우리의 작품은 미국 심장 협회 (대동 동남 제휴) 초급 - 보조금의 0765185B, 엘사 미 Pardee 재단 연구 기금, 그리고 웨인 주립 대학교 교내 시동 펀드, 심장 혈관 연구소 이시스 전략 어워드에서 교부금에 의해 지원되었습니다. 체외 CFTR의 macromolecular 복합 어셈블리에서이 방법은 원래 박사는 AP 통신 Naren (테네시 보건 과학 센터의 대학)에 의해 개척되었다.

1. 박테리아의 재조합 태그 퓨전 단백질의 표현과 정제 <ol><li> CFTR, LPA 2, MRP2, MRP4, β 2 AR, 그리고 NHERFs (전체 길이 또는 PDZ1 또는 PDZ2 도메인을위한 C-꼬리 (C-말단에 PDZ 모티프를 포함하는 마지막 50-100 아미노산)의 정의 영역을 확대 ) PCR 방식에 의한. </li><li> GST-융합 단백질에 대한 pGEX4T-1 벡터 (예 : GST-NHERFs, GST-MRP4 중부 표준시와 같은), MBP-융합 단백질에 대한 pMAL-C2 벡터 (예 : MBP-β 2 아칸소 주 중부 표준시, MBP-CFTR 중부 표준시 등에 PCR 제품을 복제 ), 그리고 그의-S-융합 단백질 (예 : 그의-S-CFTR 중부 표준시로서 그의-S-PDZK1)에 대한 pET30. </li><li> 단백 분해 효소 - 결함 E.로 변환 대장균 변형 (BL21-DE3) 가능한 재조합 단백질 저하를 최소화합니다. </li><li> 적절한 항생제 (예 암피실린 또는 kanamycin 등)가 포함된 Luria-Bertani 매체 (산도 7.0)에서 37 ° C에서 하룻밤 문화를 성장. 1시 10분에서 하룻밤 문화를 희석 37에서 다른 2 시인데위한 성장 ° C. 에0.5-1 M M은 30 ° C.에 다음 4 H 위해 IPTG로 duce 8000에서 원심 분리하여 펠렛은 전지 × g로 10 분 4시 ° C. </li><li> (50 M M 트리스-HCL, 산도 8.0, 1m M EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산), 1 M M PMSF, 그리고 10 %의 자당)가 라이 소 자임 (1 밀리그램 / ML), 0.2 % 트리톤 X-100, 및 프로 테아제를 포함하는 자당 버퍼에 전지를 Lyse 에페. 세포 펠렛 문화 1 패에서 발생하는 20 ML을 사용합니다. </li><li> 4 ° C.에서 30 분 로터리 흔드는에 섞어서 </li><li> 4 ° C.에 30 분 동안 20,000 × g에서 던가 맑은 뜨는 수집합니다. </li><li> 맑은 뜨는로 다음과 같은 수지 / 아가로 오스 구슬 (자당 버퍼의 50 % 슬러리) 1 ML 추가 <ul><li> GST 융합 단백질을위한 글루타티온 아가로 오스 비즈. </li><li> 그의-S 융합 단백질에 대한 탈론 구슬. </li><li> MBP 융합 단백질에 대한 아밀로오스 수지. </li></ul></li><li> 4 4 H를위한 믹스 ° 회전 흔드는에서 C #. </li><li> 2 마일을위한 믹싱, 1X PBS (15 ML)에 resuspending하여 구슬을 씻는다N, 800 회전 × G를 2 분, 그리고 폐기 뜨는 위해. 여섯 번에 대해이 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 각각의 용리 완충액 (구슬 1 ML 당 2 ML의 용출 버퍼)를 사용하여 구슬에서 단백질을 Elute. <ul><li> GST 융합 단백질에 대한 용출 버퍼 : 25 M M 트리스-HCL (산도 8.0), 140 M M NaCl, 20 M M은 글루타티온 감소. </li><li> 그의 융합 단백질에 대한 용출 버퍼 : 20 M M 트리스-HCL (산도 8.0), 500 M M NaCl, 200 M M 이미다졸. </li><li> MBP 융합 단백질에 대한 용출 버퍼 : 20 M M 트리스-HCL (산도 8.0), 200 M M NaCl, 1 M M EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산), 1 M M DTT, 10 M M 말토오스. </li></ul></li><li> 4에서 1X PBS의 2 패에 대한 eluted 단백질 Dialyze ° C (가능한 단백질 저하를 피하기 위해). PBS 네 번위한 매 4 H를 변경합니다. -80에서 작은 aliquots로 Centricon 필터 (10,000 MW의 컷오프, Millipore)와 저장소를 사용하여 단백질을 집중 ° C. </li><li> Det브래드 포드 방법에 의한 단백질 농도 어민. SDS-PAGE가 표준으로 BSA를 사용하여 단백질 품질을 평가합니다. 단백질의 무결성이 만족되지 않으면 이러한 겔 여과 또는 이온 교환 등의 보조 정화 절차가 사용될 수 있습니다. (예, 우리는 더욱 GST-융합 단백질을 정화하기 위해 G-75 세파 로스 칼럼을 사용했습니다). </li></ol> 2. 세포 배양 및 세포 Lysate 준비 <ol><li> 문화 아기 햄스터 신장 (BHK) 세포가 그 안정적으로 이상 - 특급 CFTR-wt 및 CFTR-his10 또는 BHK 세포 그 transiently 이상 - 특급 국기-LPA 2 wt 또는 국기-LPA 2 ΔSTL 및 Madin-다비 송곳니 신장 (MDCK 이글의 최소 필수 배지에서 안정적으로 오버 명시 MRP2 (MEM)가 5 % CO 2와 37 10% 소태아 혈청 및 페니실린 / 폴리스티렌 flasks의 스트렙토 마이신 ° C를 포함하는) 세포. </li><li> 문화 인간의 배아 신장 293 (HEK293) 세포를 안정적으로 그 이상 - 특급 CFTR-wt과 Dulbecco에서 CFTR-his10&#39;5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 10% 태아 소 혈청 및 페니실린 / 폴리스티렌 flasks의 스트렙토 마이신과 보완의 수정된 이글 배지 (DMEM). </li><li> 사용; - (0.2 % 트리톤-X-100 1m M phenylmethylsulphonyl 플루오르, 1 μg / ML aprotinin, 1 μg / ML 류펩틴, 1 μg / ML의 pepstatin를 포함하는 프로 테아제 저해제의 혼합으로 보충 PBS)가 용해 완충액으로 세포를 Lyse 각각 60 mm 배양 