이 작품은 건강 R01 NR011209 - 03 국립 연구소에 의해 자금 지원됩니다

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+markers+of+neonatal+hypoxia.">Biochemical markers of neonatal hypoxia.</a> Pediatric Health. 2, 485-501 (2008).</li><li>Cighetti, G., Allevi, P., Anastasia, L., Bortone, L., Paroni, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+methyl+malondialdehyde+as+an+internal+standard+for+malondialdehyde+detection:+validation+by+isotope-dilution+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Use of methyl malondialdehyde as an internal standard for malondialdehyde detection: validation by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> Clin Chem. 48, 2266-2269 (2002).</li><li>Paroni, R., Fermo, I., Cighetti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+methyl+malondialdehyde+as+internal+standard+for+malondialdehyde+detection+by+capillary+electrophoresis.">Validation of methyl malondialdehyde as internal standard for malondialdehyde detection by capillary electrophoresis.</a> Anal Biochem. 307, 92-98 (2002).</li><li>Cighetti, G., Debiasi, S., Ciuffreda, P., Allevi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-ethoxyacrolein+contamination+increases+malondialdehyde+inhibition+of+milk+xanthine+oxidase+activity.">Beta-ethoxyacrolein contamination increases malondialdehyde inhibition of milk xanthine oxidase activity.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 25, 818-825 (1998).</li><li>Cighetti, G., Debiasi, S., Paroni, R., Allevi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+and+total+malondialdehyde+assessment+in+biological+matrices+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry:+what+is+needed+for+an+accurate+detection.">Free and total malondialdehyde assessment in biological matrices by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: what is needed for an accurate detection.</a> Anal Biochem. 266, 222-229 (1999).</li><li>Yamamoto, T., Moriwaki, Y., Takahashi, S., Tsutsumi, Z., Yamakita, J., Nasako, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+human+plasma+xanthine+oxidase+activity+by+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Determination of human plasma xanthine oxidase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 681, 395-400 (1996).</li><li>Fasman, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. , (1988).</li><li>Chen, X. B., Calder, A. G., Prasitkusol, P., Kyle, D. J., Jayasuriya, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+15N+isotopic+enrichment+and+concentrations+of+allantoin+and+uric+acid+in+urine+by+gas+chromatography/mass+spectrometry.">Determination of 15N isotopic enrichment and concentrations of allantoin and uric acid in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.</a> J Mass Spectrom. 33, 130-137 (1998).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

방법은 신생아 hypoxia의 국소 빈혈의 평가를 허용 여기에서 설명한. 이 프로토콜도 전반적인 생화 학적 존재의 사진이나 hypoxic 국소 빈혈의 정도를 얻기 위해 에너지 (ATP) 빈곤, 산화 스트레스, 산화 손상, 및 효소 활동의 마커의 측정을 결합한 제품입니다. 이 방법의 유용에도 불구하고, 잠재적인 제한이 있습니다. 첫째, 그것은 assays 모두 실행할 정도로 플라즈마를 수집하는 혈액의 약 1-2 ML 걸립니...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> 시약의 이름 </th><th> 회사 </th><th> 카탈로그 번호 </th><th> 댓글 (옵션) </th></tr><tr><td> 6ml K3E EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) K3 튜브 </td><td> 피셔 사이 언티픽 </td><td> 2,204,061 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5702R 원심 분리기 </td><td> 피셔 사이 언티픽 </td><td> 05413319 </td><td> 13 &amp; 16MM 어댑터 </td></tr><tr><td> 1.5ml microcentrifuge 관 </td><td> 미국 과학 </td><td> 1615-5599 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 2 Aminopu​​rine </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> A3509 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 베리안 캐리 백 분광 광도계 </td><td> Agilant 기술 </td><td> 0010071500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 사반트 Speed​​Vac </td><td> 써모 과학 </td><td> SC210A - 115 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 마이크론 원심 필터 장치 </td><td> 피셔 사이 언티픽 </td><td> UFC501596 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Supelcosil LC - 18 - S 칼럼 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 58,931 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Supelcosil LC - 18 - S Supelguard 카트리지 및 홀더 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 59,629 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HPLC </td><td> 워터스 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GCMS 비알 </td><td> 피셔 사이 언티픽 </td><td> 03376607 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DL - 알란토인 - 5 -13 C, 1 -15 N </td><td> CDN 동위 원소 </td><td> M - 2307 </td><td> 롯 # L340P9 </td></tr><tr><td> MTBSTFA </td><td> 써모 과학 </td><td> 48,920 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 피리딘 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 270970 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5973E GC / MSD </td><td> 애질런트 테크놀로지 스 </td><td> G7021A </td><td> 5975E GC / MS에 대한 # 부품 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 Ethoxymethacrolein </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 232548 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 수산화 나트륨 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> S5881 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dichloromethane </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 270997 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 벤젠 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 401765 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Diisopropyl 에테르 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 38,270 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BHT </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> B1378 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 에탄올 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 459844 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Phenylhydrazine </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> P26252 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

