy

Successful hepatic resection requires profound anatomical knowledge and delicate surgical technique. Hemihepatectomies are mostly performed after ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.0K 조회수.  Tübingen University Hospital. 이 동영상은 완전히 훼손되지 않은 hepatoduodenal 인대를두고 오른쪽 hemipedicle의 intrahepatic의 절개와 권리 hemihepatectomy을 설명합니다.

비디오: Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

질소 산화물과 세포로부터 전자 상자 성체의 프로그램 공명 분광학에 의한 초과 산화물 음이온 급진적가 탐지 스핀 트랩을 사용하여

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

연구

생물학

Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of pathologic conditions including ischemia/reperfusion damage and sepsis. The concept of oxidative stress refers to the aberrant formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), which include O2&bull;-, H2O2, and hydroxyl radicals. Reactive oxygen species influences a multitude of cellular processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation and cell death1-6. ROS have the potential to damage vascular and organ cells directly, and can initiate secondary chemical reactions and genetic alterations that ultimately result in an amplification of the initial ROS-mediated tissue damage. A key component of the amplification cascade that exacerbates irreversible tissue damage is the recruitment and activation of circulating inflammatory cells. During inflammation, inflammatory cells produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-&alpha; (TNF&alpha;) and IL-1 that activate endothelial cells (EC) and epithelial cells and further augment the inflammatory response7. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is an established feature of acute inflammation. Macrophages contribute to endothelial dysfunction during inflammation by mechanisms that remain unclear. Activation of macrophages results in the extracellular release of O2&bull;- and various pro-inflammatory cytokines, which triggers pathologic signaling in adjacent cells8. NADPH oxidases are the major and primary source of ROS in most of the cell types. Recently, it is shown by us and others9,10 that ROS produced by NADPH oxidases induce the mitochondrial ROS production during many pathophysiological conditions. Hence measuring the mitochondrial ROS production is equally important in addition to measuring cytosolic ROS. Macrophages produce ROS by the flavoprotein enzyme NADPH oxidase which plays a primary role in inflammation. Once activated, phagocytic NADPH oxidase produces copious amounts of O2&bull;- that are important in the host defense mechanism11,12. Although paracrine-derived O2&bull;- plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, visualization of paracrine ROS-induced intracellular signaling including Ca2+ mobilization is still hypothesis. We have developed a model in which activated macrophages are used as a source of O2&bull;- to transduce a signal to adjacent endothelial cells. Using this model we demonstrate that macrophage-derived O2&bull;- lead to calcium signaling in adjacent endothelial cells.

Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS

An efficient method to gain insights into visualizing the paracrine-derived ROS induction of endothelial Ca2+ signaling is described. This method takes advantage of measuring paracrine derived ROS triggered Ca2+ mobilization in vascular endothelial cells in a co-culture model.

혈관 CA의 시각화 2 + Paracrine 유래 ROS에 의해 트리거된 신호

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of pathologic conditions including ischemia/reperfusion damage and sepsis. The concept of oxidative ...

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also contains a vast number of bioactive compounds that greatly affect the development of the neonate. The analysis of milk components will help elucidate key factors that link maternal metabolism and health with offspring growth and development. The laboratory rat represents a popular model organism for maternal studies, and rat milk can be used to examine the effect of various maternal physiological, nutritional, and pharmacological interventions on milk components, which may then impact offspring health. Here a simple method of manually collecting milk from the lactating rat that can be performed by a single investigator, does not require specialized vacuum or suction equipment, and provides sufficient milk for subsequent downstream analysis is described. A method for estimating the fat content of milk by measuring the percentage of cream within the milk sample, known as the creamatocrit, is also presented. These methods can ultimately be used to increase insight into maternal-child health and to elucidate maternal factors that are involved in proper growth and development of offspring.

Milk is a primary source of nutrition for the neonate. Analysis of milk components may provide insight into maternal factors that affect offspring health. This protocol describes a manual method of collecting milk samples from the lactating rat, which can then be used for further downstream analysis.

모세관 튜브 및 Creamatocrit에 의한 우유 지방 함량의 평가를 사용하여 쥐의 우유 컬렉션

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also ...

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.

We describe a simple cell-based bioassay for detecting, quantifying and monitoring the activity of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands. The assay uses chimeric receptors expressed in a factor-dependent cell line to provide a semi-quantitative or quantitative assessment of receptor binding and cross-linking by the ligand.

혈관 내피 성장 인자의 평가에 대한 간단한 생물 검정

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

쥐 관상 동맥 혈관 평활근 세포의 분리

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

Mitophagy is a process of selective removal of damaged or unnecessary mitochondria using autophagy machinery. Close links have been found between defective mitophagy and various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic diseases. In addition, recent studies have shown that mitophagy is involved in normal cellular processes, such as differentiation and development. However, the precise role of and molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy require further study. Therefore, it is critical to develop a robust and convenient method for measuring changes in mitophagy activity. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for quantitatively assessing mitophagy activity through flow cytometry using the mitochondria-targeted fluorescent protein Keima (mt-Keima). This flow cytometry assay can analyze mitophagy activity more rapidly and sensitively than conventional microscopy- or immunoblotting-based methods. This protocol can be applied to analyze mitophagy activity in various cell types.

Mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria, has been implicated in mitochondrial homeostasis and is deregulated in various human diseases. However, convenient experimental methods for measuring mitophagy activity are very limited. Here, we provide a sensitive assay for measuring mitophagy activity using flow cytometry.

