우리는 행동 훈련에 대한 토론과 소린 Pojoga에 대한 예 왕 감사합니다. NIH 유레카 프로그램, 국립 안과 연구소, 퓨 학자 프로그램, 제임스 S. 맥도넬 재단 (VD), 그리고 NIH 비전 교육 그랜트 (BJH) 지원.

<ol>
	<li>Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptive+fields+and+functional+architecture+of+monkey+striate+cortex.">Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex.</a> J Physiol. 195, 215-243 (1968).</li><li>Mountcastle, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modality+and+topographic+properties+of+single+neurons+of+cat's+somatic+sensory+cortex.">Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex.</a> J Neurophysiol. 20, 408-434 (1957).</li><li>Nassi, J. J., Callaway, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parallel+processing+strategies+of+the+primate+visual+system.">Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 10, 360-372 (2009).</li><li>Ringach, D. L., Hawken, M. J., Shapley, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+orientation+tuning+in+macaque+primary+visual+cortex.">Dynamics of orientation tuning in macaque primary visual cortex.</a> Nature. 387, 281-284 (1997).</li><li>Martinez, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptive+field+structure+varies+with+layer+in+the+primary+visual+cortex.">Receptive field structure varies with layer in the primary visual cortex.</a> Nat Neurosci. 8, 372-379 (2005).</li><li>Lakatos, P., Karmos, G., Mehta, A. D., Ulbert, I., Schroeder, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entrainment+of+neuronal+oscillations+as+a+mechanism+of+attentional+selection.">Entrainment of neuronal oscillations as a mechanism of attentional selection.</a> Science. 320, 110-113 (2008).</li><li>Sun, W., Dan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Layer-specific+network+oscillation+and+spatiotemporal+receptive+field+in+the+visual+cortex.">Layer-specific network oscillation and spatiotemporal receptive field in the visual cortex.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 17986-17991 (2009).</li><li>Maier, A., Adams, G. K., Aura, C., Leopold, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+superficial+and+deep+laminar+domains+of+activity+in+the+visual+cortex+during+rest+and+stimulation.">Distinct superficial and deep laminar domains of activity in the visual cortex during rest and stimulation.</a> Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 4, 12-12 (2010).</li><li>Mitzdorf, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+source-density+method+and+application+in+cat+cerebral+cortex:+investigation+of+evoked+potentials+and+EEG+phenomena.">Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena.</a> Physiol Rev. 65, 37-100 (1985).</li><li>Mitzdorf, U., Singer, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitatory+synaptic+ensemble+properties+in+the+visual+cortex+of+the+macaque+monkey:+a+current+source+density+analysis+of+electrically+evoked+potentials.">Excitatory synaptic ensemble properties in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey: a current source density analysis of electrically evoked potentials.</a> J Comp Neurol. 187, 71-83 (1979).</li><li>Schroeder, C. E., Mehta, A. D., Givre, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spatiotemporal+profile+of+visual+system+activation+revealed+by+current+source+density+analysis+in+the+awake+macaque.">A spatiotemporal profile of visual system activation revealed by current source density analysis in the awake macaque.</a> Cereb Cortex. 8, 575-592 (1998).</li><li>Schroeder, C. E., Tenke, C. E., Givre, S. J., Arezzo, J. C., Vaughan, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Striate+cortical+contribution+to+the+surface-recorded+pattern-reversal+VEP+in+the+alert+monkey.">Striate cortical contribution to the surface-recorded pattern-reversal VEP in the alert monkey.</a> Vision Res. 31, 1143-1157 (1991).</li><li>Amzica, F., Steriade, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+substrates+and+laminar+profile+of+sleep+K-complex.">Cellular substrates and laminar profile of sleep K-complex.</a> Neuroscience. 82, 671-686 (1998).</li><li>Kandel, A., Buzsaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular-synaptic+generation+of+sleep+spindles,+spike-and-wave+discharges,+and+evoked+thalamocortical+responses+in+the+neocortex+of+the+rat.">Cellular-synaptic generation of sleep spindles, spike-and-wave discharges, and evoked thalamocortical responses in the neocortex of the rat.</a> J Neurosci. 17, 6783-6797 (1997).</li><li>Sakata, S., Harris, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+structure+of+spontaneous+and+sensory-evoked+population+activity+in+auditory+cortex.">Laminar structure of spontaneous and sensory-evoked population activity in auditory cortex.</a> Neuron. 64, 404-418 (2009).</li><li>Nicholson, C., Freeman, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+current+source-density+analysis+and+determination+of+conductivity+tensor+for+anuran+cerebellum.">Theory of current source-density analysis and determination of conductivity tensor for anuran cerebellum.</a> J Neurophysiol. 38, 356-368 (1975).</li><li>Pettersen, K. H., Devor, A., Ulbert, I., Dale, A. M., Einevoll, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current-source+density+estimation+based+on+inversion+of+electrostatic+forward+solution:+effects+of+finite+extent+of+neuronal+activity+and+conductivity+discontinuities.">Current-source density estimation based on inversion of electrostatic forward solution: effects of finite extent of neuronal activity and conductivity discontinuities.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 154, 116-133 (2006).</li><li>Vaknin, G., DiScenna, P. G., Teyler, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+calculating+current+source+density+(CSD)+analysis+without+resorting+to+recording+sites+outside+the+sampling+volume.">A method for calculating current source density (CSD) analysis without resorting to recording sites outside the sampling volume.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 24, 131-135 (1988).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

