이 연구는 샤먼시 과학기술국(3502Z20227197)과 푸젠성 과학기술국(No. 2019J01070, No.2021Y0027)의 지원을 받았습니다.

1. 준비
<ol><li>시료 처리<ol><li>신선한 S. nudus (100g)를 조심스럽게 해부하고 장과 그 내부 액체를 수집하십시오.</li>
		<li>균질화(1,000rpm, 60초)를 위해 300mL의 Tris-HCl 완충액(0.02M, pH 7.4)을 추가합니다.</li>
		<li>균질액을 3x 동결-해동합니다.</li>
		<li>시료를 원심분리(10,956 × g, 0.5 h, 4°C)하고 상층액을 수집한다. 추가 사용이 있을 때까지 샘플을 4°C에서 보관하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>단백질 침전<ol><li>상청액을 포화 황산암모늄 용액(9 부피)과 혼합하고 혼합물을 4°C에서 12시간 동안 방치한다. 참고: 프로토콜은 여기에서 일시 중지하고 나중에 계속할 수 있습니다.</li>
		<li>원심분리(10,956 × g, 0.5 h, 4°C)하여 단백질 침전물을 얻는 단계; 나중에 사용할 수 있도록 4 °C에 보관하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>단백질 재현탁<ol><li>단백질 침전물을 30mL의 Tris-HCl 완충액(0.02M, pH 7.4)으로 재현탁합니다. 나중에 사용할 수 있도록 이 조단백질 용액을 4°C에서 보관하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 친화성 크로마토그래피
<ol><li>용액 여과<ol><li>조단백질 용액을 0.22μm 필터 멤브레인을 통해 여과합니다. 나중에 사용할 수 있도록 이 샘플을 4°C에서 보관하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>컬럼 패킹<ol><li>아르기닌-아가로스 매트릭스 친화성 크로마토그래피 컬럼 및 라이신-아가로스 매트릭스 친화성 매트릭스 크로마토그래피 컬럼을 5 mL 빈 크로마토그래피 컬럼에 적정량의 라이신-아가로스 매트릭스 배지와 아르기닌-아가로스 매트릭스 배지를 로딩하여 압축한다. 참고: 컬럼은 2-8°C에서 보관할 수 있으며 매트릭스는 저장 완충액(20% 에탄올)에 담글 수 있습니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>친화성 정제<ol><li>친화성 크로마토그래피 컬럼을 먼저 ddH2O(1mL/분, 10컬럼 부피)로 평형화한 다음 Tris-HCl 완충액(0.02M, pH 8.0, 1mL/분, 5컬럼 부피)으로 평형을 이룹니다.</li>
		<li>단백질 용액 샘플을 사전 평형화된 컬럼(1mL/분, 1/3컬럼 부피)에 로드합니다. 참고: 샘플 로딩의 부피는 sFE의 농도에 따라 다릅니다.</li>
		<li>컬럼을 Tris-HCl 완충액(0.02 M, pH 8.0, 5컬럼 부피)으로 세척합니다.</li>
		<li>0.15 M, 0.25 M, 0.35 M, 0.45 M, 0.55 M 및 0.65 M NaCl(1 mL/min, 5 컬럼 부피)로 컬럼을 순차적으로 용리합니다.</li>
		<li>0.15M NaCl 용출에 나타나야 하는 용출 피크를 찾은 다음 5mL 튜브에서 분획을 수집합니다.</li>