접시, 각각 100 mm 배양 접시 1,000 μL 용해 완충액 500 μL 용해 완충액. </li><li> 세포 ° C 및 4에서 15 분 동안 16,000에서 원심 분리하여 불용성 물질 × g를 제거 ° C. 4에서 20 분 동안 lysates 락앤롤 브래드 포드 분석에 의한 단백질 농도를 확인합니다. </li></ol> 3. CFTR 함유 Macromolecular 단지의 체외 어셈블리에서 (CFTR-PDZK1-MRP4) <ol><li> 용해 완충액 200 μL (PBS - 0.2 % 트리톤 X-100 + 프로 테아제 억제제)로, 20 μg 정화 GST-MRP4-C 터미널을 추가50 AA (CT50) 융합 단백질. </li><li> 그의-S-PDZK1 융합 단백질을 정제의 다양한 양의 (0-40 μg)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 22 1-2 용 ° C ~ H의 회전 믹서에 두 단백질을 섞는다. </li><li> 단백질 혼합물에 20 μL 글루타티온 비즈 (50 % 슬러리)를 추가하고, 다른 한 H 위해 믹스로 진행합니다. 이 단계는 한쌍이 많다는 바인딩로 언급됩니다. </li><li> 이 기간 동안 HEK293 세포 lysates을 준비 그 위의 2 단계에서 설명한대로 overexpress 국기-CFTR (wt)). </li><li> 용해 완충액으로 두 번 복잡한 씻으십시오. 각 세차를위한 1 분 동안 800 × g에서 던가 조심스럽게 각 세척 후에 뜨는을 기음. 아래쪽에 비즈를 빨아하지주의하시기 바랍니다. </li><li> 구슬로 위에 준비된 HEK293 세포 lysates을 추가하고 부드럽게 3 시에 (또는 야간)에 대해 4 ° C에 섞는다. </li><li> 비즈에게 단계 3.6)에 설명된대로 용해 완충액으로 광범위하게 세 번 씻는다. </li><li> 30 μL 샘플 버퍼 (5 ​​×)를 사용하여 단백질을 Elute : 0.6 M<html> 트리스-HCL (산도 6.8), 50 % 글리세롤, 2퍼센트 SDS, 그리고 0.1 % 푸른 bromophenol; 함유 5% β-메르 캅 토 에탄올. </li><li> 5000에 10-15 분, 그리고 스핀에 대한 ° C의 물 목욕 × g 30 s에 대한이 구슬을 침전하는 37에 품어. </li><li> 4-15% 젤로 모든 eluate을로드합니다. </li><li> 30-40 분 정도 SDS-PAGE를 실행합니다. </li><li> 1.5 시간 동안 PVDF 막에 단백질 밴드를 전송합니다. </li><li> 5% 아닌 지방 우유가 포함된 TBS-십대 초반의 멤브레인를 차단하십시오. </li><li> 4에 일차 항체 (예 : 안티 CFTR IgG, R1104 등) 멤브레인 ° C, 하룻밤을 품어. </li><li> 5 분, 여섯 번 TBS-십대 초반으로 막 씻으십시오. </li><li> 24 ° C.에 45 분 동안 이차 항체 (예 : 염소 항 마우스 HRP-복합 2 차 항체 등) 멤브레인을 품어 </li><li> 5 분, 여섯 번 TBS-십대 초반으로 막 씻으십시오. </li><li> ECL 통해 단백질 밴드를 시각화. </li><li> 대표 데이터는 그림 1에 표시됩니다. </li></ol>jove_title &quot;&gt; 4. 대표 결과 체외에서 조립되었다 CFTR 함유 macromolecular 신호 단지의 예제는 그림 1에 표시됩니다. macromolecular 복합은 MRP4 C-단자 50 아미노산 (MRP4-CT50), PDZK1, 그리고 장편 CFTR (그림 1, 아래) 사이에 형성되었다. 복잡한 형성은 중간 단백질, PDZK1 (그림 1, 하단) 18의 양의 증가와 함께 복용 - dependently 증가했다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4091/4091fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. macromolecular 복합 분석의 회화 표현 (위). macromolecular 복합는 복용량에 의존 방식으로 (아래) 18 세 단백질 (GST-MRP4-CT50, 그의-S-PDZK1, 그리고 깃발 CFTRwt)와 체외에서 검출되었다. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td><strong&gt; CFTR-NHERF1-β 2 AR (ref. 14) </td><td> CFTR-NHERF2-LPA 2 (ref. 15) </td><td> CFTR-PDZ 단백질-MRP 2 (ref. 17) </td><td> CFTR-PDZK1-MRP4 (ref. 16) </td></tr><tr><td> 동질 구슬 </td><td> 아밀로오스 수지 </td><td> S-단백질 아가로 오스 </td><td> 아밀로오스 수지 </td><td> 글루타티온 아가로 오스 </td></tr><tr><td> 단백질-1을 정화 </td><td> MBP-β 2 아칸소 주 중부 표준시 </td><td> 그의-S-CFTR 중부 표준시 </td><td> MBP-CFTR 중부 표준시 </td><td> GST-MRP4 중부 표준시 </td></tr><tr><td> 단백질-2 투석을 </td><td> GST-NHERF1 </td><td> GST-NHERF2 </td><td> GST-PDZ 단백질 </td><td> 그의-S-PDZK1 </td></tr><tr><td> (또는 세포 lysates) 단백질-3 투석을 </td><td> CFTR-wt 또는 CFTR-his10 (BHK 또는 HEK 세포 lysates) </td><td> 플래그-LPA 2 wt 또는 국기-LPA 2-ΔSTL (BHK 세포 lysates) </td><td> MRP2 (MDCK 세포 lysates) </td><td> 국기-CFTR-wt 또는 CFTR-his10 (또는 세포 lysates)을 정화 </td></tr><tr><td> 항독소 </td><td> 안티 CFTR IgG </td><td> 안티 - 플래그 HRP </td><td> 안티 MRP2 IgG </td><td> 안티 - 플래그 HRP </td></tr></tbody></table> 체외에서 조립된 다양한 CFTR 함유 macromolecular 컴플렉스의 표 1. 요약.

