1. 세균성 문화 <ol><li> 그람 음성 P. 녹농균이라는 박테리아 스트레인 PAO1은 18 시간 동안 37 ° C에서 루리아 국물 (LB)에서 성장 하였다. </li><li> 세포의 배양 후 5 분 7,500 RPM (분당 회전)에서 원심 분리하고 상층 액을 제거 하였다. </li><li> 박테리아는 10 %의 LB에 재현 탁과 문화가 정지 위상을 다시 입력 할 수 있도록 또 다른 2 시간 동안 다시 성장했다. </li><li> 세균 현탁액은 다음 두 그룹으로 분할되었다 : 첫 번째 그룹 (2 관)에서 어떤 항생제는 두 번째 그룹에 우리는 젠타 마이신 항생제 (50 ㎍ / ㎖)을 첨가 첨가되지 않았습니다. </li></ol> 2. 콜로니 형성 단위의 결정 (CFU) <ol><li> 세포 생존을 결정하기 위해 20 μL 샘플은 24 시간의 시간 프레임 내에마다 약 2 시간의 실험에서 촬영했다. 샘플의 시리얼 희석 만든 도금 LB 한천 플레이트에 37 ° C.에서 하룻밤 배양 하였다 </li><li> 각 치료, 플랫폼 당 CFUs전자가 결정되었고, 비교 기간 및 다양한 치료 사이에 만들어졌다. 식에 설명 된대로 CFU에서 로그 감소를 계산 하였다. (1) 로그인 감소 = LOGU-LogC [CFU / ㎖] 여기서 U는 각 시점에서 단위 값을 형성 식민지, CFU는 집락 형성 단위입니다 반면에 CFU / ㎖ 동등의 단위 : CFU / ㎖ = (식민지 X 희석 인자의 수) / (볼륨 접종) 그리고 C는 시작 시간에 컨트롤 샘플에서 발견 CFU입니다. U는 측정 순간에 요소를 형성 식민지를 지정합니다. </li><li> 그들의 각 하나의 박테리아의 농도는 10의 비율로 감소하는 동안 희석 요인 희석의 수입니다. 접종 볼륨은 항상 200 마이크로 리터이고 그것이 우리의 테스트 튜브의 크기와 관련이있다. </li></ol> 따라서보기의 농도 포인트를 요약, 젠타 마이신 항생제는 50 ㎍ / ㎖의 농도로했다. 이 끝날 때까지, 박테리아에 대하여과정은 우리가 전체 8 희석을했다. 각 희석 10 배이었고, 그것은 200 μL 튜브에 이루어졌다. 시작점은 200 μL 튜브에 첨가 시료 20 μL이었다 (따라서 초기 농도는 20/200C 0이었다 C가 0 = 0.1C0 시료 20 μL의 초기 농도 임)와 최종 농도는 8로 감소되었다 8 희석에 의한 크기의 순서. 3. 조명 <ol><li> CW 다코타 : YAG 레이저 (532 nm의 200 mW의 평균 광 전력의 파장) 광학 75 % / 50 % 빔 스플리터를 사용하여 두 개의 광 경로로 분할되었다. 빔 직경 10 mm로 하였다. 노출 시간은 24 시간이었다. </li><li> Q-스위치 펄스 노스 다코타 : YAG 레이저 (532 nm의 파장, 300 mW의 2.5 MW의 광 피크 전력의 평균 전력)는 광학 75 % / 50 % 빔 스플리터를 사용하여 두 개의 경로로 분할되었다. 스폿 직경은 6mm이다. Q-스위치 레이저의 펄스 폭은 6 NSEC이고 반복 속도는 15Hz의했다.평균 전력 밀도는 106 mW의 / cm 2이고 최대 전력 밀도는 8.83 kW 급 / mm 2이다. 노출 시간은 24 시간이었다. </li></ol> 세균 현탁액은 조사 기간 동안 교반은 박테리아의 성장 (모든 튜브 루리아 국물 매체는 박테리아가 성장할 수 있도록 있었다)에 적합한 배양 조건에서 보관 된 것을 참고.

