우리는 Trichopria drosophilae, 유전자 변형 뜬 종자를위한 교수 토니의 IP, 그리고 안티 Spätzle 항체에 대해 교수 칼 하시 모토위한 교수 토드 Schlenke에 감사를드립니다. 이 프레 젠 테이션에 대한 그들의 공헌에 대한 연구소의 현재와 과거 회원을 감사드립니다. NIH (S06 GM08168, 대두 41399-009, 그리고 G12-RR03060), USDA (NRI / USDA CSREES 2006-03817하고 2009-35302-05277) 및 PSC-CUNY에서이 작품은 다음과 같은 보조금에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Schlenke, T. A., Morales, J., Govind, S., Clark, A. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+"lower"+organisms:+what+worms,+flies,+and+zebrafish+can+teach+us+about+human+energy+metabolism.">Lessons from "lower" organisms: what worms, flies, and zebrafish can teach us about human energy metabolism.</a> PLoS Genet. 3, e199 (2007).</li><li>Ferrandon, D., Jung, A. C., Criqui, M., Lemaitre, B., Uttenweiler-Joseph, S., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J., Hoffmann, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+drosomycin-GFP+reporter+transgene+reveals+a+local+immune+response+in+Drosophila+that+is+not+dependent+on+the+Toll+pathway.">A drosomycin-GFP reporter transgene reveals a local immune response in Drosophila that is not dependent on the Toll pathway.</a> EMBO J. 17, 1217-1227 (1998).</li><li>Bruckner, K., Kockel, L., Duchek, P., Luque, C. M., Rorth, P., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+PDGF/VEGF+receptor+controls+blood+cell+survival+in+Drosophila.">The PDGF/VEGF receptor controls blood cell survival in Drosophila.</a> Dev. Cell. 7, 73-84 (2004).</li><li>Tokusumi, T., Shoue, D. A., Tokusumi, Y., Stoller, J. R., Schulz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+hemocyte-specific+enhancer-reporter+transgenes+for+the+analysis+of+hematopoiesis+in+Drosophila.">New hemocyte-specific enhancer-reporter transgenes for the analysis of hematopoiesis in Drosophila.</a> Genesis. 47, 771-774 (2009).</li><li>Tokusumi, T., Sorrentino, R. P., Russell, M., Ferrarese, R., Govind, S., Schulz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+lamellocyte+transcriptional+enhancer+located+within+the+misshapen+gene+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Characterization of a lamellocyte transcriptional enhancer located within the misshapen gene of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6429 (2009).</li><li>Morales, J., Chiu, H., Oo, T., Plaza, R., Hoskins, S., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis,+structure,+and+immune-suppressive+effects+of+virus-like+particles+of+a+Drosophila+parasitoid,+Leptopilina+victoriae.">Biogenesis, structure, and immune-suppressive effects of virus-like particles of a Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina victoriae.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 51, 181-195 (2005).</li><li>Bettencourt, R., Asha, H., Dearolf, C., Ip, Y. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemolymph-dependent+and+-independent+responses+in+Drosophila+immune+tissue.">Hemolymph-dependent and -independent responses in Drosophila immune tissue.</a> J. Cell Biochem. 92, 849-863 (2004).</li><li>Melk, J. P., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+analysis+of+Ganaspis+xanthopoda,+a+larval+parasitoid+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Developmental analysis of Ganaspis xanthopoda, a larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1885-1896 (1999).</li></ol>

관심의 어떠한 충돌 선언 없습니다.