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+macromolecular+complex+of+beta+2+adrenergic+receptor,+CFTR,+and+ezrin/radixin/moesin-binding+phosphoprotein+50+is+regulated+by+PKA.">A macromolecular complex of beta 2 adrenergic receptor, CFTR, and ezrin/radixin/moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 is regulated by PKA.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 342-346 (1073).</li><li>Li, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysophosphatidic+acid+inhibits+cholera+toxin-induced+secretory+diarrhea+through+CFTR-dependent+protein+interactions.">Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea through CFTR-dependent protein interactions.</a> J. Exp. Med. 202, 975-986 (2005).</li><li>Li, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+coupling+of+cAMP+transporter+to+CFTR+chloride+channel+function+in+the+gut+epithelia.">Spatiotemporal coupling of cAMP transporter to CFTR chloride channel function in the gut epithelia.</a> Cell. 131, 940-951 (2007).</li><li>Li, C., Schuetz, J. D., Naren, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tobacco+carcinogen+NNK+transporter+MRP2+regulates+CFTR+function+in+lung+epithelia:+implications+for+lung+cancer.">Tobacco carcinogen NNK transporter MRP2 regulates CFTR function in lung epithelia: implications for lung cancer.</a> Cancer Lett. 292, 246-253 (2010).</li><li>Hall, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+C-terminal+motif+found+in+the+beta2-adrenergic+receptor,+P2Y1+receptor+and+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+determines+binding+to+the+Na+/H++exchanger+regulatory+factor+family+of+PDZ+proteins.">A C-terminal motif found in the beta2-adrenergic receptor, P2Y1 receptor and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator determines binding to the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor family of PDZ proteins.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 8496-8501 (1998).</li><li>Short, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apical+PDZ+protein+anchors+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+to+the+cytoskeleton.">An apical PDZ protein anchors the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to the cytoskeleton.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 273, 19797-19801 (1998).</li><li>Wang, S., Yue, H., Derin, R. B., Guggino, W. B., Li, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accessory+protein+facilitated+CFTR-CFTR+interaction,+a+molecular+mechanism+to+potentiate+the+chloride+channel+activity.">Accessory protein facilitated CFTR-CFTR interaction, a molecular mechanism to potentiate the chloride channel activity.</a> Cell. 103, 169-179 (2000).</li><li>Sun, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E3KARP+mediates+the+association+of+ezrin+and+protein+kinase+A+with+the+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+in+airway+cells.">E3KARP mediates the association of ezrin and protein kinase A with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in airway cells.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29539-29546 (2000).</li><li>Cheng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Golgi-associated+PDZ+domain+protein+modulates+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+regulator+plasma+membrane+expression.">A Golgi-associated PDZ domain protein modulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator plasma membrane expression.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3520-3529 (1074).</li><li>Scott, R. O., Thelin, W. R., Milgram, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+PDZ+protein+regulates+the+activity+of+guanylyl+cyclase+C,+the+heat-stable+enterotoxin+receptor.">A novel PDZ protein regulates the activity of guanylyl cyclase C, the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 277, 22934-22941 (1074).</li><li>Lee, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+regulation+of+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+by+competitive+interactions+of+molecular+adaptors.">Dynamic regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by competitive interactions of molecular adaptors.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 282, 10414-10422 (2007).</li><li>Gee, H. Y., Noh, S. H., Tang, B. L., Kim, K. H., Lee, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+DeltaF508-CFTR+trafficking+via+a+GRASP-dependent+unconventional+secretion+pathway.">Rescue of DeltaF508-CFTR trafficking via a GRASP-dependent unconventional secretion pathway.</a> Cell. 146, 746-760 (2011).</li><li>Naren, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+the+study+of+intermolecular+and+intramolecular+interactions+regulating+CFTR+function.">Methods for the study of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions regulating CFTR function.</a> Met. Molecul. Med. 70, 175-186 (2002).</li><li>Li, C., Roy, K., Dandridge, K., Naren, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+assembly+of+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+in+plasma+membrane.">Molecular assembly of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in plasma membrane.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 279, 24673-24684 (2004).</li><li>Li, C., Naren, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+CFTR+Interactome+in+the+Macromolecular+Complexes.">Analysis of CFTR Interactome in the Macromolecular Complexes.</a> Met. Molecul. Med. 741, 255-270 (2011).</li><li>Wu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemokine+receptor+CXCR2+macromolecular+complex+regulates+neutrophil+functions+in+inflammatory+diseases.">A chemokine receptor CXCR2 macromolecular complex regulates neutrophil functions in inflammatory diseases.</a> J. Biol. Chem. , (2011).</li></ol>