<ol>
	<li>Feuerstein, O., Persman, N., Weiss, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phototoxic+Effect+of+Visible+Light+on+Porphyromonas+gingivalis+and+Fusobacterium+nucleatum:+An+In+Vitro+Study.">Phototoxic Effect of Visible Light on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: An In Vitro Study.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 80, 412-415 (2004).</li><li>Enwemeka, C. S., Williams, D., Enwemeka, S. K., Hollosi, S., Yens, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+470-nm+light+kills+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+(MRSA)+in+vitro.">Blue 470-nm light kills methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro.</a> Photomed. Laser Surg. 27, 221-226 (2009).</li><li>Guffey, J. S., Wilborn, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+bactericidal+effects+of+405-nm+and+470-nm.">In vitro bactericidal effects of 405-nm and 470-nm.</a> Photomed. Laser Surg. 24, 684-688 (2006).</li><li>Lipovsky, A., Nitzan, Y., Friedman, H., Lubart, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+strains+to+broadband+visible+light.">Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains to broadband visible light.</a> Photochem. Photobiol. 85, 255-260 (2008).</li><li>Lipovsky, A., Nitzan, Y., Lubart, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+possible+Mechanism+for+visible+light+induced+wound+healing.">A possible Mechanism for visible light induced wound healing.</a> Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 40, 509-514 (2008).</li><li>Lipovsky, A., Nitzan, Y., Gedanken, A., Lubart, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visible+light-induced+killing+of+bacteria+as+a+function+of+wavelength:+Implication+for+wound+healing.">Visible light-induced killing of bacteria as a function of wavelength: Implication for wound healing.</a> Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 42, 467-472 (2010).</li><li>Feuerstein, O., Ginsburg, I., Dayan, E., Veler, D., Weiss, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+Visible+Light+Phototoxicity+on+Porphyromonas+gingiwalis+and+Fusobacferium+nucleaturn.">Mechanism of Visible Light Phototoxicity on Porphyromonas gingiwalis and Fusobacferium nucleaturn.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 81, 1186-1189 (2005).</li><li>Nussbaum, E. L., Lilge, L., Mazzulli, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+630-,+660-,+810-,+and+905-nm+laser+irradiation+delivering+radiant+exposure+of+1-50+J/cm2+on+three+species+of+bacteria+in+vitro.">Effects of 630-, 660-, 810-, and 905-nm laser irradiation delivering radiant exposure of 1-50 J/cm2 on three species of bacteria in vitro.</a> J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 20, 325-333 (2002).</li><li>Dadras, S., Mohajerani, E., Eftekhar, F., Hosseini, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+Photoresponses+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+and+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+to+514,+532,+and+633+nm+Low+Level+Lasers+In+Vitro.">Different Photoresponses of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 514, 532, and 633 nm Low Level Lasers In Vitro.</a> Current Microbiology. 53, 282-286 (2006).</li><li>Stover, C. K., Pham, X. Q., Erwin, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+genome+sequence+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PAO1,+an+opportunistic+pathogen.">Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen.</a> Nature. 406, 952-964 (2000).</li><li>Hamblin, M. R., Demidova, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+low+level+light+therapy.">Mechanisms of low level light therapy.</a> Proc. SPIE. 6140, 1-12 (2006).</li><li>Krespi, Y. P., Stoodley, P., Hall-Stoodley, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+disruption+of+biofilm.">Laser disruption of biofilm.</a> Laryngoscope. 118, 1168-1173 (2008).</li><li>Reznick, Y., Banin, E., Lipovsky, A., Lubart, R., Zalevsky, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+laser+light+enhancement+of+susceptibility+of+bacteria+to+gentamycin+antibiotic.">Direct laser light enhancement of susceptibility of bacteria to gentamycin antibiotic.</a> Opt. Commun. 284, 5501-5507 (2011).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