biochemical measurement of neonatal hypoxia

신생아 hypoxia의 국소 빈혈은 조직의 불충 분한 혈액 관류 또는 산소의 체계 부족이 특징입니다. 이 조건은 원인 / 1-3 신경 장해를 포함하여 잘 문서화 신생아 장애를 증명했다 생각합니다. 아데노신 삼인산 감소 생산 산화 인산화 부족으로 인해 발생합니다. 고에너지 인산 채권을 포함하는 에너지 박탈 상태 분자 무마하기 위해 저하 이아르. 이것은 마침내 요산을, hypoxanthine, 크산텐을 이노신하기 위해 이후 타락 아데노신의 증가 수준에 이르게한다. 이 열화 과정의 마지막 두 단계는 크산텐의 산화 환원 효소에 의해 수행됩니다. 이 효소는 normoxic 조건 크산텐 탈수소 효소의 형태로 존재하지만 hypoxia - reperfusion 상황 4, 5 이하 크산텐 산화 효소 (XO)로 변환됩니다. 크산텐 탈수소 효소와는 달리, XO는 purine 저하 4, 6의 부산물로 과산화수소를 생성합니다. hypoxia 동안 생산 다른 반응 산소 종 (ROS)와 함께이 과산화수소가 알란토인을 형성 요산을 산화하고 malondialdehyde (MDA) 7-9을 생성하는 지질 세포막과 반응. 대부분의 포유류는 인간 면제, 어떤 효소 uricase을 가지고 알란토인에 요산을 변환합니다. 인간 그러나, 알란토인은 요산의 ROS - 매개 산화에 의해 형성 수 있습니다. 이 때문에, 알란토인은 uricase을 가진 포유류에없는 인간의 산화 스트레스 마커로 간주하지만,이다. 우리는 신생아 hypoxia의 국소 빈혈의 생화 학적 마커를 측정하는 고압 액체 크로마 토그래피 (HPLC), 가스 크로마 토그래피 질량 분석계 (GCMS)를 고용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 인간의 혈액은 대부분의 테스트에 사용됩니다. uricase 생성 알란토인의 가능성을 인식하면서 동물의 혈액도 사용할 수 있습니다. Purine의 metabolites는 1963 빠르면 hypoxia와 hypoxanthine, 크산텐의 신뢰성에 연결되었고, 신생아 hypoxia의 생화 학적 지표로서 요산이 여러 조사에 의해 10-13 확인되었습니다. purine 화합물의 부량 사용 HPLC 방법은 빠르고 안정적​​이고 재현할 수 있습니다. 알란토인, 산화 스트레스의 새로운 마커의 부량 사용되는 GC / MS 방법, 지시 사항 외 7 적응했다. 이 방법은 특정 아티팩트를 방지하고 샘플의 낮은 볼륨을 필요로합니다. MMDA의 합성에 사용되는 방법은, 다른 14 15 설명했다. MDA의 GC / MS 기반 부량는 Paroni 외에서 적응했다. 그리고 Cighetti 외. 16, 17. 크산텐 산화 효소 활동이 isoxanthopterin 18 pterin의 전환 quantifying하여 HPLC로 측정되었다. 이러한 접근 방식은 충분히 민감하고 재현할 수이었다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia at JoVE.com