관심의 어떠한 충돌 선언 없습니다.

이 프로토콜에서 우리는 이전에 보고된 16-19,29,30의 체외은 조립 및 정화 단백질 (혹은 단백질 조각) 및 / 또는 세포 lysates를 사용 macromolecular 신호 복잡한을 포함 CFTR의 검출을위한 방법을 보여주었다. 준비 과정에서 최상의 결과들에게 다음과 같은 중요한 사항을 달성하기 위해서는 특별한주의가 필요합니다 : <ul><li> 그것은 용출 버퍼의 산도가 단계 1)에서 설명한 GST-융합 단백질...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> pGEX4T-1 벡터 </td><td> GE 헬스케어 </td><td> 28-9545-49 </td><td> 이전 Amersham Biosciences </td></tr><tr><td> pMAL-C2 벡터 </td><td> 뉴잉글랜드 BioLabs </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> pET30 벡터 </td><td> EMD 화학 </td><td> 69077-3 </td><td> 이전 Novagen </td></tr><tr><td> 글루타티온 아가로 오스 비즈 </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 554,780 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 아밀로오스 수지 </td><td> 뉴잉글랜드 BioLabs </td><td> E8021S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 탈론 비즈 </td><td> Clontech </td><td> 635,501 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 감소 글루타티온 </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 554,782 </td><td></tD&gt; </tr><tr><td> 이미다졸 </td><td> 어부 </td><td> BP305-50 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 말토오스 </td><td> 어부 </td><td> BP684-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> S-단백질 아가로 오스 </td><td> EMD 화학 </td><td> 69704-3 </td><td> 이전 Novagen </td></tr><tr><td> 안티 - 플래그 HRP </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> A8592 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 안티 CFTR IgG </td><td> 맞춤 양복 </td><td> R1104 </td><td> AA 722-734에서 CFTR 에피토프을 인식 mAb </td></tr><tr><td> 안티 MRP2 IgG </td><td> Chemicon 국제 </td><td> MAB4148 </td><td> Millipore의 지금 일부분 </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 2. 특정 시약 및 장비.