		<li>용출 시료를 3 kD 초원심 필터(3,944 × g, 1.5 h, 4°C)를 사용하여 농축한다. 나중에 사용할 수 있도록 이 샘플을 -80°C에서 보관하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. 순도 평가
<ol><li>소듐 도데실-설페이트 폴리아크릴아미드 겔 전기영동(SDS-PAGE) 겔 제조<ol><li>5% 농축 겔 및 12% 분리 겔을 사용하여 Laemmli's 방법에 따라 SDS-PAGE 겔을 제조하였다13.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>전기영동<ol><li>샘플(15μL)을 5x SDS-PAGE 단백질 로딩 버퍼(1/4 부피)와 혼합하고, 끓는 물에서 5분 동안 가열하고, SDS-PAGE 젤에 로드하고, 80V, 60mA에서 1.5시간 동안 겔을 실행합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>분석<ol><li>전기영동 후 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 Silver Stain Kit로 겔을 염색하고 화학발광 이미징 시스템을 이용하여 염색된 겔을 관찰합니다.</li>
		<li>다음 공식을 사용하여 표적 단백질의 순도를 분석합니다: 표적 단백질의 순도 = 표적 단백질의 강도 값/총 단백질의 강도 값.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 혈전용해 활성 평가
<ol><li>피브린 플레이트 준비<ol><li>피브리노겐 25mg과 생리식염수 1.25mL를 혼합하여 피브리노겐 용액을 준비합니다.</li>
		<li>트롬빈 100U와 생리식염수 1.05mL를 완전히 혼합하여 트롬빈 용액을 준비한다.</li>
		<li>22.5mL의 Tris-HCl 완충액(0.02mol/L, pH 7.4)에 0.5g의 아가로스를 첨가하여 아가로스 용액을 준비합니다. 완전히 용해될 때까지 100°C에서 아가로스 용액을 혼합하고 가열한다.</li>
		<li>아가로스 용액을 약 50°C로 냉각하고 피브리노겐 용액을 첨가한다. 그런 다음 즉시 트롬빈 용액을 넣고 빠르게 혼합한 다음 60mm 배양 접시에 붓습니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>로드<ol><li>멸균 천공을 사용하여 준비된 피브린 플레이트에 3mm 웰을 펀칭하고 웰에 10μL 샘플을 채웁니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>분석<ol><li>37°C에서 18시간 배양한 후, 이들의 분해 구역의 크기를 계산하여 혈전용해 활성을 측정한다. 섬유소 용해 활성 = (샘플의 구역 크기/유로키나아제의 구역 크기) x 100U. 구역 크기 = 직경 x 직경. 참고: 생리 식염수 완충액, 조단백질(프로토콜 단계 1.3.1에서 얻은 샘플) 및 유로키나아제를 각각 블랭크, 음성 대조군 및 양성 대조군에 사용했습니다. 유로키나아제와 비교하여 정제된 sFE의 섬유소 용해 활성이 ~19,200U/mL임을 발견했습니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