광선 치료 여러 질환에 대한 유망한 접근 방식으로 부상하고 최근 몇 년 동안 첨단 전문 분야의 연구 분야이다. 이러한 맥락에서 가시 범위에서 빛의 사용은 광범위하게 연구되어왔다. 예를 들어, 감염된 상처 소독을 위해 강렬한 가시 광선에 노출하여보다 효과적으로 치유 할 수 있다는 것을 것을을 발견했습니다. 이 방법에 대한 작용 기전은 세균에게 11를 죽일 빛 유도 산소 라디칼의 ?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lauria Broth</td>
 <td>Difco</td>
 <td>241420</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gentamycin</td>
 <td>Sigma </td>
 <td>G1914</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bacto Agar</td>
 <td>Difco </td>
 <td>231710 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

the synergistic effect of visible light and gentamycin on pseudomona aeruginosa microorganisms

최근 가시 광선, 그들 중 대부분은 다양한 병원균에게 1-5 살해에 대한 책임 스펙트럼의 파란색 부분 (400 NM-500 nm의) 주장의 살균 효과에 대한 몇 가지 출판물이 있었다. 푸른 빛의 광독성 효과는 빛에 의한 활성 산소 종 (reactive oxygen species, ROS) 주로 파란색 영역 4,6,7 빛을 흡수 내생 세균 감광제에 의해 형성의 결과로 제안했다. 빨간색과 가까운 적외선 8뿐만 아니라 녹색 빛 9 살 생물 효과의보고도 있습니다. 본 연구에서는, 우리는 우리가 녹농균에 높은 전원 녹색 (532 ㎚의 파장) 연속 (CW) 및 펄스 Q-스위치 (QS) 빛의 효과를 특성화 할 수있는 방법을 개발했다. 이 방법을 사용하여 우리는 또한 박테리아 생존에 항생제 치료 (젠타 마이신)와 함께 녹색 빛의 효과를 연구 하였다. P. 녹농균은 교류입니다ommon noscomial 기회 병원균은 각종 질병을 일으키는 원인. 변형은 여러 항생제에 매우 저항하고 많은 예측 AcrB / 멕시코 형 RND 유출 시스템에게 10 약제를 포함합니다. 무료 생활 고정상 그람 음성 세균 (P. aeruginosa의 긴장 PAO1), 루리아 국물 (LB)로하고 항생제 마이신의 첨가없이 Q-스위치 및 / 또는 CW 레이저에 노출 된 배지에서 자란 활용하는 방법. 세포 생존은 서로 다른 시간 지점에서 측정 하였다. 얻어진 결과는 혼자 레이저 치료는 P.의 가능한 개수가 0.5 로그 감소 결과 치료 제어 및 혼자 젠타 마이신 치료에 비해 세포 생존 능력을 감소하지 않은 것으로 나타났다 녹농균. 통합 레이저와 젠타 마이신 치료는, 그러나, P.의 시너지 효과와 생존 결과 녹농균은 8 로그의 감소했다. 제안 된 방법은 상기 구현도 할 수 있습니다동시에 빛의 영역을 조명하면서 감염된 기관에 항생제 용액을 주입 할 수있는 장치 같은 카테터의 개발을 통해 mented.

레이저 기반의 설정은 개략적으로 그림 1에 제시되어있다. 첫 번째 실험 조건은 CW 다코타를 활용 : 200 mW의 평균 광 전력 : YAG 레이저는 532 ㎚의 파장 (YAG 다코타의 두 번째 고조파)을 갖는. 이 빔은 각 분할 빔 전력은 100mW 있다고 광 75 % / 50 % 빔 스플리터를 사용하여 두 개의 광 경로로 분할되었다. 빔 직경은 10mm 정도였습니다 따라서 전력 밀도는 약 100 mW의 / cm 2이었다. 노출 시?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms at JoVE.com

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

우리는 연속 또는 펄스 가시 레이저 기반의 치료를 포함하는 개발 생물 의학 장치가 항생제 치료 (젠타 마이신)의 생존의 감소로 이어지는 통계적으로 유의 한 상승 효과의 결과와 결합되는 것을 보여<em&gt; P. 녹농균</em&gt; PAO1는 8로 로그 혼자 항생제 치료에 비해 있어요.