in vitro analysis of pdz-dependent cftr macromolecular signaling complexes

낭성 섬유증의 transmembrane의 전도성 조정기 (CFTR), 주로 상피 세포의 꼭대기의 세포막에있는 염화물 채널, 1-3 transepithelial 유체 항상성에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있습니다. 낭성 섬유증 (CF) 4 분비 설사 5 : CFTR은 두 가지 주요 질병에 연루되었습니다. CF에서 CFTR 망할 CIA 채널의 합성 또는 기능적 활동이 줄어 듭니다. 이 질환은 미국에서 2500 Caucasians 년 6 약 1에 영향을 미칩니다. 과도한 CFTR 활동도 캠프의 용기 7의 cGMP 생산을 자극 독소 유발 분비 설사 (예 : 콜레라 독소와 열 안정 E. 대장균의 enterotoxin에 의한)의 경우에 연루되었습니다. 증거를 수집하는 것은 CFTR 및 전송기, 이온 채널, 수용체, kinases, phosphatases, 신호 등 다른 단백질의 증가, 간의 물리적 및 기능적 상호 작용의 존재를 제안ING 분자, 그리고 cytoskeletal 요소 및 CFTR와 바인딩 단백질 간의 이러한 상호 작용은 비판적으로 시험 관내 및 생체내 또한 8-19에서 CFTR-매개 transepithelial 이온 전달을 조절에 관여하는 표시되었습니다. 이 프로토콜에서는, 우리는 방법에 초점을 그 단백질 바인딩 모티브를 가지고 CFTR 카르 복실 말단 꼬리 사이의 상호 작용 연구 지원과 [모티프의 PSD95/Dlg1/ZO-1 (PDZ)로 언급] 특정 바인딩 모듈을 포함하는 비계 단백질의 그룹 PDZ 도메인로 지칭. 지금까지 여러 가지 PDZ 비계 단백질 같은 NHERF1 등 다양한 동질성, NHERF2, PDZK1, PDZK2, CAL (CFTR-연관된 리간드), Shank2으로 CFTR의 카르 복실 말단 꼬리에 바인딩하고, 20-27를 파악하는 것으로보고되었습니다. PDZ 비계 단백질에 의해 인식되는 CFTR 사이 PDZ의 모티브는 C 말단 (즉, 인간의 CFTR에있는 1477-DTRL-1480) 20에서 마지막 네 아미노산이다. 흥미롭게도,CFTR은 동질성에게 22 변화와 함께이라도 NHERFs 및 PDZK1 모두 하나 이상의 PDZ 도메인을 바인딩할 수 있습니다. CFTR 구속력와 관련해서이 multivalency는 PDZ 비계 단백질은 세포 16-18에서 선택 / 특정하고 효율적인 신호를위한 복합 신호 CFTR의 macromolecular 형성을 촉진있다는 것을 암시, 기능성 중요한 것으로 표시되었습니다. 여러 생화학 assays는 공부를하기 위해 개발되었습니다 CFTR - 참여 등 공동 immunoprecipitation, 풀다운 분석, 페어 많다는 구속력을 분석, colorimetric 한쌍이 많다는 구속력을 분석하고, macromolecular 복잡한 어셈블리 분석 16-19,28,29 같은 단백질 상호 작용, . 여기 단백질 단백질이나 CFTR 16-19,28,29 관련된 도메인 도메인 상호 작용을 연구하기위한 실험실에 의해 광범위하게 사용되는 체외에서 복잡한 PDZ 모티브 종속적인 CFTR 함유 macromolecular 조립의 세부 절차에 초점.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes at JoVE.com

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

낭성 섬유증의 transmembrane의 전도성 조정기 (CFTR), 상피 염화물 채널, 각종 단백질과 상호 작용하고 중요한 세포 과정을 조절하는 것으로보고되었습니다; 그들 가운데 CFTR PDZ 모티프-매개 상호 작용이 잘 문서화되었습니다. 이 프로토콜은 우리가 복잡한 신호 PDZ-의존 CFTR의 macromolecular를 조립하기 위해 개발된 방법을 설명합니다<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt;.

PDZ-의존 CFTR의 Macromolecular 신호 단지의 체외 분석

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a ...