멀티 유닛 녹음은 피질의 신경 네트워크가 자극 정보를 인코딩하는 방법 분석에 대한 표준이되었습니다. 전극 기술의 최근 진보 감안, 판상 전극의 구현 지역 대뇌 피질 회로의 전례없는 특성이 가능합니다. 다중 전극 녹음이 신경 인구 역학에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공하고 있지만, 여러 판상 전극은 높은 해상도와 뉴런의 특정 위치에 대한 자세한 정보를 활성화하십시오. 피질은 해부학적인 몸?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 장비의 명칭 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 난 microdrive 시스템 </td><td> 난 악기 </td><td> 난 - S4 </td><td> 그림 2. 사용자 정의 클램프는 U - 프로브를 사용하여 필요합니다. U - 프로브의 예외 언급한 모든 것들이 난 악기에 의해 제공됩니다. </td></tr><tr><td> 나사 microdrives </td><td> MIT의 기계 공장 </td><td></td><td> 난 그리드에 대한 안내 관을 확보 수 있습니다 뭐든지 적절해야합니다. </td></tr><tr><td> 스테인레스 스틸 튜브 가이드 </td><td> 소형 부품 </td><td> B00137QHNS (1) 또는 B00137QHO2 (5) </td><td> 이들은 길이 60이며, Dremel 핸드 드릴을 사용하여 실험실에서 크기로 잘라 </td></tr><tr><td> Plexon U - 프로브 </td><td> Plexon, Inc의 </td><td> PLX - UP - 16 - 25ED - 100 - SE - 360 - 25T - 500 </td><td> 에서 구할 U - 프로브 사양 참조 <a href="www.plexon.com">www.plexon.com는</a> 또한 그림 1을 참조하십시오. </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1. 하드웨어. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 소프트웨어 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 웹사이트 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 난 소프트웨어 </td><td> 난 </td><td> <a href="http://www.naninstruments.com/DesignConcept.htm">http://www.naninstruments.com/DesignConcept.htm</a> </td><td> 컴퓨터 인터페이스는 Plexon 시스템과 난 하드웨어를 수용하기 위해 추가적인 시리얼 포트가 필요합니다 </td></tr><tr><td> 오프라인 분류기, FPAlign, PlexUtil, MATLAB 프로그램 </td><td> Plexon </td><td> <a href="http://www.plexon.com/downloads.html#Software">http://www.plexon.com/downloads.html # 소프트웨어</a> </td><td> &#39;설치 패키지&#39;에서 </td></tr><tr><td> NeuroExplorer </td><td> NeuroExplorer </td><td> <a href="http://www.neuroexplorer.com/">http://www.neuroexplorer.com/</a> </td><td> &#39;자료실&#39;에서 </td></tr><tr><td> CSDplotter 버전 0.1.1 </td><td> Klas H. 페터슨 </td><td> <a href="http://arken.umb.no/~klaspe/user_guide.pdf">http://arken.umb.no/ ~ klaspe / user_guide.pdf</a> </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 표 2. 소프트웨어입니다.