에 보이는 빛과 젠타 마이신의 상승 효과<em&gt; Pseudomona 녹농균</em&gt; 미생물

Recently there were several publications on the  bactericidal effect of visible light, most of them claiming that blue part of  the spectrum (400 nm-500 ...

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Immunology and Infection

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

13.3K 조회수.  Bar-Ilan University. 우리는 연속 또는 펄스 가시 레이저 기반의 치료를 포함하는 개발 생물 의학 장치가 항생제 치료 (젠타 마이신)의 생존의 감소로 이어지는 통계적으로 유의 한 상승 효과의 결과와 결합되는 것을 보여 P. 녹농균 PAO1는 8로 로그 혼자 항생제 치료에 비해 있어요.

비디오: The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living surfaces. In this paper, we describe protocols for forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on human airway epithelial cells (CFBE cells) grown in culture. In the first method (termed the Static Co-culture Biofilm Model), P. aeruginosa is incubated with CFBE cells grown as confluent monolayers on standard tissue culture plates. Although the bacterium is quite toxic to epithelial cells, the addition of arginine delays the destruction of the monolayer long enough for biofilms to form on the CFBE cells. The second method (termed the Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm Model), involves adaptation of a biofilm flow cell apparatus, which is often used in biofilm research, to accommodate a glass coverslip supporting a confluent monolayer of CFBE cells. This monolayer is inoculated with P. aeruginosa and a peristaltic pump then flows fresh medium across the cells. In both systems, bacterial biofilms form within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Visualization of the biofilm is enhanced by the use of P. aeruginosa strains constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The Static and Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm assays are model systems for early P. aeruginosa infection of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung, and these techniques allow different aspects of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence to be studied, including biofilm cytotoxicity, measurement of biofilm CFU, and staining and visualizing the biofilm.

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

This paper describes different methods of growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured human airway epithelial cells. These protocols can be adapted to study different aspects of biofilm formation, including visualization of the biofilm, staining of the biofilm, measuring the colony forming units (CFU) of the biofilm, and studying biofilm cytotoxicity.

공동 문화 모델 녹농균 Biofilms는 라이브 인간 에어웨이 세포에 들어라

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with leukemia, severe burn wounds, or organ transplants1. In patients at high-risk for developing PA bloodstream infections, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the main reservoir for colonization2, but the mechanisms by which PA transitions from an asymptomatic colonizing microbe to an invasive, and often deadly, pathogen are unclear. Previously, we performed in vivo transcription profiling experiments by recovering PA mRNA from bacterial cells residing in the cecums of colonized mice 3 in order to identify changes in bacterial gene expression during alterations to the host&#x2019;s immune status.
As with any transcription profiling experiment, the rate-limiting step is in the isolation of sufficient amounts of high quality mRNA. Given the abundance of enzymes, debris, food residues, and particulate matter in the GI tract, the challenge of RNA isolation is daunting. Here, we present a method for reliable and reproducible isolation of bacterial RNA recovered from the murine GI tract. This method utilizes a well-established murine model of PA GI colonization and neutropenia-induced dissemination4. Once GI colonization with PA is confirmed, mice are euthanized and cecal contents are recovered and flash frozen. RNA is then extracted using a combination of mechanical disruption, boiling, phenol/chloroform extractions, DNase treatment, and affinity chromatography. Quantity and purity are confirmed by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop Technologies) and bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) (Fig 1). This method of GI microbial RNA isolation can easily be adapted to other bacteria and fungi as well.

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

A reliable method for the RNA isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from murine cecums is described. The RNA recovered is of sufficient quantity and quality for subsequent qPCR, transcription profiling, and RNA Seq experiments. This technique can be adapted for RNA isolation of other intestinal microbes.

의 RNA 격리 녹농균 Murine 위장관을 Colonizing

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with ...