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Biology

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

10.3K 조회수.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. 낭성 섬유증의 transmembrane의 전도성 조정기 (CFTR), 상피 염화물 채널, 각종 단백질과 상호 작용하고 중요한 세포 과정을 조절하는 것으로보고되었습니다; 그들 가운데 CFTR PDZ 모티프-매개 상호 작용이 잘 문서화되었습니다. 이 프로토콜은 우리가 복잡한 신호 PDZ-의존 CFTR의 macromolecular를 조립하기 위해 개발된 방법을 설명합니다 체외에서.

비디오: In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal regeneration and sprouting by secreting growth factors 1,2 and providing growth promoting adhesion molecules 3 and extracellular matrix molecules 4. In addition they myelinate the demyelinated axons at the site of injury 5.
However following transplantation, Schwann cells do not migrate from the site of implant and do not intermingle with the host astrocytes 6,7. This results in formation of a sharp boundary between the Schwann cells and astrocytes, creating an obstacle for growing axons trying to exit the graft back into the host tissue proximally and distally. Astrocytes in contact with Schwann cells also undergo hypertrophy and up-regulate the inhibitory molecules 8-13.
In vitro assays have been used to model Schwann cell-astrocyte interactions and have been important in understanding the mechanism underlying the cellular behaviour.
These in vitro assays include boundary assay, where a co-culture is made using two different cells with each cell type occupying different territories with only a small gap separating the two cell fronts. As the cells divide and migrate, the two cellular fronts get closer to each other and finally collide. This allows the behaviour of the two cellular populations to be analyzed at the boundary. Another variation of the same technique is to mix the two cellular populations in culture and over time the two cell types segregate with Schwann cells clumped together as islands in between astrocytes together creating multiple Schwann-astrocyte boundaries.
The second assay used in studying the interaction of two cell types is the migration assay where cellular movement can be tracked on the surface of the other cell type monolayer 14,15. This assay is commonly known as inverted coverslip assay. Schwann cells are cultured on small glass fragments and they are inverted face down onto the surface of astrocyte monolayers and migration is assessed from the edge of coverslip.
Both assays have been instrumental in studying the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular exclusion and boundary formation. Some of the molecules identified using these techniques include N-Cadherins 15, Chondroitin Sulphate proteoglycans(CSPGs) 16,17, FGF/Heparin 18, Eph/Ephrins19.
This article intends to describe boundary assay and migration assay in stepwise fashion and elucidate the possible technical problems that might occur.

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

This article intends to describe in stepwise fashion the commonly used in vitro assays used in studying Schwann cell-asrtocyte interactions.

사용 Schwann - astrocyte 상호 작용 분석 체외에서 Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal ...

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생물학

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay

BMPs are responsible for a wide range of developmental and biological effects. BMP receptors activate (phosphorylate) the Smad1/5/8 effectors, which then, form a complex with Smad4 and translocate to the nucleus where they function as transcription factors to initiate BMP specific downstream effects 1. Traditional immuno-fluorescence techniques with antibodies against phospho-Smad peptides exhibit low sensitivity, high background and offer gross quantification as they rely on intensity of the antibody signal particularly if this is photosensitive fluorescent. In addition, phospho-Smads may not all be in complex with Smad4 and engaged in active transcription.
In situ PLA is a technology capable of detecting protein interactions with high specificity and sensitivity 2-4. This new technology couples antibody recognition with the amplification of DNA surrogate of the protein. It generates a localized, discrete signal in a form of spots revealing the exact position of the recognition event. The number of signals can be counted and compared providing a measurement. We applied in situ PLA, using the Duolink kit, with a combination of antibodies that allows the detection of the BMP signaling effectors phospho-Smad1/5/8 and Smad4 only when these are in proximity i.e. in a complex, which occurs only with signaling activation. This allowed for the first time, the visualization and measurement of endogenous BMP signaling with high specificity and sensitivity in a time course experiment under BMP4 stimulation.

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay

Here we show how to use Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA), with a combination of antibodies to visualize Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in fixed cells. This technique allowed us to follow the nuclear accumulation of endogenous BMP activated effector-complexes and quantify their levels over time under BMP4 stimulation.

효과기 - 단지에게 사용 BMP4의 다운 스트림 신호의 감지 현장에서 괞찮아, 근접 내고 분석

BMPs are responsible for a wide range of developmental and biological effects. BMP receptors activate (phosphorylate) the Smad1/5/8 effectors, which then, ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.

Tissue-specific analysis of a hair follicle regeneration model using lentivirus to mediate gain- or loss-of-function.