examining local network processing using multi-contact laminar electrode recording

대뇌 피질의 레이어는 네크로 텍스 높은 반복 로컬 네트워크로 구성 1-4 전반에 걸쳐 유비 쿼터스 구조입니다. 최근에는 상당한 진전이 서로 다른 피질 레이어 5-8 in 뉴런의 반응 특성의 차이에 대한 우리의 이해에서 만들어진, 아직 여부와 방법의 연결 인구 것은 판상 특정 정보를 인코딩에 대한 자세한 내용은 왼쪽으로 큰 거래는 아직되어 있지 방식. 기존 다중 전극 어레이 기술은 대뇌 피질의 표면을 따라 대뇌 피질의 공간이 많은 밀리미터를 통해 응답을 측정하는 유익 판상 피질 회로의 문제를 접근 적합하고 있지만. 여기서는 설정 및 멀티 연락처 판상 전극 활용 기본 시각 피질 (V1)의 피질 층에 걸쳐 각각의 뉴런과 지역 현장 잠재력 (LFPs) 녹화를위한 방법을 제시합니다 (그림 1, Plextrode U - 프로브, Plexon 병원). 포함된 방법 기록 장치 건설, 대뇌 피질의 레이어의 식별, 개인 뉴런의 수용 분야의 식별됩니다. 외피 층을 식별하기 위해, 우리는 전체 필드 번쩍 자극을 사용하여 시간 시리즈 LFP의 evoked 응답 잠재력을 (ERPs) 측정합니다. 그런 다음 레이어 4의 자료 (싱크는 레이어 4 내부 이후 세분화된 레이어 9-12라고도합니다)에서 싱크 - 소스 구성과 함께 극성 역전을 식별하는 전류 소스 밀도 (CSD) 분석을 수행합니다. 그것은 우리를 정확하게 하나의 침투 6 모든 레이어, 11, 12에서 기록 전극 위치를 수 있도록, 위치, 방향, 그리고 transmembrane 전류 흐름의 밀도의 인덱스를 제공하기 때문에 전류 소스 밀도가 유용합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording at JoVE.com

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

서로 다른 피질 레이어에서 네트워크 감각 정보를 인코딩하는 방법 피질 회로에 대한 우리의 이해에 근본적인 문제가 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 대뇌 피질의 레이어를 식별하는 단일 단위 및 지역 현장 잠재력 및 현재의 분석을 기록하는 멀티 문의 판상 전극을 이용 electrophysiological 기법을 설명합니다.

사용하는 로컬 네트워크 처리를 검토 멀티 연락처 판상 전극 기록

Cortical layers are ubiquitous structures throughout neocortex1-4 that consist of highly recurrent local networks. In recent years, significant progress ...

examining-local-network-processing-using-multi-contact-laminar

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K 조회수.  University of Texas. 서로 다른 피질 레이어에서 네트워크 감각 정보를 인코딩하는 방법 피질 회로에 대한 우리의 이해에 근본적인 문제가 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 대뇌 피질의 레이어를 식별하는 단일 단위 및 지역 현장 잠재력 및 현재의 분석을 기록하는 멀티 문의 판상 전극을 이용 electrophysiological 기법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to stimuli remain to be fully understood. To overcome the difficulty of accessing the brainstem in the whole animal, isolation of the brainstem and part of the spinal cord is performed. This preparation is maintained in artificial cerebro-spinal fluid where gases, concentrations, and temperature are controlled and monitored. The output signal from the respiratory network is recorded by a suction electrode placed on the fourth ventral root. In this manner, stimuli can be directly applied onto the brainstem, and the effect can be recorded directly. The signal recorded is linked to the inspiratory signal sent to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve, and can be described as bursts (around 8 bursts per minute). Analysis of these bursts (frequency, amplitude, length, and area under the curve) allows precise characterization of the stimulus effect on the respiratory network. The main limitation of this method is the viability of the preparation beyond the early post-natal stages. Thus, this method greatly focuses on the study of the whole network without the peripheral inputs in the newborn rat.

