Name: high efficiency, site-specific transfection of adherent cells with sirna using microelectrode arrays (mea)
Uploaded: 2012-09-13T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High efficiency, Site-specific Transfection of Adherent Cells with siRNA Using Microelectrode Arrays MEA at JoVE.com

1. MEA Preparation
<ol>
	<li>MEAs for use in electroporation experiments can either be fabricated using standard photolithography technique as described previously18 or purchased directly from vendors of MEA manufacturers such as Multi Channel Systems <a href="http://www.multichannelsystems.com" target="_blank">(http:/www.multichannelsystems.com/)</a> and Alpha MED Scientific, Inc. <a href="http://www.med64.com/" target="_blank">(http://www.MED64.com)</a>.The MEAs used in our experiments were fabricated in-h...

<ol>
	<li>Fire, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 391, 806-811 (1998).</li><li>Caplen, N. J., Parrish, S., Imani, F., Fire, A., Morgan, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+inhibition+of+gene+expression+by+small+double-stranded+RNAs+in+invertebrate+and+vertebrate+systems.">Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98, 9742 (2001).</li><li>Elbashir, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duplexes+of+21-nucleotide+RNAs+mediate+RNA+interference+in+cultured+mammalian+cells.">Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells.</a> Nature. 411, 494-498 (2001).</li><li>Brummelkamp, T. R., Bernards, R., Agami, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+system+for+stable+expression+of+short+interfering+RNAs+in+mammalian+cells.">A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells.</a> Science. 296, 550 (2002).</li><li>Lee, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+small+interfering+RNAs+targeted+against+HIV-1+rev+transcripts+in+human+cells.">Expression of small interfering RNAs targeted against HIV-1 rev transcripts in human cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 500-505 (2002).</li><li>Miyagishi, M., Taira, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=U6+promoter-driven+siRNAs+with+four+uridine+3'+overhangs+efficiently+suppress+targeted+gene+expression+in+mammalian+cells.">U6 promoter-driven siRNAs with four uridine 3' overhangs efficiently suppress targeted gene expression in mammalian cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 497-500 (2002).</li><li>Paul, C. P., Good, P. D., Winer, I., Engelke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+expression+of+small+interfering+RNA+in+human+cells.">Effective expression of small interfering RNA in human cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 505-508 (2002).</li><li>Xia, H., Mao, Q., Paulson, H. L., Davidson, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=siRNA-mediated+gene+silencing+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">siRNA-mediated gene silencing in vitro and in vivo.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 1006-1010 (2002).</li><li>Chu, G., Hayakawa, H., Berg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+for+the+efficient+transfection+of+mammalian+cells+with+DNA.">Electroporation for the efficient transfection of mammalian cells with DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 1311 (1987).</li><li>Felgner, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipofection:+a+highly+efficient,+lipid-mediated+DNA-transfection+procedure.">Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 84, 7413 (1987).</li><li>Raptis, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=applications+of+electroporation+of+adherent+cells+in+situ,+on+a+partly+conductive+slide.">applications of electroporation of adherent cells in situ, on a partly conductive slide.</a> Mol. Biotechnol. 4, 129-138 (1995).</li><li>Jordan, M., Schallhorn, A., Wurm, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfecting+mammalian+cells:+optimization+of+critical+parameters+affecting+calcium-phosphate+precipitate+formation.">Transfecting mammalian cells: optimization of critical parameters affecting calcium-phosphate precipitate formation.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 596-601 (1996).</li><li>Gao, Y., Liu, X. L., Li, X. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+progress+on+siRNA+delivery+with+nonviral+carriers.">Research progress on siRNA delivery with nonviral carriers.</a> International Journal of Nanomedicine. 6, 1017 (2011).</li><li>Ziauddin, J., Sabatini, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarrays+of+cells+expressing+defined+cDNAs.">Microarrays of cells expressing defined cDNAs.</a> Nature. 411, 107-110 (2001).</li><li>Yamauchi, F., Kato, K., Iwata, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+and+temporally+controlled+gene+transfer+by+electroporation+into+adherent+cells+on+plasmid+DNA-loaded+electrodes.">Spatially and temporally controlled gene transfer by electroporation into adherent cells on plasmid DNA-loaded electrodes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 32, e187 (2004).</li><li>Yamauchi, F., Kato, K., Iwata, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Layer-by-Layer+Assembly+of+Poly+(ethyleneimine)+and+Plasmid+DNA+onto+Transparent+Indium?+Tin+Oxide+Electrodes+for+Temporally+and+Spatially+Specific+Gene+Transfer.">Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Poly (ethyleneimine) and Plasmid DNA onto Transparent Indium? Tin Oxide Electrodes for Temporally and Spatially Specific Gene Transfer.</a> Langmuir. 21, 8360-8367 (2005).</li><li>Jain, T., Muthuswamy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsystem+for+transfection+of+exogenous+molecules+with+spatio-temporal+control+into+adherent+cells.">Microsystem for transfection of exogenous molecules with spatio-temporal control into adherent cells.</a> Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 22, 863-870 (2007).</li><li>Jain, T., Muthuswamy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-chip+for+spatially+controlled+transfection+of+nucleic+acid+payloads+into+cells+in+a+culture.">Bio-chip for spatially controlled transfection of nucleic acid payloads into cells in a culture.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7, 1004-1011 (2007).</li><li>Jain, T., Muthuswamy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+array+(MEA)+platform+for+targeted+neuronal+transfection+and+recording.">Microelectrode array (MEA) platform for targeted neuronal transfection and recording.</a> Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on. 55, 827-832 (2008).</li><li>Jain, T., McBride, R., Head, S., Saez, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+parallel+introduction+of+nucleic+acids+into+mammalian+cells+grown+in+microwell+arrays.">Highly parallel introduction of nucleic acids into mammalian cells grown in microwell arrays.</a> Lab on a Chip. 9, 3557-3566 (2009).</li><li>Huang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+and+high-throughput+electroporation+microchip+applicable+for+siRNA+delivery.">An efficient and high-throughput electroporation microchip applicable for siRNA delivery.</a> Lab Chip. 11, 163-172 (2010).</li><li>Li, Z., Wei, Z., Li, X., Du, Q., Liang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+and+high-throughput+electroporation+chips.">Efficient and high-throughput electroporation chips.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Jain, T., Papas, A., Jadhav, A., McBride, R., Saez, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+electroporation+of+surface-bound+siRNAs+in+microwell+arrays.">In situ electroporation of surface-bound siRNAs in microwell arrays.</a> Lab Chip. 12, 939-947 (2012).</li><li>Haas, K., Sin, W. C., Javaherian, A., Li, Z., Cline, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Cell+Electroporationfor+Gene+Transfer+In+Vivo.">Single-Cell Electroporationfor Gene Transfer In Vivo.</a> Neuron. 29, 583-591 (2001).</li><li>Akaneya, Y., Jiang, B., Tsumoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi-induced+gene+silencing+by+local+electroporation+in+targeting+brain+region.">RNAi-induced gene silencing by local electroporation in targeting brain region.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 93, 594 (2005).</li><li>Lee, W. G., Demirci, U., Khademhosseini, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscale+electroporation:+challenges+and+perspectives+for+clinical+applications.">Microscale electroporation: challenges and perspectives for clinical applications.</a> Integr. Biol. 1, 242-251 (2009).</li><li>Boukany, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanochannel+electroporation+delivers+precise+amounts+of+biomolecules+into+living+cells.">Nanochannel electroporation delivers precise amounts of biomolecules into living cells.</a> Nature Nanotechnology. 6, 747-754 (2011).</li></ol>