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

방법은 hypoxia - 국소 빈혈 신생아의 생화 학적 마커를 측정하는 설명되어 있습니다. 접근 방식은 고압 액체 크로마 토그래피 (HPLC)와 가스 크로마 토그래피 질량 분석계 (GC / MS)를 사용합니다.

신생아 Hypoxia의 생화 학적 측정

Neonatal hypoxia ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood perfusion of a tissue or a systemic lack of oxygen. This condition is thought to ...

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14.0K 조회수.  Loma Linda University. 방법은 hypoxia - 국소 빈혈 신생아의 생화 학적 마커를 측정하는 설명되어 있습니다. 접근 방식은 고압 액체 크로마 토그래피 (HPLC)와 가스 크로마 토그래피 질량 분석계 (GC / MS)를 사용합니다.

비디오: Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Annually more than 1 million neonates die worldwide as related to asphyxia. Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure including hypotension, perfusion deficit, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, pulmonary hypertension, vasculopathic enterocolitis, renal failure and thrombo-embolic complications. Animal models are developed to help us understand the patho-physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. In comparison to rodents and newborn lambs, the newborn piglet has been proven to be a valuable model. The newborn piglet has several advantages including similar development as that of 36-38 weeks human fetus with comparable body systems, large body size (&tilde;1.5-2 kg at birth) that allows the instrumentation and monitoring of the animal and controls the confounding variables of hypoxia and hemodynamic derangements.
We here describe an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia and allow us to examine the systemic and regional hemodynamic changes during the asphyxiating and reoxygenation process as well as the respective effects of interventions. Further, the model has the advantage of studying multi-organ failure or dysfunction simultaneously and the interaction with various body systems. The experimental model is a non-survival procedure that involves the surgical instrumentation of newborn piglets (1-3 day-old and 1.5-2.5 kg weight, mixed breed) to allow the establishment of mechanical ventilation, vascular (arterial and central venous) access and the placement of catheters and flow probes (Transonic Inc.) for the continuously monitoring of intra-vascular pressure and blood flow across different arteries including main pulmonary, common carotid, superior mesenteric and left renal arteries. Using these surgically instrumented piglets, after stabilization for 30-60 minutes as defined by Z&lt;10% variation in hemodynamic parameters and normal blood gases, we commence an experimental protocol of severe hypoxemia which is induced via normocapnic alveolar hypoxia. The piglet is ventilated with 10-15% oxygen by increasing the inhaled concentration of nitrogen gas for 2h, aiming for arterial oxygen saturations of 30-40%. This degree of hypoxemia will produce clinical asphyxia with severe metabolic acidosis, systemic hypotension and cardiogenic shock with hypoperfusion to vital organs. The hypoxia is followed by reoxygenation with 100% oxygen for 0.5h and then 21% oxygen for 3.5h. Pharmacologic interventions can be introduced in due course and their effects investigated in a blinded, block-randomized fashion.

Large animal models have good translational values in the examination of physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. Using newborn piglets, we develop an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia which has advantages of studying the systemic and regional hemodynamics, oxygen transport with biochemical and pathologic pathways and correlations.

신생아 질식의 돼지 모델

Annually more than 1 million neonates die worldwide as related to asphyxia. Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure including hypotension, ...