The central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem. Spontaneous respiratory motor output from an isolated brainstem-spinal cord is recorded by placing an electrode on the fourth ventral root. This experimental approach is valuable for pharmacological investigations or the assessment of respiratory challenges and genetic manipulations on rhythmic motor behavior.

신생아 설치류에서 분리 뇌간 - 척수 준비에 전기 생리학은 신경 호흡 네트워크 출력 녹화를 할 수 있습니다

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to ...

연구

신경과학

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

미세 전극 배열에서 신경 세포 배양의 자극에 대한 네트워크 반응의 시간 의존적 증가

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the neurogenesis of EEG is still very limited. Local field potentials (LFPs) recorded via a multi-laminar microelectrode can provide a more detailed account of simultaneous neural activity across different cortical layers in the neocortex, but the technique is invasive. Combining EEG and LFP measurements in a pre-clinical model can greatly enhance understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in the generation of EEG signals, and facilitate the derivation of a more realistic and biologically accurate mathematical model of EEG. A simple procedure for acquiring concurrent and co-localized EEG and multi-laminar LFP signals in the anesthetized rodent is presented here. We also investigated whether EEG signals were significantly affected by a burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode. Our results suggest that the burr hole has a negligible impact on EEG recordings.

This protocol describes a simple method for concurrent recording of co-localized electroencephalography (EEG) and multi-laminar local field potential in an anesthetized rat. A burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode is shown to produce negligible distortion of the EEG signal.

공동 화 된 Electroencephalography 및 설치류에서 로컬 필드 가능성의 동시 녹음

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the ...

Examining Monosynaptic Connections in Drosophila Using Tetrodotoxin Resistant Sodium Channels

Here, a new technique termed Tetrotoxin (TTX) Engineered Resistance for Probing Synapses (TERPS) is applied to test for monosynaptic connections between target neurons. The method relies on co-expression of a transgenic activator with the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel, NaChBac, in a specific presynaptic neuron. Connections with putative post-synaptic partners are determined by whole-cell recordings in the presence of TTX, which blocks electrical activity in neurons that do not express NaChBac. This approach can be modified to work with any activator or calcium imaging as a reporter of connections. TERPS adds to the growing set of tools available for determining connectivity within networks. However, TERPS is unique in that it also reliably reports bulk or volume transmission and spillover transmission.

Examining Monosynaptic Connections in Drosophila Using Tetrodotoxin Resistant Sodium Channels

This article features a method to test the monosynaptic connections between neurons by employing tetrodotoxin and the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel, NaChBac.

Drosophila 테트로도톡신 저항 나트륨 채널을 사용 하 여 Monosynaptic 연결 검사

Here, a new technique termed Tetrotoxin (TTX) Engineered Resistance for Probing Synapses (TERPS) is applied to test for monosynaptic connections between ...

Evaluation of Hemisphere Lateralization with Bilateral Local Field Potential Recording in Secondary Motor Cortex of Mice

This article demonstrates complete, detailed procedures for both in vivo bilateral recording and analysis of local field potential (LFP) in the cortical areas of mice, which are useful for evaluating possible laterality deficits, as well as for assessing brain connectivity and coupling of neural network activities in rodents. The pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disease, remain largely unknown. Altered brain laterality has been demonstrated in aging people, but whether or not abnormal lateralization is one of the early signs of AD has not been determined. To investigate this, we recorded bilateral LFPs in 3-5-month-old AD model mice, APP/PS1, together with littermate wild type (WT) controls. The LFPs of the left and right secondary motor cortex (M2), specifically in the gamma band, were more synchronized in APP/PS1 mice than in WT controls, suggesting a declined hemispheric asymmetry of bilateral M2 in this AD mouse model. Notably, the recording and data analysis processes are flexible and easy to carry out, and can also be applied to other brain pathways when conducting experiments that focus on neuronal circuits.

