Biz Trichopria drosophilae, transgenik sinek suşları için Prof Tony Ip, ve anti-; pestolu spatzlé antikorları Prof Carl Hashimoto için Prof Todd Schlenke minnettarız. Biz Bu tanıtımı katkıları için laboratuar şimdiki ve geçmiş üyeleri teşekkür ederiz. NIH (S06 GM08168, RISE 41.399-009 ve G12-RR03060), USDA (NRI / USDA CSREES 2.006-03.817 ve 2009-35302-05277) ve PSC-CUNY sahibi: Bu çalışma aşağıdaki bağışları ile desteklenmiştir.

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrasting+infection+strategies+in+generalist+and+specialist+wasp+parasitoids+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Contrasting infection strategies in generalist and specialist wasp parasitoids of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS Pathog. 3, 1486-1501 (2007).</li><li>Chiu, H., Morales, J., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+immuno-electron+microscopy+localization+of+p40,+a+protein+component+of+immunosuppressive+virus-like+particles+from+Leptopilina+heterotoma,+a+virulent+parasitoid+wasp+of+Drosophila.">Identification and immuno-electron microscopy localization of p40, a protein component of immunosuppressive virus-like particles from Leptopilina heterotoma, a virulent parasitoid wasp of Drosophila.</a> J. Gen. 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P., Carton, Y., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+immune+response+to+parasite+infection+in+the+Drosophila+lymph+gland+is+developmentally+regulated.">Cellular immune response to parasite infection in the Drosophila lymph gland is developmentally regulated.</a> Dev. Biol. , 243-265 (2002).</li><li>Sorrentino, R. P., Melk, J. P., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+contributions+of+dorsal+group+and+JAK-Stat92E+pathway+genes+to+larval+hemocyte+concentration+and+the+egg+encapsulation+response+in+Drosophila.">Genetic analysis of contributions of dorsal group and JAK-Stat92E pathway genes to larval hemocyte concentration and the egg encapsulation response in Drosophila.</a> Genetics. 166, 1343-1356 (2004).</li><li>Jung, S. H., Evans, C. J., Uemura, C., Banerjee, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+lymph+gland+as+a+developmental+model+of+hematopoiesis.">The Drosophila lymph gland as a developmental model of hematopoiesis.</a> Development. 132, 2521-2533 (2005).</li><li>Krzemien, J., Crozatier, M., Vincent, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ontogeny+of+the+Drosophila+larval+hematopoietic+organ,+hemocyte+homeostasis+and+the+dedicated+cellular+immune+response+to+parasitism.">Ontogeny of the Drosophila larval hematopoietic organ, hemocyte homeostasis and the dedicated cellular immune response to parasitism.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54, 1117-1125 (2010).</li><li>Martinez-Agosto, J. A., Mikkola, H. K., Hartenstein, V., Banerjee, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hematopoietic+stem+cell+and+its+niche:+a+comparative+view.">The hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative view.</a> Genes Dev. 21, 3044-3060 (2007).</li><li>Lemaitre, B., Hoffmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+host+defense+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 697-743 (2007).</li><li>Schlegel, A., Stainier, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+"lower"+organisms:+what+worms,+flies,+and+zebrafish+can+teach+us+about+human+energy+metabolism.">Lessons from "lower" organisms: what worms, flies, and zebrafish can teach us about human energy metabolism.</a> PLoS Genet. 3, e199 (2007).</li><li>Ferrandon, D., Jung, A. C., Criqui, M., Lemaitre, B., Uttenweiler-Joseph, S., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J., Hoffmann, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+drosomycin-GFP+reporter+transgene+reveals+a+local+immune+response+in+Drosophila+that+is+not+dependent+on+the+Toll+pathway.">A drosomycin-GFP reporter transgene reveals a local immune response in Drosophila that is not dependent on the Toll pathway.</a> EMBO J. 17, 1217-1227 (1998).</li><li>Bruckner, K., Kockel, L., Duchek, P., Luque, C. M., Rorth, P., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+PDGF/VEGF+receptor+controls+blood+cell+survival+in+Drosophila.">The PDGF/VEGF receptor controls blood cell survival in Drosophila.</a> Dev. Cell. 7, 73-84 (2004).</li><li>Tokusumi, T., Shoue, D. A., Tokusumi, Y., Stoller, J. R., Schulz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+hemocyte-specific+enhancer-reporter+transgenes+for+the+analysis+of+hematopoiesis+in+Drosophila.">New hemocyte-specific enhancer-reporter transgenes for the analysis of hematopoiesis in Drosophila.</a> Genesis. 47, 771-774 (2009).</li><li>Tokusumi, T., Sorrentino, R. P., Russell, M., Ferrarese, R., Govind, S., Schulz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+lamellocyte+transcriptional+enhancer+located+within+the+misshapen+gene+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Characterization of a lamellocyte transcriptional enhancer located within the misshapen gene of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6429 (2009).</li><li>Morales, J., Chiu, H., Oo, T., Plaza, R., Hoskins, S., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis,+structure,+and+immune-suppressive+effects+of+virus-like+particles+of+a+Drosophila+parasitoid,+Leptopilina+victoriae.">Biogenesis, structure, and immune-suppressive effects of virus-like particles of a Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina victoriae.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 51, 181-195 (2005).</li><li>Bettencourt, R., Asha, H., Dearolf, C., Ip, Y. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemolymph-dependent+and+-independent+responses+in+Drosophila+immune+tissue.">Hemolymph-dependent and -independent responses in Drosophila immune tissue.