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Mouse Model of Intraluminal MCAO: Cerebral Infarct Evaluation by Cresyl Violet Staining

Stroke is the third cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability in the World. Ischemic stroke accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. However, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only treatment of acute ischemic stroke that exists. This led researchers to develop several ischemic stroke models in a variety of species. Two major types of rodent models have been developed: models of global cerebral ischemia or focal cerebral ischemia. To mimic ischemic stroke in patients, in whom approximately 80% thrombotic or embolic strokes occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is quite relevant for stroke studies. This model was first developed in rats by Koizumi et al. in 1986 1. Because of the ease of genetic manipulation in mice, these models have also been developed in this species 2-3.
	Herein, we present the transient MCA occlusion procedure in C57/Bl6 mice. Previous studies have reported that physical properties of the occluder such as tip diameter, length, shape, and flexibility are critical for the reproducibility of the infarct volume 4. Herein, a commercial silicon coated monofilaments (Doccol Corporation) have been used. Another great advantage is that this monofilament reduces the risk to induce subarachnoid hemorrhages. Using the Zeiss stereo-microscope Stemi 2000, the silicon coated monofilament was introduced into the internal carotid artery (ICA) via a cut in the external carotid artery (ECA) until the monofilament occludes the base of the MCA. Blood flow was restored 1 hour later by removal of the monofilament to mimic the restoration of blood flow after lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans. The extent of cerebral infarct may be evaluated first by a neurologic score and by the measurement of the infarct volume. Ischemic mice were thus analyzed for their neurologic score at different post-reperfusion times. To evaluate the infarct volume, staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was usually performed. Herein, we used cresyl violet staining since it offers the opportunity to test many critical markers by immunohistochemistry. In this video, we report the MCAO procedure; neurological scores and the evaluation of the infarct volume by cresyl violet staining.

The intraluminal middle cerebral occlusion model in mice is herein presented. The extent of cerebral infarct is evaluated by a neurologic score and cresyl violet staining, an alternative staining to TTC, offering the great advantage to test in parallel many interest markers.

Intraluminal MCAO의 마우스 모델 : Cresyl 보라 착색에 의한 뇌 경색 평가

Stroke is the third  cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability in the World. Ischemic  stroke accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. ...

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

유아의 뇌 신진 대사와 혈류 역학의 비 침습적 광학 측정

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure biochemical inflammatory and nociceptive mediators at the surgical wound site. Collecting site-specific biochemical markers is important to understand the relationship between levels in serum and surgical wound, determine any associations between mediator release, pain, analgesic use and other outcomes of interest, and evaluate the effect of systemic and peripheral drug administration on surgical wound biochemistry. This methodology has been applied to healthy women undergoing elective cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. We have measured wound exudate and serum mediators at the same time intervals as patient's pain scores and analgesics consumption for up to 48 hours post-cesarean delivery. Using this methodology we have been able to detect various biochemical mediators including nerve growth factor (NGF), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) substance P, IL-1&#x03B2;, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNF&alpha;, INF&#x03B3;, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and MIP-1&#x03B2;. Studies applying this human surgical wound bioassay have found no correlations between wound and serum cytokine concentrations or their time-release profile (J Pain. 2008; 9(7):650-7).1 We also documented the utility of the technique to identify drug-mediated changes in wound cytokine content (Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1452-9).2

This article provides a detailed and visual description of a methodology for collecting and measuring biochemical inflammatory and nociceptive mediators at the surgical wound site following cesarean delivery. This human bioassay has been used to determine correlations between wound and serum cytokine concentrations and drug-mediated changes in wound cytokines, chemokines and neuropetides.

수술 상처에 상처 Exudate 생물 화학 중재자를 수집하고 측정

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure biochemical inflammatory and nociceptive mediators at the surgical wound site. ...