헤어 재생시 상피 - 중간 엽 시그널링의 빠른 유전 분석

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

A High-content Imaging Workflow to Study Grb2 Signaling Complexes by Expression Cloning

Signal transduction by growth factor receptors is essential for cells to maintain proliferation and differentiation and requires tight control. Signal transduction is initiated by binding of an external ligand to a transmembrane receptor and activation of downstream signaling cascades. A key regulator of mitogenic signaling is Grb2, a modular protein composed of an internal SH2 (Src Homology 2) domain flanked by two SH3 domains that lacks enzymatic activity. Grb2 is constitutively associated with the GTPase Son-Of-Sevenless (SOS) via its N-terminal SH3 domain. The SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to growth factor receptors at phosphorylated tyrosine residues thus coupling receptor activation to the SOS-Ras-MAP kinase signaling cascade. In addition, other roles for Grb2 as a positive or negative regulator of signaling and receptor endocytosis have been described. The modular composition of Grb2 suggests that it can dock to a variety of receptors and transduce signals along a multitude of different pathways1-3.
	Described here is a simple microscopy assay that monitors recruitment of Grb2 to the plasma membrane. It is adapted from an assay that measures changes in sub-cellular localization of green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Grb2 in response to a stimulus4-6. Plasma membrane receptors that bind Grb2 such as activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) recruit GFP-Grb2 to the plasma membrane upon cDNA expression and subsequently relocate to endosomal compartments in the cell. In order to identify in vivo protein complexes of Grb2, this technique can be used to perform a genome-wide high-content screen based on changes in Grb2 sub-cellular localization. The preparation of cDNA expression clones, transfection and image acquisition are described in detail below. Compared to other genomic methods used to identify protein interaction partners, such as yeast-two-hybrid, this technique allows the visualization of protein complexes in mammalian cells at the sub-cellular site of interaction by a simple microscopy-based assay. Hence both qualitative features, such as patterns of localization can be assessed, as well as the quantitative strength of the interaction.

A high-content screening method for the identification of novel signaling competent transmembrane receptors is described. This method is amenable to large-scale automation and allows predictions about in vivo protein binding and the sub-cellular localization of protein complexes in mammalian cells.

표현 복제가 Grb2 신호 복합 단지를 공부하기 위해 높은 콘텐츠 이미징 워크 플로우

Signal  transduction by growth factor receptors is essential for cells to maintain  proliferation and differentiation and requires tight control. Signal  ...

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the brain, liver, retina, cochlea and vasculature. In experimental settings, intercellular Ca2+-waves can be elicited by applying a mechanical stimulus to a single cell. This leads to the release of the intracellular signaling molecules IP3 and Ca2+ that initiate the propagation of the Ca2+-wave concentrically from the mechanically stimulated cell to the neighboring cells. The main molecular pathways that control intercellular Ca2+-wave propagation are provided by gap junction channels through the direct transfer of IP3 and by hemichannels through the release of ATP. Identification and characterization of the properties and regulation of different connexin and pannexin isoforms as gap junction channels and hemichannels are allowed by the quantification of the spread of the intercellular Ca2+-wave, siRNA, and the use of inhibitors of gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-wave in monolayers of primary corneal endothelial cells loaded with Fluo4-AM in response to a controlled and localized mechanical stimulus provoked by an acute, short-lasting deformation of the cell as a result of touching the cell membrane with a micromanipulator-controlled glass micropipette with a tip diameter of less than 1 &mu;m. We also describe the isolation of primary bovine corneal endothelial cells and its use as model system to assess Cx43-hemichannel activity as the driven force for intercellular Ca2+-waves through the release of ATP. Finally, we discuss the use, advantages, limitations and alternatives of this method in the context of gap junction channel and hemichannel research.

Intercellular Ca2+-waves are driven by gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-waves in cell monolayers in response to a local single-cell mechanical stimulus and its application to investigate the properties and regulation of gap junction channels and hemichannels.

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의​​한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling processes. Extracting sterol-enriched membrane microdomains from plant cells for proteomic analysis is a difficult task mainly due to multiple preparation steps and sources for contaminations from other cellular compartments. The plasma membrane constitutes only about 5-20% of all the membranes in a plant cell, and therefore isolation of highly purified plasma membrane fraction is challenging. A frequently used method involves aqueous two-phase partitioning in polyethylene glycol and dextran, which yields plasma membrane vesicles with a purity of 95% 1. Sterol-rich membrane microdomains within the plasma membrane are insoluble upon treatment with cold nonionic detergents at alkaline pH. This detergent-resistant membrane fraction can be separated from the bulk plasma membrane by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient 2. Subsequently, proteins can be extracted from the low density band of the sucrose gradient by methanol/chloroform precipitation. Extracted protein will then be trypsin digested, desalted and finally analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Our extraction protocol for sterol-rich microdomains is optimized for the preparation of clean detergent-resistant membrane fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures.
We use full metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures with K15NO3 as the only nitrogen source for quantitative comparative proteomic studies following biological treatment of interest 3. By mixing equal ratios of labeled and unlabeled cell cultures for joint protein extraction the influence of preparation steps on final quantitative result is kept at a minimum. Also loss of material during extraction will affect both control and treatment samples in the same way, and therefore the ratio of light and heave peptide will remain constant. In the proposed method either labeled or unlabeled cell culture undergoes a biological treatment, while the other serves as control 4.