형광 기자 흐름 Cytometry 사용 pH-종속 mt-Keima에 의해 Mitophagy의 중요 한 측정

Mitophagy is a process of selective removal of damaged or unnecessary mitochondria using autophagy machinery. Close links have been found between ...

Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of RVF. Previous rat models imitating RVF progression have been described. Compared with rats, mice are more accessible, economical, and widely used in animal experiments. We developed a pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) approach which is comprised of banding the pulmonary trunk in mice to induce right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. A special surgical latch needle was designed that allows for easier separation of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. In our experiments, the use of this fabricated latch needle reduced the risk of arteriorrhexis and improved the surgical success rate to 90%. We used different padding needle diameters to precisely create quantitative constriction, which can induce different degrees of RV hypertrophy. We quantified the degree of constriction by evaluating the blood flow velocity of the PA, which was measured by noninvasive transthoracic echocardiography. RV function was precisely evaluated by right heart catheterization at 8 weeks after surgery. The surgical instruments made inhouse were composed of common materials using a simple process that is easy to master. Therefore, the PAC approach described here is easy to imitate using instruments made in the lab and can be widely used in other labs. This study presents a modified PAC approach that has a higher success rate than other models and an 8-week postsurgery survival rate of 97.8%. This PAC approach provides a useful technique for studying the mechanism of RVF and will enable an increased understanding of RVF.

Here, we provide a useful approach for studying the mechanism of right ventricular failure. A more convenient and efficient approach to pulmonary artery constriction is established using surgical instruments made inhouse. In addition, methods to evaluate the quality of this approach by echocardiography and catheterization are provided.

폐 동맥 수축에 의한 우심실 장애 유도 및 마우스의 우심실 기능 평가

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of ...

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Altered vascular tone responsiveness to pathophysiological stimuli contributes to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endothelial dysfunction represents a major culprit for the reduced vasodilatation and enhanced vasoconstriction of arteries. Adipose (fat) tissues surrounding the arteries play important roles in the regulation of endothelium-dependent relaxation and/or contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells. The cross-talks between the endothelium and perivascular adipose tissues can be assessed ex vivo using mounted blood vessels by a wire myography system. However, optimal settings should be established for arteries derived from animals of different species, ages, genetic backgrounds and/or pathophysiological conditions.

The protocol describes the use of wire myography to evaluate the transmural isometric tension of mesenteric arteries isolated from mice, with special consideration of the modulation by factors released from endothelial cells and perivascular adipose tissues.

혈관 주위 지방 조직에 의해 변조에 초점을 맞춘 분리 된 장 간 동맥을 사용 하 여 혈관 톤 응답성의 평가

Altered vascular tone responsiveness to pathophysiological stimuli contributes to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic ...

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms that can be genetically modified for the renewable production of useful industrial commodities. Recent advances in synthetic biology have led to development of several cloning toolkits such as CyanoGate, a standardized modular cloning system for building plasmid vectors for subsequent transformation or conjugal transfer into cyanobacteria. Here we outline a detailed method for assembling a self-replicating vector (e.g., carrying a fluorescent marker expression cassette) and conjugal transfer of the vector into the cyanobacterial strains Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973. In addition, we outline how to characterize the performance of a genetic part (e.g., a promoter) using a plate reader or flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol describing how to i) assemble a self-replicating vector using the CyanoGate modular cloning toolkit, ii) introduce the vector into a cyanobacterial host by conjugation, and iii) characterize transgenic cyanobacteria strains using a plate reader or flow cytometry.

시안게이트 모듈형 복제 툴킷을 사용하여 컨쥬게이션에 의한 시아노박테리아의 유전자 변형

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms that can be genetically modified for the renewable production of useful ...

Tail Vein Transection Bleeding Model in Fully Anesthetized Hemophilia A Mice

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) survival model has been preferred in many settings due to sensitivity to clinically relevant doses of FVIII, whereas other established models, such as the tail clip model, require higher levels of procoagulant compounds. To avoid using survival as an endpoint, we developed a TVT model establishing blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints and full anesthesia during the entire experiment. Briefly, anesthetized mice are positioned with the tail submerged in temperate saline (37&#176;C) and dosed with the test compound in the right lateral tail vein. After 5 min, the left lateral tail vein is transected using a template guide, the tail is returned to the saline, and all bleeding episodes are monitored and recorded for 40 min while collecting the blood. If no bleeding occurs at 10 min, 20 min, or 30 min post-injury, the clot is challenged gently by wiping the cut twice with a wet gauze swab. After 40 min, blood loss is quantified by the amount of hemoglobin bled into the saline. This fast and relatively simple procedure results in consistent and reproducible bleeds. Compared to the TVT survival model, it uses a more humane procedure without compromising sensitivity to pharmacological intervention. Furthermore, it is possible to use both genders, reducing the total number of animals that need to be bred, in adherence with the principles of 3R&#39;s. A potential limitation in bleeding models is the stochastic nature of hemostasis, which can reduce the reproducibility of the model. To counter this, manual clot disruption ensures that the clot is challenged during monitoring, preventing primary (platelet) hemostasis from stopping bleeding. This addition to the catalog of bleeding injury models provides an option to characterize procoagulant effects in a standardized and humane manner.

The refined tail vein transection (TVT) bleeding model in anesthetized mice is a sensitive in vivo method for the assessment of hemophilic bleeding. This optimized TVT bleeding model uses blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints, refining other models and avoiding death as an endpoint.

꼬리 정맥 transection 출혈 모델 완전 마취 혈우병 A 마우스에서

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) ...