Affinity Chromatography를 통한 Sipunculus nudus 의 Fibrinolytic Enzyme 정제

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저자는 공개할 이해 상충이 없습니다.

sFE의 정확한 유전자 서열을 이용할 수 없기 때문에, 현재 사용되는 sFE는 신선한 S. nudus14로부터 추출되었다. 더욱이, 문헌에 보고된 sFE의 정제 절차는 분자량, 등전점, 이온 강도 및 극성과 같은 sFE의 몇 가지 일반적인 특징을 기반으로 하기 때문에 복잡하고 비용이 많이 들었습니다15,16. 현재까지 sFE의 친화성 정제 프로토콜은 보...

혈전증은 특히 Covid-19 세계적 대유행 이후 공중 보건에 대한 주요 위협입니다 1,2. 임상적으로, 조직형 플라스미노겐 활성제(tPA) 및 유로키나제(UK)와 같은 많은 플라스미노겐 활성제(PA)가 혈전용해제로서 널리 사용되어 왔다. PA는 환자의 플라스미노겐을 활성 플라스민으로 활성화하여 피브린을 분해할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 이들의 혈전용해 효율은 환자의 플라스미노겐 상태에 의해 크게 제한된다 3,4. 메탈로프로테이나제 플라스민(metalloproteinase plasmin) 및 세린 플라스민(serine plasmin)과 같은 섬유소용해제는 혈전을 직접 용해시킬 수 있지만 다양한 플라스민 억제제에 의해 빠르게 비활성화되는 플라스민과 같은 섬유소용해효소(FE)를 포함하는 또 다른 유형의 임상 혈전용해제이다5. 그 후, 플라스미노겐을 플라스민으로 활성화시킬 뿐만 아니라 고대 땅콩 벌레 Sipunculus nudus(sFE)6의 섬유소 용해 효소인 피브린을 직접 분해하여 혈전을 용해시킬 수 있는 새로운 유형의 섬유소 용해제가 보고되었습니다.6. 이 이중기능은 특히 비정상적인 플라스미노겐 상태 측면에서 전통적인 혈전용해제에 비해 sFE에 다른 이점을 부여합니다. 다른 이관능성 혈전용해제7,8,9와 비교하여, sFE는 약물 개발, 특히 경구 약물에 대한 비식품 유래 제제에 비해 안전성을 포함한 몇 가지 이점을 나타낸다. 이는 Sipunculus nudus의 생체 안전성과 생체 적합성이 잘 확립되어 있기 때문입니다10.
미생물, 지렁이 및 버섯으로부터 분리된 다른 천연 섬유소용해제와 유사하게, S. nudus로부터의 sFE의 정제는 매우 복잡하며, 조직 균질화, 황산암모늄 침전, 담수화, 음이온-교환 크로마토그래피, 소수성 상호작용 크로마토그래피 및 분자체10,11,12와 같은 여러 단계를 포함한다. 이러한 정화 시스템은 숙련 된 기술과 값 비싼 재료에 의존 할뿐만 아니라 전체 절차를 완료하는 데 며칠이 걸립니다. 따라서 sFE의 간단한 정화 프로그램은 sFE의 추가 개발에 매우 중요합니다. 다행히 sFE의 두 결정(PDB: 8HZP; PDB: 8HZO)를 성공적으로 획득했습니다(보충 파일 1 및 보충 파일 2 참조). 구조 분석 및 분자 도킹 실험을 통해 sFE의 촉매 코어가 아르기닌 또는 라이신 잔기를 포함하는 표적에 특이적으로 결합할 수 있음을 발견했습니다.
여기서, sFE의 결정구조에 기초한 친화성 정제 시스템이 최초로 제안되었다. 이 프로토콜을 따르면, 단일 친화성 정제 단계에서 미정제 추출물로부터 고순도 및 고활성 sFE를 정제할 수 있습니다. 여기에서 개발된 프로토콜은 sFE의 대규모 제조에 중요할 뿐만 아니라 다른 혈전용해제의 정제에도 적용될 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>30% Acrylamide-Bisacrylamide (29:1)</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose G-10</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate</td>
			<td>SINOPHARM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>SINOPHARM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arginine-Sepharose 4B</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>Arginine-agarose matrix</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromoxylenol Blue (BPB)</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Silver Stain Kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibrinogen</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>SINOPHARM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kinase</td>
			<td>RHAWN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysine-Sepharose 4B</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>Lysine-agarose matrix</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prestained Color Protein Marker (10-170 kD)</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>SINOPHARM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>SINOPHARM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thrombin</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AKT Aprotein Purification System pure</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic Vertical Pressure Steam Sterilizer MLS-3750</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemiluminescence Imaging System</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Constant Flow Pump BT-100</td>
			<td>QITE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Constant Temperature Incubator</td>
			<td>JINGHONG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop Refrigerated Centrifuge 3-30KS</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DHG Series Heating and Drying Oven DGG-9140AD</td>
			<td>SENXIN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Glass Homogenizer DY89-II</td>
			<td>SCIENTZ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic Analytical Balance</td>
			<td>DENVER</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro-Thermostatic Water Bath DK-S12</td>
			<td>SENXIN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizontal Decolorization Shaker</td>
			<td>Kylin-Bell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice Machine AF 103</td>
			<td>Scotsman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KQ-500E Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td>ShuMei</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Stirrer</td>
			<td>Zhi wei</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Refrigerated Centrifuge H1650-W</td>
			<td>Cence</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Oven</td>
			<td>Galanz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q Reference</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettor</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Desktop pH Meter</td>
			<td>Sartorious</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small-sized Vortex Oscillator</td>
			<td>Kylin-Bell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Electrophoresis System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumable Material&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;L PCR Tube (200 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Axygene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Tube (1.5 mL)</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Tube (5 mL)</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Tube (50 mL)</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Tube (7 mL)</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Membrane (0.22 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>Millex GP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Bemis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tip (1 mL )</td>
			<td>KIRGEN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tip (10 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Axygene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tip (200 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Axygene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special Indicator Paper</td>
			<td>TZAKZY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Centrifugal Filter Unit (15 mL 3 KDa)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Centrifugal Filter Unit (4 mL 3 KDa)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal pH Indicator</td>
			<td>SSS Reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