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease and injury regional estimates, World Health Organization, 2004). Surgeries that often compromise the quality of life are required to correct heart defects, reminding us of the importance of finding the causes of CHD. Mutant mouse models and live imaging technology have become essential tools to study the etiology of this disease. Although advanced methods allow live imaging of abnormal hearts in embryos, the physiological and hemodynamic states of the latter are often compromised due to surgical and/or lengthy procedures. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging, however, can be used without surgically exposing the embryos, thereby maintaining their physiology. Herein, we use simple M-mode ultrasound to assess heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero. The detection of abnormal heart rates is indeed a good indicator of dysfunction of the heart and thus constitutes a first step in the identification of developmental defects that may lead to heart failure.

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Ultra-high frequency ultrasound is a powerful live imaging tool to examine cardiac abnormalities in small animals. Its noninvasiveness allows maintaining the physiologic state of embryos. Herein, we show the use of M-mode ultrasound to measure the heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero.

비 침습 M-모드 초음파 심장 검진 법에 의한 마우스의 심장 박동의 자궁 측정

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease ...

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the world&#8217;s 2.9 million neonatal deaths. Animal models of HIE have contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology in HIE, and have highlighted the dynamic process that occur in brain injury due to perinatal asphyxia. Thus, animal studies have suggested a time-window for post-insult treatment strategies. Hypothermia has been tested as a treatment for HIE in pdiglet models and subsequently proven effective in clinical trials. Variations of the model have been applied in the study of adjunctive neuroprotective methods and piglet studies of xenon and melatonin have led to clinical phase I and II trials1,2. The piglet HIE model is further used for neonatal resuscitation- and hemodynamic studies as well as in investigations of cerebral hypoxia on a cellular level. However, it is a technically challenging model and variations in the protocol may result in either too mild or too severe brain injury. In this article, we demonstrate the technical procedures necessary for establishing a stable piglet model of neonatal HIE. First, the newborn piglet (&#60; 24 hr old, median weight 1500 g) is anesthetized, intubated, and monitored in a setup comparable to that found in a neonatal intensive care unit. Global hypoxia-ischemia is induced by lowering the inspiratory oxygen fraction to achieve global hypoxia, ischemia through hypotension and a flat trace amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) indicative of cerebral hypoxia. Survival is promoted by adjusting oxygenation according to the aEEG response and blood pressure. Brain injury is quantified by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging after 72 hr.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia can be studied using animal models. We demonstrate the procedures necessary for establishing a piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

신생아 저산소 - 허혈성 뇌증의 돼지 모델

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

마우스 대뇌 저산소증 - 허혈 동안 동시 PET / MRI 영상

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

과도 대뇌 저산소증 - 허혈을 기반으로 혈전 성 뇌졸중 모델

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

신생아 마우스 척수 압축 부상 모델

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to hypoxia sensitive organs such as the brain, compensatory circulatory mechanisms help to maintain an adequate oxygen supply. This is mainly achieved by increased cerebral blood flow. Intermittent hypoxia is a commonly seen phenomenon in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Acute airway obstruction can also result in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Until now, no adequate model has been established to simulate these dynamics in humans. Previous investigations focusing on human hypoxia used inhaled hypoxic gas mixtures. However, the resulting hypoxia was combined with hyperventilation and is therefore more representative of high altitude environments than of apnea. Furthermore, the transferability of previously performed animal experiments to humans is limited and the pathophysiological background of apnea induced physiological changes is poorly understood. In this study, healthy human apneic divers were utilized to mimic clinically relevant hypoxia and hypercapnia during apnea. Additionally, pulse-oximetry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to evaluate changes in cerebral and peripheral oxygen saturation before, during, and after apnea.

Hypoxia simulation in humans has usually been performed by inhaling hypoxic gas mixtures. For this study, apneic divers were used to simulate dynamic hypoxia in humans. Additionally, physiological changes in desaturation and re-saturation kinetics were evaluated with non-invasive tools such as Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS) and peripheral oxygenation saturation (SpO2).

A 모델은 인간의 임상 관련 저산소증을 시뮬레이션하기

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to ...