In this video article we demonstrate the use of MEA for site-specific transfection of HeLa cells with scrambled sequence of siRNA. One of the advantages of this technology is its applicability to different cell lines including primary cell lines. Our lab has previously demonstrated the use of this technology for site-specific transfection of primary hippocampal neuronal culture from E18 day old rat and NIH-3T3 cells with scrambled siRNA sequences and GFP plasmid18, 19. We have also had success in delivering fu...

<table border="1">
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cell media: Advanced MEM L-Glutamine 200 mM Penicillin/Streptomycin Fetal bovine serum</td>
 <td>Gibco/Invitrogen Himedia Laboratories/VWR Lonza group Ltd. Gibco/Invitrogen</td>
 <td>12492-013 95057-448 09-757F 16000-044</td>
 <td>Cell media composition: 2% FBS, 2%L-glutamine and 2% Pennstrep in Advance MEM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypsin EDTA</td>
 <td>Mediatech, Inc.</td>
 <td>25-053-CL</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBS</td>
 <td>Mediatech, Inc.</td>
 <td>21-040-CV</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Alexa 488 and rhodamine tagged scrambled sequence siRNA</td>
 <td>Qiagen, Inc.</td>
 <td>1027292</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electroporation buffer</td>
 <td>Biorad Laboratories</td>
 <td>165-2677</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Waveform generator</td>
 <td>Pragmatic</td>
 <td>2414A</td>
 <td>Any waveform/pulse generator that can deliver the desired pulses can be used.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>

high efficiency, site-specific transfection of adherent cells with sirna using microelectrode arrays (mea)