We present in vivo electrophysiological recording of the local field potential (LFP) in bilateral secondary motor cortex (M2) of mice, which can be applied to evaluate hemisphere lateralization. The study revealed altered levels of synchronization between the left and right M2 in APP/PS1 mice compared to WT controls.

마우스의 보조 모터 피질에서 양측 지역 필드 전위 기록을 가진 반구 측면화의 평가

This article demonstrates complete, detailed procedures for both in vivo bilateral recording and analysis of local field potential (LFP) in the cortical ...

Recording Network Activity in Spinal Nociceptive Circuits Using Microelectrode Arrays

The roles and connectivity of specific types of neurons within the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) are being delineated at a rapid rate to provide an increasingly detailed view of the circuits underpinning spinal pain processing. However, the effects of these connections for broader network activity in the DH remain less well understood because most studies focus on the activity of single neurons and small microcircuits. Alternatively, the use of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), which can monitor electrical activity across many cells, provides high spatial and temporal resolution of neural activity. Here, the use of MEAs with mouse spinal cord slices to study DH activity induced by chemically stimulating DH circuits with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is described. The resulting rhythmic activity is restricted to the superficial DH, stable over time, blocked by tetrodotoxin, and can be investigated in different slice orientations. Together, this preparation provides a platform to investigate DH circuit activity in tissue from na&#239;ve animals, animal models of chronic pain, and mice with genetically altered nociceptive function. Furthermore, MEA recordings in 4-AP-stimulated spinal cord slices can be used as a rapid screening tool to assess the capacity of novel antinociceptive compounds to disrupt activity in the spinal cord DH.

The combined use of microelectrode array technology and 4-aminopyridine-induced chemical stimulation for investigating network-level nociceptive activity in the spinal cord dorsal horn is outlined.

마이크로전극 어레이를 이용한 척추 노셉티브 회로에서의 네트워크 활동 기록

The roles and connectivity of specific types of neurons within the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) are being delineated at a rapid rate to provide an ...

Observation Microtubule networks in Drosophila Neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells(초파리 신경근 접합부 및 근육 세포의 미세소관 네트워크 관찰)

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

저자 스포트라이트: Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions 

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

초파리 유충 신경근 접합부 및 근육 세포를 사용하여 미세소관 네트워크 시각화

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with ...

Micro-Drive System Assembly and Electrode Array Implantation for Multichannel Recording in Mice

Begin by assembling the Microdrive system. Connect two computer-designed boards using two stulls and a screw that holds the movable Microdrive, and attach the connector to one board. Ensure the Microdrive can carry two sets of eight guide tubes for each side of the motor cortex or MC region.Cut the guide tubes to the same length. Cut 16 nichrome wires, each measuring approximately five centimeters long and 35 micrometers in diameter. Load the wires into the guide tubes and apply glue to fix them.Strip the wire insulation and twine each exposed wire to each pin from the connector following the channel map and the reference and ground electrodes, then slowly coat conducting paint onto each pin. Cover the pins using epoxy resin, then perform gold plating via an impedance tester to reduce the impedance of the electrode tips to approximately 350 kiloohms. For electrode array implantation, fix the anesthetized mouse in a stereotaxic apparatus and use a temperature controller to maintain its rectal temperature at 37 degrees Celsius.Then make a small midline incision to expose the skull. Remove the residual tissue using scissors and clean the skull with sterile saline-soaked cotton buds. Using a glass microelectrode filled with ink, mark the desired locations of the bilateral MC for implantation.Next, using a skull drill, carefully drill two small holes on both the left and right sides of the coordinated skull in the MC regions. Gently remove the dura mater from the holes with fine forceps. Then insert the Microdrive system into the center of the holes, using a micromanipulator at 10 micrometers per second.After finishing the insertion, fill the petroleum jelly into the dental cement walls and join the bottom plate of the Microdrive system and the dental cement walls with the mixed dental cement.