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Here we describe a robust method for the fractionation of plant plasma membranes into detergent resistant and detergent soluble membranes based on a mixture of unlabeled and in vivo fully 15N labeled Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The procedure is applied for comparative proteomic studies to understand signaling processes.

비교 단백체 분석을위한 신진 대사 라벨링 및 막 분별<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 서스펜션 세포 배양

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes for Cell Signaling and in vitro Cardiac Hypertrophy

Technological advances have made genetically modified mice, including transgenic and gene knockout mice, an essential tool in many research fields. Adult cardiomyocytes are widely accepted as a good model for cardiac cellular physiology and pathophysiology, as well as for pharmaceutical intervention. Genetically modified mice preclude the need for complicated cardiomyocyte infection processes to generate the desired genotype, which are inefficient due to cardiomyocytes&#8217; terminal differentiation. Isolation and culture of high quantity and quality functional cardiomyocytes will dramatically benefit cardiovascular research and provide an important tool for cell signaling transduction research and drug development. Here, we describe a well-established method for isolation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes that can be implemented with little training. The mouse heart is excised and cannulated to an isolated heart system, then perfused with a calcium-free and high potassium buffer followed by type II collagenase digestion in Langendorff retrograde perfusion mode. This protocol yields a consistent result for the collection of functional adult mouse cardiomyocytes from a variety of genetically modified mice.

Isolation and Culture of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes for Cell Signaling and in vitro Cardiac Hypertrophy

We describe a reliable method for isolation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. This protocol yields a consistent result for the culture of functional adult cardiomyocytes from a variety of genetically modified mice.

분리 및 문화 성인 마우스 세포 신호 전달 용의 Cardiomyocytes과의<em&gt; 시험관</em&gt; 심장 비대

Technological advances have made genetically modified mice, including transgenic and gene knockout mice, an essential tool in many research fields. Adult ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

대사율의 측정에<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; Respirometry를 사용하여

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids. In vivo, these proteins are folded with pigments to form complexes which are inserted in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The high similarity in the chemical and physical properties of the members of the family, together with the fact that they can easily lose pigments during isolation, makes their purification in a native state challenging. An alternative approach to obtain homogeneous preparations of LHCs was developed by Plumley and Schmidt in 19871, who showed that it was possible to reconstitute these complexes in vitro starting from purified pigments and unfolded apoproteins, resulting in complexes with properties very similar to that of native complexes. This opened the way to the use of bacterial expressed recombinant proteins for in vitro reconstitution. The reconstitution method is powerful for various reasons: (1) pure preparations of individual complexes can be obtained, (2) pigment composition can be controlled to assess their contribution to structure and function, (3) recombinant proteins can be mutated to study the functional role of the individual residues (e.g., pigment binding sites) or protein domain (e.g., protein-protein interaction, folding). This method has been optimized in several laboratories and applied to most of the light-harvesting complexes. The protocol described here details the method of reconstituting light-harvesting complexes in vitro currently used in our laboratory, and examples describing applications of the method are provided.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green algae.

식물과 녹조류의 빛 수확 단지의 체외의 재구성에

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. The phosphorylation and nucleotide dependent chloride channel activity of CFTR has been frequently studied in whole cell systems and as single channels in excised membrane patches. Many Cystic Fibrosis-causing mutations have been shown to alter this activity. While a small number of purification protocols have been published, a fast reconstitution method that retains channel activity and a suitable method for studying population channel activity in a purified system have been lacking. Here rapid methods are described for purification and functional reconstitution of the full-length CFTR protein into proteoliposomes of defined lipid composition that retains activity as a regulated halide channel. This reconstitution method together with a novel flux-based assay of channel activity is a suitable system for studying the population channel properties of wild type CFTR and the disease-causing mutants F508del- and G551D-CFTR. Specifically, the method has utility in studying the direct effects of phosphorylation, nucleotides and small molecules such as potentiators and inhibitors on CFTR channel activity. The methods are also amenable to the study of other membrane channels/transporters for anionic substrates.

Described here is a rapid and effective procedure for functional reconstitution of purified wild-type and mutant CFTR protein that preserves activity for this chloride channel, which is defective in Cystic Fibrosis. Iodide efflux from reconstituted proteoliposomes mediated by CFTR allows studies of channel activity and the effects of small molecules.