affinity purification of a fibrinolytic enzyme from sipunculus nudus

Sipunculus nudus(sFE)의 섬유소 용해 효소는 플라스미노겐을 플라스민으로 활성화하고 피브린을 직접 분해할 수 있는 새로운 혈전용해제로 기존 혈전용해제에 비해 큰 이점을 보여줍니다. 그러나 구조 정보가 부족하기 때문에 sFE의 모든 정제 프로그램은 너무 복잡하고 비용이 많이 드는 다단계 크로마토그래피 정제를 기반으로 합니다. 여기서, sFE의 친화성 정제 프로토콜은 sFE의 결정 구조를 기반으로 최초로 개발되었습니다. 여기에는 미정제 시료 및 라이신/아르기닌-아가로스 매트릭스 친화성 크로마토그래피 컬럼의 준비, 친화성 정제 및 정제된 sFE의 특성 분석이 포함됩니다. 이 프로토콜에 따라 sFE 배치를 1일 이내에 정제할 수 있습니다. 또한 정제된 sFE의 순도와 활성은 각각 92% 및 19,200U/mL로 증가합니다. 따라서 이것은 sFE 정제를 위한 간단하고 저렴하며 효율적인 접근 방식입니다. 이 프로토콜의 개발은 sFE 및 기타 유사한 제제의 추가 활용에 매우 중요합니다.

이 프로토콜에 따라, 조조직 용해물을 추출하고, 아르기닌-아가로스 매트릭스 및 라이신-아가로스 매트릭스 친화성 크로마토그래피 컬럼을 구축하고, 정제된 sFE를 얻고, 정제된 sFE의 순도 및 섬유소 용해 활성을 각각 SDS-PAGE 및 피브린 플레이트에 의해 측정하였다.
원심분리 후, 수집된 상층액은 투명한 황갈색 점성 액체였다. 침전은 이 상청액을 포화 황산암모늄 용액(9 부피)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Affinity Purification of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Sipunculus nudus at JoVE.com

저자 스포트라이트: Sipunculus nudus의 Fibrinolytic Enzyme의 친화성 정제  

여기에서는 간단하고 저렴하며 효율적인 Sipunculus nudus 의 섬유소 용해 효소의 친화성 정제 방법을 제시합니다.

Sipunculus nudus에서 섬유소 용해 효소의 친화성 정제

The fibrinolytic enzyme from Sipunculus nudus (sFE) is a novel fibrinolytic agent that can both activate plasminogen into plasmin and degrade fibrin ...

우리의 연구는 주로 섬유소 용해 효소의 정제에 관한 것입니다. 본 연구는 혈전용해효소에 대한 간단한 정제방법을 확립하고자 한다. 이 연구에서는 혈전용해효소의 아르기닌 또는 라이신 최적 친화성 정제 시스템을 처음으로 보고합니다.기존의 정제 방법과 비교할 때, 이것은 Sipunculus nudus에서 섬유소 용해 효소를 정제하기 위한 간단하고 저렴하며 효율적인 접근 방식입니다. 이 프로토콜의 개발은 Sipunculus nudus 및 기타 유사한 제제의 섬유소 용해 효소의 추가 활용에 더 큰 의미가 있습니다.

affinity-purification-of-a-fibrinolytic-enzyme-from-sipunculus-nudus

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Affinity Purification of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Sipunculus nudus

2.0K 조회수.  Huaqiao University. 우리의 연구는 주로 섬유소 용해 효소의 정제에 관한 것입니다. 본 연구는 혈전용해효소에 대한 간단한 정제방법을 확립하고자 한다. 이 연구에서는 혈전용해효소의 아르기닌 또는 라이신 최적 친화성 정제 시스템을 처음으로 보고합니다.기존의 정제 방법과 비교할 때, 이것은 Sipunculus nudus에서 섬유소 용해 효소를 정제하기 위한 간단하고 저렴하며 효율적인 접근 방식...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: Sipunculus nudus의 Fibrinolytic Enzyme의 친화성 정제  

Directed Protein Packaging within Outer Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli: Design, Production and Purification