Drosophila의 기생 말벌에 대한 관심은 전체 genomes를 해독하기위한 분자 기술은 효율적이고 비용 효과가로 서징있다. 그러나 그들의 매우 잘 공부 호스트에 상대적으로, 말벌 생물학의 많은 매혹적인 측면이 모호한 상태로 유지됩니다. 이러한 범위, 면역 억제, superparasitism, 그리고 행동을 호스팅과 관련된 문제가 포함됩니다. 이 프레 젠 테이션의 초점은 파리의 면역 조직에서 감염의 효과를 ?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 자료 </td><td> 유형 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td></tr><tr><td> 곤충의 문화 유지를위한 자료 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 누룩 </td><td> 활성 건조 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> S802453 </td></tr><tr><td> 음식 들아 </td><td> 옥수수 식사, 설탕 </td><td></td><td> 표준 제조법 </td></tr><tr><td> 꿀 </td><td> 클로버 </td><td> 네덜란드 골드 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 튜브 </td><td> 폴리 프로필렌 셸 튜브 (좁은) </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> AS514 </td></tr><tr><td> 유리병에 폐쇄 </td><td> 코튼 플러그 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> AS212 </td></tr><tr><td> 유리병에 폐쇄 </td><td> 버즈 플러그 </td><tD&gt; Genesee 과학 </td><td> AS273 </td></tr><tr><td> 냉장 인큐베이터 </td><td> 정밀 815 </td><td> 써모 과학 </td><td> 3721 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 샘플 준비를위한 자료 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CO 2 탱크 </td><td> 뼈 건조 학년 </td><td> TW 스미스 </td><td> UN1013 </td></tr><tr><td> 주걱 </td><td> 마이크로 주걱 (14 ㎝) </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 21-401-15 </td></tr><tr><td> Pyrex 명소 테스트 플레이트 </td><td> 9 - 잘 해부 판 85mm X 100mm </td><td> 토마스 과학 </td><td> 7812G17 </td></tr><tr><td> 파스퇴르 Pipettes </td><td> 소다 석회 </td><td> J &amp; H Berge </td><td> 71-5200-05 </td></tr><tr><td> 집게 </td><td> 스타일 # 5 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> T-4662 </td></tr><tr><td> 에탄올 </td><td> 190 증거의 USP </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 04-355-221 </td></tr><tr><td> 포름 알데히드 </td><td> 37% W / w </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> F79-1 </td></tr><tr><td> 이차 항체 Cy3 AffiniPure 당나귀 안티 토끼 IgG (H + L) </td><td> 1시 50분 여진 546 nm의; 배출 565 nm의 </td><td> 잭슨 Immuno 리서치 연구소 주식 회사 </td><td> 711-165-152 </td></tr><tr><td> Antifade (N-프로필 gallate) </td><td> 1X PBS에 50 % 글리세롤 4 μg / ML </td><td> MP의 Biomedicals </td><td> 10274790 </td></tr><tr><td> 글리세린 </td><td></td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> G33-1 </td></tr><tr><td> Hoechst 33258 </td><td> 0.2 μg / ML 여기 352 nm의; 배출 461 nm의 </td><td> 분자 프로브 </td><td> H-1398 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhodamine phalloidin </td><td> 200 개가 / ML (6.6μm의) 여진 540 nm의; 배출 565 nm의 </td><td> 분자 프로브 </td><td> R415 </td></tr><tr><td> 알렉사 형석 488 phalloidin </td><td> 300 단위 / ML 여기 495 nm의; 배출 518 nm의 </td><td> 분자 프로브 </td><td> A12379 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Disposables </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 병을 씻으십시오 </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 03-409-22A </td></tr><tr><td> Kimwipes </td><td> 킴벌리 클라크 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 06-666A </td></tr><tr><td> 종이 타월 </td><td> 하나 플라이 C-공간 </td><td> 깃 </td><td> 901-7CFTB2400 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 현미경 사용법 </td><td> 및nbsp; </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Leica의 stereomicroscope </td><td> MZFLIII </td><td> 제국 이미징 시스템즈 </td><td> 10446208 </td></tr><tr><td> 자이스 혈구 Stereomicroscope </td><td> Stemi 1000 또는 2000-C </td><td> 칼 자이스 혈구 </td><td> 000000-1006-126 </td></tr><tr><td> 광원 - LED </td><td> 거위 목처럼 생긴 것의 조명기 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 12563501 </td></tr><tr><td> 무대 </td><td> 플레이트로 전송 라이트 박스 </td><td> 칼 자이스 혈구 </td><td> 455,137,000 </td></tr><tr><td> 자이스 혈구 레이저 공촛점 현미경 스캐닝 </td><td> LSM 510 </td><td> 칼 자이스 혈구 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 자이스 혈구 복합 현미경 </td><td> 직립 Axioplan이 </td><td> 칼 자이스 혈구 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 말벌의 변종 </td><td> 스트레인 날기의 </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina victoriae 16 </td><td> yw </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina boulardi 17 1 </td><td> UAS-GFP-지느러미 17 </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina heterotoma이 </td><td> SerpentHemoGal4 13 </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina heterotoma 14 1 </td><td> MSNF9-moCherry 14 </td></tr><tr><td> Trichopria drosophilae </td><td> MSNF-GFP 15 </td></tr><tr><td> Ganaspis xanthopoda 18 </td><td> yw 뱀의-Gal4 UAS GFP-Dorsal/Basc 4 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> yw; Drosomycin-GFP/CyO Y + 12 </td></tr></tbody></table>

an introduction to parasitic wasps of drosophila and the antiparasite immune response