</a> J. Cell Biochem. 92, 849-863 (2004).</li><li>Melk, J. P., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+analysis+of+Ganaspis+xanthopoda,+a+larval+parasitoid+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Developmental analysis of Ganaspis xanthopoda, a larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1885-1896 (1999).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Drosophila parazitik yabanarısı Faiz tüm genom çözmek için moleküler teknikler verimli ve maliyet-etkin hale kabaran edilir. Ancak, son derece iyi çalışılmış hosts göre, yaban arısı biyoloji pek çok büyüleyici özelliği belirsiz kalır. Bu aralık, bağışıklık bastırma, süperparazitizm ve davranışlarını ev sahipliği ile ilgili konuları içerir. Bu sunumun odak sinek bağışıklık dokularda enfeksiyon etkileri göstermekti. Burada gösterildiği Diseksiyon teknikleri RNA düzeyi...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Malzemeler </td><td> Tip </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td></tr><tr><td> Böcek kültür bakımı için malzemeler </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maya </td><td> Aktif kuru </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> S802453 </td></tr><tr><td> Gıda Fly </td><td> Mısır unu, şeker </td><td></td><td> Standart tarifi </td></tr><tr><td> Bal </td><td> Yonca </td><td> Hollandalı Altın </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Flakon </td><td> Polipropilen shell flakon (dar) </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> AS514 </td></tr><tr><td> Flakon kapanışları </td><td> Pamuk fişi </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> AS212 </td></tr><tr><td> Flakon kapanışları </td><td> Buzz eklentisi </td><td&gt; Genesee Bilimsel </td><td> AS273 </td></tr><tr><td> Soğutmalı inkübatör </td><td> Hassas 815 </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> 3721 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Numune hazırlama için malzemeler </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CO 2 tankı </td><td> Kemik kuru notu </td><td> TW Smith </td><td> UN1013 </td></tr><tr><td> Spatula </td><td> Mikro spatula (14 cm) </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 21-401-15 </td></tr><tr><td> Pyrex spot test plakaları </td><td> 9-iyi diseksiyon plakası 85 mm X 100 mm </td><td> Thomas Bilimsel </td><td> 7812G17 </td></tr><tr><td> Pasteur Pipetler </td><td> Soda kireç </td><td> J &amp; H Berge </td><td> 71-5200-05 </td></tr><tr><td> Forseps </td><td> Stil # 5 </td><td> Sigma </td><td> T-4662 </td></tr><tr><td> Etanol </td><td> 190 kanıtı USP </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 04-355-221 </td></tr><tr><td> Formaldehit </td><td> % 37 w / w </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> F79-1 </td></tr><tr><td> Sekonder antikor Cy3 AffiniPure eşek anti-tavşan IgG (H + L) </td><td> 01:50 Uyarma 546 nm; Emisyon 565 nm </td><td> Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, Inc </td><td> 711-165-152 </td></tr><tr><td> Antifade (N-propil gallat) </td><td> 1X PBS içinde% 50 gliserol içinde 4 mg / ml </td><td> MP Biomedicals </td><td> 10274790 </td></tr><tr><td> Gliserin </td><td></td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> G33-1 </td></tr><tr><td> Hoechst 33.258 </td><td> 0.2 mg / ml Uyarma 352 nm; Emisyon 461 nm </td><td> Molecular Probes </td><td> H-1398 </td></tr><tr><td> Rodamin Phalloidin </td><td> 200 adet / ml (6.6uM) Uyarma 540 nm; Emisyon 565 nm </td><td> Molecular Probes </td><td> R415 </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin </td><td> 300 adet / ml Uyarma 495 nm; Emisyon 518 nm </td><td> Molecular Probes </td><td> A12379 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sarf </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Şişe yıkayın </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 03-409-22A </td></tr><tr><td> Kimwipes </td><td> Kimberly Clark </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 06-666A </td></tr><tr><td> Kağıt Havlu </td><td> 1 kat C-Fold </td><td> Mızrap </td><td> 901-7CFTB2400 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mikroskopi </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Leica stereomikroskop </td><td> MZFLIII </td><td> Empire Imaging Systems, Inc </td><td> 10446208 </td></tr><tr><td> Zeiss stereomikroskop </td><td> STEMI 1000 veya 2000-C </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td> 000000-1006-126 </td></tr><tr><td> Işık Kaynağı - LED </td><td> Gooseneck aydınlatıcı </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 12563501 </td></tr><tr><td> Sahne </td><td> Plaka ile iletilen ışık kutusu </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td> 455137000 </td></tr><tr><td> Zeiss lazer konfokal mikroskop tarama </td><td> EKK 510 </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zeiss bileşik mikroskop </td><td> Dik Axioplan 2 </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Wasp Suşları </td><td> Gerinme Flys </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina victoriae 16 </td><td> yw </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina boulardi 17 1 </td><td> UAS-GFP-Dorsal 17 </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina heterotoma 2 </td><td> SerpentHemoGal4 13 </td></tr><tr><td> Leptopilina heterotoma 14 1 </td><td> MSNF9-moCherry 14 </td></tr><tr><td> Trichopria drosophilae </td><td> MSNF-GFP 15 </td></tr><tr><td> Ganaspis xanthopoda 18 </td><td> yw Serpent-gal4 UAS GFP-Dorsal/Basc 4 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> yw; Drosomycin-GFP/CyO y + 12 </td></tr></tbody></table>

an introduction to parasitic wasps of drosophila and the antiparasite immune response