An increasing interest in applying synthetic biology techniques to program outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are leading to some very interesting and unique applications for OMV where traditional nanoparticles are proving too difficult to synthesize. To date, all Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to produce OMV demonstrating packaging of a variety of cargo that includes small molecules, peptides, proteins and genetic material. Based on their diverse cargo, OMV are implicated in many biological processes ranging from cell-cell communication to gene transfer and delivery of virulence factors depending upon which bacteria are producing the OMV. Only recently have bacterial OMV become accessible for use across a wide range of applications through the development of techniques to control and direct packaging of recombinant proteins into OMV. This protocol describes a method for the production, purification, and use of enzyme packaged OMV providing for improved overall production of recombinant enzyme, increased vesiculation, and enhanced enzyme stability. Successful utilization of this protocol will result in the creation of a bacterial strain that simultaneously produces a recombinant protein and directs it for OMV encapsulation through creating a synthetic linkage between the recombinant protein and an outer membrane anchor protein. This protocol also details methods for isolating OMV from bacterial cultures as well as proper handling techniques and things to consider when adapting this protocol for use for other unique applications such as: pharmaceutical drug delivery, medical diagnostics, and environmental remediation.

Directed Protein Packaging within Outer Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli: Design, Production and Purification

A protocol for the production, purification, and use of enzyme packaged outer membrane vesicles (OMV) providing for enhanced enzyme stability for implementation across diverse applications is presented.

에서 외부 막 소포 내에서 감독 단백질 포장<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; : 디자인, 생산 및 정제

An increasing interest in applying synthetic biology techniques to program outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are leading to some very interesting and unique ...

연구

생화학

Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells

Affinity capture is an effective technique for isolating endogenous protein complexes for further study. When used in conjunction with an antibody, this technique is also frequently referred to as immunoprecipitation. Affinity capture can be applied in a bench-scale and in a high-throughput context. When coupled with protein mass spectrometry, affinity capture has proven to be a workhorse of interactome analysis. Although there are potentially many ways to execute the numerous steps involved, the following protocols implement our favored methods. Two features are distinctive: the use of cryomilled cell powder to produce cell extracts, and antibody-coupled paramagnetic beads as the affinity medium. In many cases, we have obtained superior results to those obtained with more conventional affinity capture practices. Cryomilling avoids numerous problems associated with other forms of cell breakage. It provides efficient breakage of the material, while avoiding denaturation issues associated with heating or foaming. It retains the native protein concentration up to the point of extraction, mitigating macromolecular dissociation. It reduces the time extracted proteins spend in solution, limiting deleterious enzymatic activities, and it may reduce the non-specific adsorption of proteins by the affinity medium. Micron-scale magnetic affinity media have become more commonplace over the last several years, increasingly replacing the traditional agarose- and Sepharose-based media. Primary benefits of magnetic media include typically lower non-specific protein adsorption; no size exclusion limit because protein complex binding occurs on the bead surface rather than within pores; and ease of manipulation and handling using magnets.

Here we describe protocols to disrupt mammalian cells by solid-state milling at a cryogenic temperature, produce a cell extract from the resulting cell powder, and isolate protein complexes of interest by affinity capture upon antibody-coupled micron-scale paramagnetic beads.

Cryomilled 포유 동물 세포에서 단백질 단지 선호도 캡처

Affinity capture is an effective technique for isolating endogenous protein complexes for further study. When used in conjunction with an antibody, this ...

Tandem Affinity Purification of Protein Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

The purification of active protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes is crucial for the characterization of enzymatic activities and de novo identification of novel subunits and post-translational modifications. Bacterial systems allow for the expression and purification of a wide variety of single polypeptides and protein complexes. However, this system does not enable the purification of protein subunits that contain post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation and acetylation), and the identification of novel regulatory subunits that are only present/expressed in the eukaryotic system. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel, robust, and efficient tandem affinity purification (TAP) method using STREP- and FLAG-tagged proteins that facilitates the purification of protein complexes with transiently or stably expressed epitope-tagged proteins from eukaryotic cells. This protocol can be applied to characterize protein complex functionality, to discover post-translational modifications on complex subunits, and to identify novel regulatory complex components by mass spectrometry. Notably, this TAP method can be applied to study protein complexes formed by eukaryotic or pathogenic (viral and bacterial) components, thus yielding a wide array of downstream experimental opportunities. We propose that researchers working with protein complexes could utilize this approach in many different ways.