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. 1A-C), females of the genus Leptopilina (Fig. 1D, 1F, 1G) and Ganaspis (Fig. 1E) attack the larval stages. We use these parasites to study the molecular basis of a biological arms race. Parasitic wasps have tremendous value as biocontrol agents. Most of them carry virulence and other factors that modify host physiology and immunity. Analysis of Drosophila wasps is providing insights into how species-specific interactions shape the genetic structures of natural communities. These studies also serve as a model for understanding the hosts' immune physiology and how coordinated immune reactions are thwarted by this class of parasites.
The larval/pupal cuticle serves as the first line of defense. The wasp ovipositor is a sharp needle-like structure that efficiently delivers eggs into the host hemocoel. Oviposition is followed by a wound healing reaction at the cuticle (Fig. 1C, arrowheads). Some wasps can insert two or more eggs into the same host, although the development of only one egg succeeds. Supernumerary eggs or developing larvae are eliminated by a process that is not yet understood. These wasps are therefore referred to as solitary parasitoids.
Depending on the fly strain and the wasp species, the wasp egg has one of two fates. It is either encapsulated, so that its development is blocked (host emerges; Fig. 2 left); or the wasp egg hatches, develops, molts, and grows into an adult (wasp emerges; Fig. 2 right). L. heterotoma is one of the best-studied species of Drosophila parasitic wasps. It is a "generalist," which means that it can utilize most Drosophila species as hosts1. L. heterotoma and L. victoriae are sister species and they produce virus-like particles that actively interfere with the encapsulation response2. Unlike L. heterotoma, L. boulardi is a specialist parasite and the range of Drosophila species it utilizes is relatively limited1. Strains of L. boulardi also produce virus-like particles3 although they differ significantly in their ability to succeed on D. melanogaster1. Some of these L. boulardi strains are difficult to grow on D. melanogaster1 as the fly host frequently succeeds in encapsulating their eggs. Thus, it is important to have the knowledge of both partners in specific experimental protocols.
In addition to barrier tissues (cuticle, gut and trachea), Drosophila larvae have systemic cellular and humoral immune responses that arise from functions of blood cells and the fat body, respectively. Oviposition by L. boulardi activates both immune arms1,4. Blood cells are found in circulation, in sessile populations under the segmented cuticle, and in the lymph gland. The lymph gland is a small hematopoietic organ on the dorsal side of the larva. Clusters of hematopoietic cells, called lobes, are arranged segmentally in pairs along the dorsal vessel that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal (Fig. 3A). The fat body is a large multifunctional organ (Fig. 3B). It secretes antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial and metazoan infections.
Wasp infection activates immune signaling (Fig. 4)4. At the cellular level, it triggers division and differentiation of blood cells. In self defense, aggregates and capsules develop in the hemocoel of infected animals (Fig. 5)5,6. Activated blood cells migrate toward the wasp egg (or wasp larva) and begin to form a capsule around it (Fig. 5A-F). Some blood cells aggregate to form nodules (Fig. 5G-H). Careful analysis reveals that wasp infection induces the anterior-most lymph gland lobes to disperse at their peripheries (Fig. 6C, D).
We present representative data with Toll signal transduction pathway components Dorsal and Sp&auml;tzle (Figs. 4,5,7), and its target Drosomycin (Fig. 6), to illustrate how specific changes in the lymph gland and hemocoel can be studied after wasp infection. The dissection protocols described here also yield the wasp eggs (or developing stages of wasps) from the host hemolymph (Fig. 8).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response at JoVE.com

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Parasitoid (기생) 말벌을 포함한 여러 곤충들의 천적의 주요 클래스를 구성<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt;. 우리는 이러한 기생충을 전파하는 기법을 소개합니다<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; SPP. 과 면역 조직에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 방법을 보여줍니다<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 애벌레.

의 기생충 말벌에 대한 소개<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 그리고 Antiparasite 면역 반응

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

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Immunology and Infection

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

18.4K 조회수.  The City College of New York, CUNY. Parasitoid (기생) 말벌을 포함한 여러 곤충들의 천적의 주요 클래스를 구성 Drosophila melanogaster. 우리는 이러한 기생충을 전파하는 기법을 소개합니다 Drosophila SPP. 과 면역 조직에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 방법을 보여줍니다 Drosophila 애벌레.