Using Click Chemistry to Measure the Effect of Viral Infection on Host-Cell RNA Synthesis

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, it is therefore important to have a quick and reliable way of measuring transcriptional activity in infected cells. Traditionally, transcription has been measured either by incorporation of radioactive nucleosides such as 3H-uridine followed by detection via autoradiography or scintillation counting, or incorporation of halogenated uridine analogs such as 5-bromouridine (BrU) followed by detection via immunostaining. The use of radioactive isotopes, however, requires specialized equipment and is not feasible in a number of laboratory settings, while the detection of BrU can be cumbersome and may suffer from low sensitivity.
The recently developed click chemistry, which involves a copper-catalyzed triazole formation from an azide and an alkyne, now provides a rapid and highly sensitive alternative to these two methods. Click chemistry is a two step process in which nascent RNA is first labeled by incorporation of the uridine analog 5-ethynyluridine (EU), followed by detection of the label with a fluorescent azide. These azides are available as several different fluorophores, allowing for a wide range of options for visualization.
This protocol describes a method to measure transcriptional suppression in cells infected with the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP-12 using click chemistry. Concurrently, expression of viral proteins in these cells is determined by classical intracellular immunostaining. Steps 1 through 4 detail a method to visualize transcriptional suppression via fluorescence microscopy, while steps 5 through 8 detail a method to quantify transcriptional suppression via flow cytometry. This protocol is easily adaptable for use with other viruses.

This method describes the use of click chemistry to measure changes in host cell transcription after infection with the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP-12. Results can be visualized qualitatively via fluorescence microscopy or obtained quantitatively through flow cytometry. This method is adaptable for use with other viruses.

호스트 세포 RN​​A의 합성에 바이러스 감염의 효과를 측정하는 클릭 화학을 사용하여

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, ...

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Pneumonia is one of the major health care problems in developing and industrialized countries and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in knowledge of this illness, the availability of intensive care units (ICU), and the use of potent antimicrobial agents and effective vaccines, the mortality rates remain high1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and one of the most common causes of bacteremia in humans. This pathogen is equipped with an armamentarium of surface-exposed adhesins and virulence factors contributing to pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The assessment of the in vivo role of bacterial fitness or virulence factors is of utmost importance to unravel S. pneumoniae pathogenicity mechanisms. Murine models of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis are being used to determine the impact of pneumococcal factors at different stages of the infection. Here we describe a protocol to monitor in real-time pneumococcal dissemination in mice after intranasal or intraperitoneal infections with bioluminescent bacteria. The results show the multiplication and dissemination of pneumococci in the lower respiratory tract and blood, which can be visualized and evaluated using an imaging system and the accompanying analysis software.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading pathogen causing severe community-acquired pneumonia and responsible for over 2&#160;million deaths worldwide. The impact of bacterial factors implicated in fitness or virulence can be monitored in real-time in an acute mouse pneumonia or bacteremia model using bioluminescent bacteria.

생물 발광 박테리아를 사용하여 실시간으로 급성 폐렴 마우스 모델에서 폐렴 구균 독성 요인의 영향에 따라

Pneumonia is one of the major health care problems in developing and industrialized countries and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

In order to study human acute lung injury and pneumonia, it is important to develop animal models to mimic various pathological features of this disease. Here we have developed a mouse lung injury model by intra-tracheal injection of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa or PA). Using this model, we were able to show lung inflammation at the early phase of injury. In addition, alveolar epithelial barrier leakiness was observed by analyzing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); and alveolar cell death was observed by Tunel assay using tissue prepared from injured lungs. At a later phase following injury, we observed cell proliferation required for the repair process. The injury was resolved 7 days from the initiation of P. aeruginosa injection. This model mimics the sequential course of lung inflammation, injury and repair during pneumonia. This clinically relevant animal model is suitable for studying pathology, mechanism of repair, following acute lung injury, and also can be used to test potential therapeutic agents for this disease.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

We have developed a mouse lung injury model by intra-tracheal injection of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This model mimics lung injury during pneumonia and is clinically relevant.

녹농균 유발 폐 손상 모델

In order to study human acute lung injury and pneumonia, it is important to develop animal models to mimic various pathological features of this disease. ...