We describe here a novel, robust, and efficient tandem affinity purification (TAP) method for the expression, isolation, and characterization of protein complexes from eukaryotic cells. This protocol could be utilized for the biochemical characterization of discrete complexes as well as the identification of novel interactors and post-translational modifications that regulate their function.

진핵 세포에서 단백질 복합체의 탠덤 선호도 정화

The purification of active protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes is crucial for the characterization of enzymatic activities and de novo ...

Identification of Plant Ice-binding Proteins Through Assessment of Ice-recrystallization Inhibition and Isolation Using Ice-affinity Purification

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) belong to a family of stress-induced proteins that are synthesized by certain organisms exposed to subzero temperatures. In plants, freeze damage occurs when extracellular ice crystals grow, resulting in the rupture of plasma membranes and possible cell death. Adsorption of IBPs to ice crystals restricts further growth by a process known as ice-recrystallization inhibition (IRI), thereby reducing cellular damage. IBPs also demonstrate the ability to depress the freezing point of a solution below the equilibrium melting point, a property known as thermal hysteresis (TH) activity. These protective properties have raised interest in the identification of novel IBPs due to their potential use in industrial, medical and agricultural applications. This paper describes the identification of plant IBPs through 1) the induction and extraction of IBPs in plant tissue, 2) the screening of extracts for IRI activity, and 3) the isolation and purification of IBPs. Following the induction of IBPs by low temperature exposure, extracts are tested for IRI activity using a &#39;splat assay&#39;, which allows the observation of ice crystal growth using a standard light microscope. This assay requires a low protein concentration and generates results that are quickly obtained and easily interpreted, providing an initial screen for ice binding activity. IBPs can then be isolated from contaminating proteins by utilizing the property of IBPs to adsorb to ice, through a technique called &#39;ice-affinity purification&#39;. Using cell lysates collected from plant extracts, an ice hemisphere can be slowly grown on a brass probe. This incorporates IBPs into the crystalline structure of the polycrystalline ice. Requiring no a priori biochemical or structural knowledge of the IBP, this method allows for recovery of active protein. Ice-purified protein fractions can be used for downstream applications including the identification of peptide sequences by mass spectrometry and the biochemical analysis of native proteins.

This paper outlines the identification of ice-binding proteins from freeze-tolerant plants through the assessment of ice-recrystallization inhibition activity and subsequent isolation of native IBPs using ice-affinity purification.

식물은 아이스 친화 정제를 사용하여 얼음의 재결정 억제 및 절연의 평가를 통해 단백질을 아이스 결합의 식별

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) belong to a family of stress-induced proteins that are synthesized by certain organisms exposed to subzero temperatures. In ...

A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

Higher-order nucleic acid structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s, G4 structures) can form in guanine-rich regions of both DNA and RNA and are highly thermally stable. There are &#62;375,000 putative G4-forming sequences in the human genome, and they are enriched in promoter regions, untranslated regions (UTRs), and within the telomeric repeat. Due to the potential for these structures to affect cellular processes, such as replication and transcription, the cell has evolved enzymes to manage them. One such enzyme is G4 Resolvase 1 (G4R1), which was biochemically co-characterized by our laboratory and Nagamine et al. and found to bind extremely tightly to both G4-DNA and G4-RNA (Kd in the low-pM range). G4R1 is the source of the majority of G4-resolving activity in HeLa cell lysates and has since been implicated to play a role in telomere metabolism, lymph development, gene transcription, hematopoiesis, and immune surveillance. The ability to efficiently express and purify catalytically active G4R1 is of importance for laboratories interested in gaining further insight into the kinetic interaction of G4 structures and G4-resolving enzymes. Here, we describe a detailed method for the purification of recombinant G4R1 (rG4R1). The described procedure incorporates the traditional affinity-based purification of a C-terminal histidine-tagged enzyme expressed in human codon-optimized bacteria with the utilization of the ability of rG4R1 to bind and unwind G4-DNA to purify highly active enzyme in an ATP-dependent elution step. The protocol also includes a quality-control step where the enzymatic activity of rG4R1 is measured by examining the ability of the purified enzyme to unwind G4-DNA. A method is also described that allows for the quantification of purified rG4R1. Alternative adaptations of this protocol are discussed.