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. 1A-C), females of the genus Leptopilina (Fig. 1D, 1F, 1G) and Ganaspis (Fig. 1E) attack the larval stages. We use these parasites to study the molecular basis of a biological arms race. Parasitic wasps have tremendous value as biocontrol agents. Most of them carry virulence and other factors that modify host physiology and immunity. Analysis of Drosophila wasps is providing insights into how species-specific interactions shape the genetic structures of natural communities. These studies also serve as a model for understanding the hosts' immune physiology and how coordinated immune reactions are thwarted by this class of parasites.
The larval/pupal cuticle serves as the first line of defense. The wasp ovipositor is a sharp needle-like structure that efficiently delivers eggs into the host hemocoel. Oviposition is followed by a wound healing reaction at the cuticle (Fig. 1C, arrowheads). Some wasps can insert two or more eggs into the same host, although the development of only one egg succeeds. Supernumerary eggs or developing larvae are eliminated by a process that is not yet understood. These wasps are therefore referred to as solitary parasitoids.
Depending on the fly strain and the wasp species, the wasp egg has one of two fates. It is either encapsulated, so that its development is blocked (host emerges; Fig. 2 left); or the wasp egg hatches, develops, molts, and grows into an adult (wasp emerges; Fig. 2 right). L. heterotoma is one of the best-studied species of Drosophila parasitic wasps. It is a "generalist," which means that it can utilize most Drosophila species as hosts1. L. heterotoma and L. victoriae are sister species and they produce virus-like particles that actively interfere with the encapsulation response2. Unlike L. heterotoma, L. boulardi is a specialist parasite and the range of Drosophila species it utilizes is relatively limited1. Strains of L. boulardi also produce virus-like particles3 although they differ significantly in their ability to succeed on D. melanogaster1. Some of these L. boulardi strains are difficult to grow on D. melanogaster1 as the fly host frequently succeeds in encapsulating their eggs. Thus, it is important to have the knowledge of both partners in specific experimental protocols.
In addition to barrier tissues (cuticle, gut and trachea), Drosophila larvae have systemic cellular and humoral immune responses that arise from functions of blood cells and the fat body, respectively. Oviposition by L. boulardi activates both immune arms1,4. Blood cells are found in circulation, in sessile populations under the segmented cuticle, and in the lymph gland. The lymph gland is a small hematopoietic organ on the dorsal side of the larva. Clusters of hematopoietic cells, called lobes, are arranged segmentally in pairs along the dorsal vessel that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal (Fig. 3A). The fat body is a large multifunctional organ (Fig. 3B). It secretes antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial and metazoan infections.
Wasp infection activates immune signaling (Fig. 4)4. At the cellular level, it triggers division and differentiation of blood cells. In self defense, aggregates and capsules develop in the hemocoel of infected animals (Fig. 5)5,6. Activated blood cells migrate toward the wasp egg (or wasp larva) and begin to form a capsule around it (Fig. 5A-F). Some blood cells aggregate to form nodules (Fig. 5G-H). Careful analysis reveals that wasp infection induces the anterior-most lymph gland lobes to disperse at their peripheries (Fig. 6C, D).
We present representative data with Toll signal transduction pathway components Dorsal and Sp&auml;tzle (Figs. 4,5,7), and its target Drosomycin (Fig. 6), to illustrate how specific changes in the lymph gland and hemocoel can be studied after wasp infection. The dissection protocols described here also yield the wasp eggs (or developing stages of wasps) from the host hemolymph (Fig. 8).

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An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Parazitoit (asalak) arılar dahil olmak üzere birçok böceklerin doğal düşmanları önemli bir sınıfını teşkil<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt;. Biz bu parazitleri yaymak için teknikler tanıtacak<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Spp. ve bağışıklık dokular üzerindeki etkileri analiz nasıl gösterilmektedir<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva.

Paraziter Eşek Arıları Bir Giriş<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Ve antiparaziter İmmün Yanıt

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

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Immunology and Infection

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

18.4K Görüntüleme.  The City College of New York, CUNY. Parazitoit (asalak) arılar dahil olmak üzere birçok böceklerin doğal düşmanları önemli bir sınıfını teşkil Drosophila melanogaster. Biz bu parazitleri yaymak için teknikler tanıtacak Drosophila Spp. ve bağışıklık dokular üzerindeki etkileri analiz nasıl gösterilmektedir Drosophila Larva.