The discovery of RNAi pathway in eukaryotes and the subsequent development of RNAi agents, such as siRNA and shRNA, have achieved a potent method for silencing specific genes1-8 for functional genomics and therapeutics. A major challenge involved in RNAi based studies is the delivery of RNAi agents to targeted cells. Traditional non-viral delivery techniques, such as bulk electroporation and chemical transfection methods often lack the necessary spatial control over delivery and afford poor transfection efficiencies9-12. Recent advances in chemical transfection methods such as cationic lipids, cationic polymers and nanoparticles have resulted in highly enhanced transfection efficiencies13. However, these techniques still fail to offer precise spatial control over delivery that can immensely benefit miniaturized high-throughput technologies, single cell studies and investigation of cell-cell interactions. 
Recent technological advances in gene delivery have enabled high-throughput transfection of adherent cells14-23, a majority of which use microscale electroporation. Microscale electroporation offers precise spatio-temporal control over delivery (up to single cells) and has been shown to achieve high efficiencies19, 24-26. Additionally, electroporation based approaches do not require a prolonged period of incubation (typically 4 hours) with siRNA and DNA complexes as necessary in chemical based transfection methods and lead to direct entry of naked siRNA and DNA molecules into the cell cytoplasm. As a consequence gene expression can be achieved as early as six hours after transfection27. Our lab has previously demonstrated the use of microelectrode arrays (MEA) for site-specific transfection in adherent mammalian cell cultures17-19. In the MEA based approach, delivery of genetic payload is achieved via localized micro-scale electroporation of cells. An application of electric pulse to selected electrodes generates local electric field that leads to electroporation of cells present in the region of the stimulated electrodes. The independent control of the micro-electrodes provides spatial and temporal control over transfection and also enables multiple transfection based experiments to be performed on the same culture increasing the experimental throughput and reducing culture-to-culture variability. 
Here we describe the experimental setup and the protocol for targeted transfection of adherent HeLa cells with a fluorescently tagged scrambled sequence siRNA using electroporation. The same protocol can also be used for transfection of plasmid vectors. Additionally, the protocol described here can be easily extended to a variety of mammalian cell lines with minor modifications. Commercial availability of MEAs with both pre-defined and custom electrode patterns make this technique accessible to most research labs with basic cell culture equipment.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High efficiency, Site-specific Transfection of Adherent Cells with siRNA Using Microelectrode Arrays MEA at JoVE.com

High efficiency, Site-specific Transfection of Adherent Cells with siRNA Using Microelectrode Arrays MEA

The article details the protocol for site-specific transfection of scrambled sequence of siRNA in an adherent mammalian cell culture using a microelectrode array (MEA).

High efficiency, Site-specific Transfection of Adherent Cells with siRNA Using Microelectrode Arrays (MEA)

The discovery of RNAi pathway in eukaryotes and the subsequent development of RNAi agents, such as siRNA and shRNA, have achieved a potent method for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Therapeutic Gene Delivery and Transfection in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells using Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-targeted Gelatin Nanoparticles

More than 32,000 patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the United States per year and the disease is associated with very high mortality 1. ...

Site-specific Bacterial Chromosome Engineering: &#934;C31 Integrase Mediated Cassette Exchange (IMCE)

Site-specific Bacterial Chromosome Engineering: ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â¦C31 Integrase Mediated Cassette Exchange IMCE

The bacterial chromosome may be used to stably maintain foreign DNA in the mega-base range1. Integration into the chromosome circumvents issues such as ...

Engineering Adherent Bacteria by Creating a Single Synthetic Curli Operon

The  method described here consists in redesigning E. coli adherence properties by assembling the minimum number of  curli genes under the control of a ...

Characteristics of Precipitation-formed Polyethylene Glycol Microgels Are Controlled by Molecular Weight of Reactants

This work describes the formation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microgels via a photopolymerized precipitation reaction. Precipitation reactions offer ...

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

Porous Silicon Microparticles for Delivery of siRNA Therapeutics

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to suppress gene expression, thereby providing a new avenue for the treatment of various diseases. However, the ...

Easy and Accurate Mechano-profiling on Micropost Arrays

Cell culture substrates with integrated flexible microposts enable a user to study the mechanical interactions between cells and their immediate ...

Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA to the CNS Using Cationic and Anionic Liposomes

Prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called PrPRes.  The ...

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to ...

Interfacing Microfluidics with Microelectrode Arrays for Studying Neuronal Communication and Axonal Signal Propagation

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to study neuronal function in vitro. These devices allow concurrent non-invasive recording/stimulation of ...