G4 Resolvase1 binds to G-quadruplex (G4) structures with the tightest reported affinity for a G4-binding protein and represents the majority of the G4-DNA unwinding activity in HeLa cells. We describe a novel protocol that harnesses the affinity and ATP-dependent unwinding activity of G4-Resolvase1 to specifically purify catalytically active recombinant G4R1.

효소 활성 G4 Resolvase1의 정화를위한 G-quadruplex DNA 화성 접근

Higher-order nucleic acid structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s, G4 structures) can form in guanine-rich regions of both DNA and RNA and are highly ...

2 in 1: One-step Affinity Purification for the Parallel Analysis of Protein-Protein and Protein-Metabolite Complexes

Cellular processes are regulated by interactions between biological molecules such as proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids. While the investigation of protein-protein interactions (PPI) is no novelty, experimental approaches aiming to characterize endogenous protein-metabolite interactions (PMI) constitute a rather recent development. Herein, we present a protocol that allows simultaneous characterization of the PPI and PMI of a protein of choice, referred to as bait. Our protocol was optimized for Arabidopsis cell cultures and combines affinity purification (AP) with mass spectrometry (MS)-based protein and metabolite detection. In short, transgenic Arabidopsis lines, expressing bait protein fused to an affinity tag, are first lysed to obtain a native cellular extract. Anti-tag antibodies are used to pull down protein and metabolite partners of the bait protein. The affinity-purified complexes are extracted using a one-step methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)/methanol/water method. Whilst metabolites separate into either the polar or the hydrophobic phase, proteins can be found in the pellet. Both metabolites and proteins are then analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS or UPLC-MS/MS). Empty-vector (EV) control lines are used to exclude false positives. The major advantage of our protocol is that it enables identification of protein and metabolite partners of a target protein in parallel in near-physiological conditions (cellular lysate). The presented method is straightforward, fast, and can be easily adapted to biological systems other than plant cell cultures.

Protein-protein and protein-metabolite interactions are crucial for all cellular functions. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows parallel analysis of these interactions with a protein of choice. Our protocol was optimized for plant cell cultures and combines affinity purification with mass spectrometry-based protein and metabolite detection.

2 1: 원스텝 단백질 단백질과 단백질 대사 산물 단지의 병렬 분석에 대 한 친 화력 정화

Cellular processes are regulated by interactions between biological molecules such as proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids. While the investigation of ...

Affinity Purification of Chloroplast Translocon Protein Complexes Using the TAP Tag

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins into the plastid. The import of these proteins depends on the translocon at the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) chloroplast membranes. The TOC and TIC complexes are multimeric and probably contain yet unknown components. One of the main goals in the field is to establish the complete inventory of TOC and TIC components. For the isolation of TOC-TIC complexes and the identification of new components, the preprotein receptor TOC159 has been modified N-terminally by the addition of the tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag resulting in TAP-TOC159. The TAP-tag is designed for two sequential affinity purification steps (hence "tandem affinity"). The TAP-tag used in these studies consists of a N-terminal IgG-binding domain derived from Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (ProtA) followed by a calmodulin-binding peptide (CBP). Between these two affinity tags, a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site has been included. Therefore, TEV protease can be used for gentle elution of TOC159-containing complexes after binding to IgG beads. In the protocol presented here, the second Calmodulin-affinity purification step was omitted. The purification protocol starts with the preparation and solubilization of total cellular membranes. After the detergent-treatment, the solubilized membrane proteins are incubated with IgG beads for the immunoisolation of TAP-TOC159-containing complexes. Upon binding and extensive washing, TAP-TOC159 containing complexes are cleaved and released from the IgG beads using the TEV protease whereby the S. aureus IgG-binding domain is removed. Western blotting of the isolated TOC159-containing complexes can be used to confirm the presence of known or suspected TOC and TIC proteins. More importantly, the TOC159-containing complexes have been used successfully to identify new components of the TOC and TIC complexes by mass spectrometry. The protocol that we present potentially allows the efficient isolation of any membrane-bound protein complex to be used for the identification of yet unknown components by mass spectrometry.

We here present a proven and tested protocol for the purification of chloroplast protein import complexes (TOC-TIC complex) using the TAP-tag. The one-step affinity-isolation protocol can potentially be applied to any protein and be used to identify new interaction partners by mass spectrometry.