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. Infection occurs upon inhalation of spores, which are able to replicate in the deep lung. Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus by macrophages is one of the ways that the disease is able to spread into the central nervous system to cause lethal meningoencephalitis. Therefore, study of the association between Cryptococcus and macrophages is important to understanding the progression of the infection. The present study describes a step-by-step protocol to study macrophage infectivity by C. neoformansin vitro. Using this protocol, the role of host sterols on host-pathogen interactions is studied. Different concentrations of methyl--cyclodextrin (MCD) were used to deplete cholesterol from murine reticulum sarcoma macrophage-like cell line J774A.1. Cholesterol depletion was confirmed and quantified using both a commercially available cholesterol quantification kit and thin layer chromatography. Cholesterol depleted cells were activated using Lipopolysacharide (LPS) and Interferon gamma (IFN&#947;) and infected with antibody-opsonized Cryptococcus neoformans wild-type H99 cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 1:1. Infected cells were monitored after 2 hr of incubation with C. neoformans and their phagocytic index was calculated. Cholesterol depletion resulted in a significant reduction in the phagocytic index. The presented protocols offer a convenient method to mimic the initiation of the infection process in a laboratory environment and study the role of host lipid composition on infectivity.

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

In this article, a protocol for infection of macrophages with Cryptococcus neoformans is described. Also, a method for sterol depletion from the macrophages is explained. These protocols provide a guide to study fungal infections in vitro and examine the role of sterols in such infections.

대 식세포 콜레스테롤 고갈과의 식균 작용에 미치는 영향<em&gt; 크립토 콕 쿠스 네오 포르</em

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. Infection occurs upon inhalation of spores, which are ...

Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

Interest in the biological roles of cell membrane&#8211;derived vesicles in cell&#8211;cell communication has increased in recent years. Microparticles (MPs) are one such type of vesicles, ranging in diameter from 0.1 &#956;m to 1 &#956;m, and typically shed from the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells undergoing activation or apoptosis. Here we describe the generation of T lymphocyte&#8211;derived microparticles (LMPs) from apoptotic CEM T cells stimulated with actinomycin D. LMPs are isolated through a multistep differential centrifugation process and characterized using flow cytometry. This protocol also presents an in situ cell death detection method for demonstrating the proapoptotic effect of LMPs on bronchial epithelial cells derived from mouse primary respiratory bronchial tissue explants. Methods described herein provide a reproducible procedure for isolating abundant quantities of LMPs from apoptotic lymphocytes in vitro. LMPs derived in this manner can be used to evaluate the characteristics of various disease models, and for pharmacology and toxicology testing. Given that the airway epithelium offers a protective physical and functional barrier between the external environment and underlying tissue, use of bronchial tissue explants rather than immortalized epithelial cell lines provides an effective model for investigations requiring airway tract tissue.

Cell membrane&#8211;shed microparticles (MPs) are active biological vesicles that can be isolated and their pathophysiological effects investigated in various models. Here we describe a method for generating MPs derived from T lymphocytes (LMPs) and for demonstrating their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells.

기도 상피 세포에 림프 미세 입자 및 아폽토시스 효과의 검출 세대

Interest in the biological roles of cell membrane&#8211;derived vesicles in cell&#8211;cell communication has increased in recent years. Microparticles ...

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

Many novel viruses have been discovered in animal hosts using next-generation sequencing technologies. Previously, we reported a mutualistic virus, Helicoverpa armigera densovirus (HaDV2), in a lepidopteran species, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Here, we describe the protocols that are currently used to study the effect of HaDV2 on its host. First, we establish a HaDV2-free cotton bollworm colony from a single breeding pair. Then, we orally inoculate some neonate larval offspring with HaDV2-containing filtered liquid to produce two colonies with the same genetic background: one HaDV2-infected, the other uninfected. A protocol to compare life table parameters (e.g., larval, pupal, and adult periods and fecundity) between the HaDV2-infected and -uninfected individuals is also presented, as are the protocols for determining the host-tissue distribution and transmission efficiency of HaDV2. These protocols would also be suitable for investigating the effects of other orally transmitted viruses on their insect hosts, lepidopteran hosts in particular.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the host-tissue distribution, transmission mode, and effect on the host fitness of a densovirus within a lepidopteran species, the cotton bollworm. This protocol can also be used for studying the interaction between other orally-transmitted viruses and their insect hosts.