탭 태그를 사용 하 여 엽록체 Translocon 단백질 복합물의 친 화력 정화

Chloroplast biogenesis requires the import of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins into the plastid. The import of these proteins depends on the ...

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis of transcriptome and gene expression by qPCR and RNA sequencing. Comprehensive transcriptome and gene expression analysis of specific cell types in complex tissues and organs will be critical to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms by which genes are regulated and their association with tissue homeostasis and organ functions. In this article, we demonstrate the methodology for isolation of ribosome-bound RNA directly in vivo in the vascular endothelia of animal lungs as an example. The specific materials and procedures for tissue processing and RNA purification will be described, including the assessment of RNA quality and yield as well as real time qPCR for arteriogenic gene assays. This approach, known as translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technique, can be utilized for characterization of gene expression and transcriptome analysis of certain cell types directly in vivo in any specific type in complex tissues.

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

We present an approach to purify ribosome-bound mRNA from vascular endothelial cells (ECs) directly in mouse brain, lung and heart tissues via EC-specific genetic tag of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)in ribosomes in combination with RNA purification.

생체 내피 세포에서 RNA 격리를 위한 리보솜 친화성 정제(TRAP) 번역

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis ...

Expression, Purification, Crystallization, and Enzyme Assays of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Domain-Containing Proteins

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this superfamily generally display multi-functionality, involving mainly hydrolase and decarboxylase mechanisms. This article presents a series of consecutive methods for the expression and purification of FAHD proteins, mainly FAHD protein 1 (FAHD1) orthologues among species (human, mouse, nematodes, plants, etc.). Covered methods are protein expression in E. coli, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, preparative and analytical gel filtration, crystallization, X-ray diffraction, and photometric assays. Concentrated protein of high levels of purity (&#62;98%) may be employed for crystallization or antibody production. Proteins of similar or lower quality may be employed in enzyme assays or used as antigens in detection systems (Western-Blot, ELISA). In the discussion of this work, the identified enzymatic mechanisms of FAHD1 are outlined to describe its hydrolase and decarboxylase bi-functionality in more detail.

Expression and purification of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing proteins is described with examples (expression in E. coli, FPLC). Purified proteins are used for crystallization and antibody production and employed for enzyme assays. Selected photometric assays are presented to display the multi-functionality of FAHD1 as oxaloacetate decarboxylase and acylpyruvate hydrolase.

Fumarylacetotate 하이드로 아세테이트 도메인 함유 단백질의 발현, 정제, 결정화 및 효소 어세포

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this ...

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Although small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are widespread among the bacterial domain of life, the functions of many of them remain poorly characterized notably due to the difficulty of identifying their mRNA targets. Here, we described a modified protocol of the MS2-Affinity Purification coupled with RNA Sequencing (MAPS) technology, aiming to reveal all RNA partners of a specific sRNA in vivo. Broadly, the MS2 aptamer is fused to the 5&#8217; extremity of the sRNA of interest. This construct is then expressed in vivo, allowing the MS2-sRNA to interact with its cellular partners. After bacterial harvesting, cells are mechanically lysed. The crude extract is loaded into an amylose-based chromatography column previously coated with the MS2 protein fused to the maltose binding protein. This enables the specific capture of MS2-sRNA and interacting RNAs. After elution, co-purified RNAs are identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analysis. The following protocol has been implemented in the Gram-positive human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and is, in principle, transposable to any Gram-positive bacteria. To sum up, MAPS technology constitutes an efficient method to deeply explore the regulatory network of a particular sRNA, offering a snapshot of its whole targetome. However, it is important to keep in mind that putative targets identified by MAPS still need to be validated by complementary experimental approaches.

MAPS technology has been developed to scrutinize the targetome of a specific regulatory RNA in vivo. The sRNA of interest is tagged with a MS2 aptamer enabling the co-purification of its RNA partners and their identification by RNA sequencing. This modified protocol is particularly suited for Gram-positive bacteria.&#160;

그람 양성 박테리아에서 RNA 염기서열분석과 결합된 MS2-선호도 정화

Although small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are widespread among the bacterial domain of life, the functions of many of them remain poorly characterized ...