코튼 면화씨 벌레의 Densovirus의 호스트 피트니스에 호스트 조직 배포, 전송 모드 및 효과 조사를위한 프로토콜

Many novel viruses have been discovered in animal hosts using next-generation sequencing technologies. Previously, we reported a mutualistic virus, ...

Come to the Light Side: In Vivo Monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections in Chronic Wounds in a Diabetic Hairless Murine Model

The presence of bacteria as structured biofilms in chronic wounds, especially in diabetic patients, is thought to prevent wound healing and resolution. Chronic mouse wounds models have been used to understand the underlying interactions between the microorganisms and the host. The models developed to date rely on the use of haired animals and terminal collection of wound tissue for determination of viable bacteria. While significant insight has been gained with these models, this experimental procedure requires a large number of animals and sampling is time consuming. We have developed a novel murine model that incorporates several optimal innovations to evaluate biofilm progression in chronic wounds: a) it utilizes hairless mice, eliminating the need for hair removal; b) applies pre-formed biofilms to the wounds allowing for the immediate evaluation of persistence and effect of these communities on host; c) monitors biofilm progression by quantifying light production by a genetically engineered bioluminescent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, allowing real-time monitoring of the infection thus reducing the number of animals required per study. In this model, a single full-depth wound is produced on the back of STZ-induced diabetic hairless mice and inoculated with biofilms of the P. aeruginosa bioluminescent strain Xen 41. Light output from the wounds is recorded daily in an in vivo imaging system, allowing for in vivo and in situ rapid biofilm visualization and localization of biofilm bacteria within the wounds. This novel method is flexible as it can be used to study other microorganisms, including genetically engineered species and multi-species biofilms, and may be of special value in testing anti-biofilm strategies including antimicrobial occlusive dressings.

Come to the Light Side: In Vivo Monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections in Chronic Wounds in a Diabetic Hairless Murine Model

Here we describe a novel diabetic murine model utilizing hairless mice for real-time, non-invasive, monitoring of biofilm wound infections of bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This method can be adapted to evaluate infection of other bacterial species and genetically modified microorganisms, including multi-species biofilms, and test the efficacy of antibiofilm strategies.

라이트 사이드에와 서: Vivo에서 당뇨병 털 Murine 모델에 만성 상처에서 녹 농 균 Biofilm 감염의 모니터링

The presence of bacteria as structured biofilms in chronic wounds, especially in diabetic patients, is thought to prevent wound healing and resolution. ...

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa is able to form biofilms, develop antibiotic resistance, produce virulence factors, and rapidly evolve in the course of a chronic infection. Thus P. aeruginosa can cause both acute and chronic, difficult to treat infections, resulting in significant morbidity in certain patient populations. P. aeruginosa strain PA14 is a human clinical isolate with a conserved genome structure that infects a variety of mammalian and nonvertebrate hosts making PA14 an attractive strain for studying this pathogen. In 2006, a nonredundant transposon insertion mutant library containing 5,459 mutants corresponding to 4,596 predicted PA14 genes was generated. Since then, distribution of the PA14 library has allowed the research community to better understand the function of individual genes and complex pathways of P. aeruginosa. Maintenance of library integrity through the replication process requires proper handling and precise techniques. To that end, this manuscript presents protocols that describe in detail the steps involved in library replication, library quality control and proper storage of individual mutants.

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection causes significant morbidity in vulnerable hosts. The nonredundant transposon insertion mutant library of P. aeruginosa strain PA14, designated as PA14NR Set, facilitates analysis of gene functionality in numerous processes. Presented here is a protocol to generate high-quality copies of the PA14NR Set mutant library.

주문, 녹 농 균 스트레인 PA14 Transposon 삽입 돌연변이의 비중복 라이브러리의 복제

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa ...