이 작품은 부분적으로 CSIC (I + D 프로젝트 C022)와 PEDECI​​BA에 의해 지원되었다. 저자는 조심스럽게이 프로젝트에 사용되는 모든 기니 돼지 표본을 제공하기 위해 MoFlo 셀 분류기, 그리고 메리 - 몬테비데오에 관한 그들의 관대 한 협업 세포 생물학 장치 (파스퇴르 연구소 드 몬테 비디오)에서 마리엘라 Bollati와 발렌 포로 감사드립니다. 그림 1 그림 2와 3, S. Karger AG, 바젤의 권한 표 1; BioMed 본부의 허가를 재현하고 그림 4와 5는 존 와일리 &amp; 선즈, Inc의 (에 의해 소유 저작권 허가를 복제하거나 적응했다 와일리 - 블랙웰, 2011).

1. 세포 현탁액의 준비 <ol><li> 이러한 IACUC 또는 동급으로 전문위원회의 권고에 따라 사용할 시편을 희생 (우루과이, 국가위원회의 동물 실험에 대한 [CNEA]). 우리의 경우, 펜 토바 비탈의 과량이 투여되었다. </li><li> 표준 승인 절차에 따라 고환을 해부하고 얼음처럼 차가운 DMEM 10 ML을 포함, 얼음 96mm 유리 페트리 접시에 배치 10 % 소 태아 혈청과 보충. </li><li> 투 니카 albuginea을 제거하고 2 사각형 조각으로 캡슐화가 고환을 잘라 - 양쪽에 3mm. </li><li> 그 조각은 다음 Medimachine, 조직이 뚫린 스테인리스 스크린과 금속 회 전자를 포함하는 일회용 기기 내부에 세분화 된 자동 기계 분쇄기로 처리됩니다. 50 μm의 일회용 단위 disaggregator에 스위치 및 프로세스에서 이러한 조각 중 1 - 5 이렇게하려면, 감기의 장소 1 ML은 DMEM 4를 보충<html> 제조업체의 간단한 지침에 따라 50 초합니다. </li><li> 바늘없이 5 ML의 주사기 - 3을 사용하여 세분화 장치에서 결과 세포 현탁액을 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 0.5 밀리리터 DMEM을 보충와 이전에 담가 50 μm의 나일론 메쉬를 통해 필터링합니다. </li><li> 젖은 25 μm의 나일론 메쉬, 얼음에 장소를 사용하여 다시 현탁액을 필터링합니다. </li><li> 네우 바우 챔버에서 셀을 1로 세포 농도를 조정 - 2 × 10 7 세포 / ML DMEM 배지로. 적어도 4 X 10 7 세포 / 고환 물질의 그램은 일반적으로 얻을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 세포 응집을 방지하기 위해 0.2 %의 최종 농도 (2 - 나프톨 -6,8 - 디 술폰산, 칼륨 염) NDA를 추가합니다. </li><li> 선택 사항 : 제조업체의 지침에 따라, 동물 세포 시중에서 생존 키트와 함께 고환 세포 현탁액의 세포 생존을 확인합니다. </li></ol> 2. 유세포 분석 ve_content &quot;&gt; 우리의 propidium 요오드의 높은 농도 (PI)로 염색 세포의 분석을 위해 488 nm에서 방출하는 조정 일관된 아르곤 이온 레이저를 장착 한 벡톤 - 디킨슨 FACSVantage 흐름 cytometer에를 사용했습니다. (고정되지 않은에 PI 입구의 문제 스트레스 세포) 다른 9,10 해결되었습니다. <ol><li> PI 염색을위한 50 세포 현탁액에 μg / ML의 최종 농도에서 형광을 추가하고, 0시 10 분 ° 어둠 속에서 C에 대해 품어. </li><li> 레이저 전력은 100 mW의 및 26분의 575 밴드 패스 필터가 FL2에서 PI-방출 ​​형광을 수집하는 데 사용됩니다로 설정됩니다. </li><li> 우리는 70 μm의 노즐 FC 측정을 수행합니다. spermatocyte 인구를 정​​렬, 봉투로 3 분류 방울을 사용하여 일반-R 또는 Normal-C 모드에서 정렬을 설정합니다. 3시 샘플 및 수집 튜브를 유지 - 4 ° C에 냉동 장치를 사용하여. 초당 1,500 ~ 500의 속도로 세포를 분석 할 시료 차이를 조정합니다. </li><li> 분석하는 CellQuest 소프트웨어 (BD)를 사용하여다음 매개 변수 : 앞으로 분산 형 (FSC-H), 측면 산란 (SSC-H), 총 방출 형광 또는 펄스 면적 (FL2-A) 및 형광 방출 또는 펄스 폭 (FL2-W)의 기간. </li></ol> 또한, 우리는 5 μg / ML의 최종 농도에 중요한 염료 훽스트 33342을 고용하고 37 10 분 ° 어둠 속에서 C 동안 배양했다. 세포 분석은 MoFlo cytometer에 (DakoCytomation)를 통해 25 mW의에서 UV 여기 파장 레이저 운영을 탑재 해, 70 μm의 노즐을 사용하여 수행 하였다. 데이터 조작은 정상 V4.3 소프트웨어 (DakoCytomation)로 수행 하였다.

<ol>
	<li>Meistrich, M. L., Prescott, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+spermatogenic+cells+and+nuclei+from+rodent+testes.">Separation of spermatogenic cells and nuclei from rodent testes.</a> Methods of Cell Biology. 15, 15-54 (1977).</li><li>Lam, D. M. K., Furrer, R., Bruce, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+separation,+physical+characterization,+and+differentiation+kinetics+of+spermatogonial+cells+of+the+mouse.">The separation, physical characterization, and differentiation kinetics of spermatogonial cells of the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 65, 192-199 (1970).</li><li>Romrell, L. J., Bellve, A. R., Fawcet, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+mouse+spermatogenic+cells+by+sedimentation+velocity.">Separation of mouse spermatogenic cells by sedimentation velocity.</a> Dev. Biol. 19, 119-131 (1976).</li><li>Geisinger, A., Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+for+gene+expression+studies+in+mammalian+spermatogenesis.">Flow cytometry for gene expression studies in mammalian spermatogenesis.</a> Cytogenet. Genome Res. 128, 46-56 (2010).</li><li>Getun, I. V., Torres, B., Bois, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+purification+of+mouse+meiotic+cells.">Flow cytometry purification of mouse meiotic cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (50), e2602 (2011).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+mouse+spermatogenic+cells+by+velocity+sedimentation.">Separation of mouse spermatogenic cells by velocity sedimentation.</a> J. Cell Physiol. 80, 299-312 (1972).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L., Bruce, W. R., Clermont, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+composition+of+fractions+of+mouse+testis+cells+following+velocity+sedimentation+separation.">Cellular composition of fractions of mouse testis cells following velocity sedimentation separation.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 79, 213-227 (1973).</li><li>Malkov, M., Fisher, Y., Don, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+schedule+of+the+postnatal+rat+testis+determined+by+flow+cytometry.">Developmental schedule of the postnatal rat testis determined by flow cytometry.</a> Biol. Rep. 59, 84-92 (1998).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R., Geisinger, A., Santi&#241;aque, F., L&#243;pez, B., Folle, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-purity+flow+sorting+of+early+meiocytes+based+on+DNA+analysis+of+guinea+pig+spermatogenic+cells.">High-purity flow sorting of early meiocytes based on DNA analysis of guinea pig spermatogenic cells.</a> Cytometry A. 79, 625-634 (2011).</li><li>Davey, H. M., Hexley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+but+not+dead?+Membranes+of+stressed+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+are+permeable+to+propidium+iodide.">Red but not dead? Membranes of stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae are permeable to propidium iodide.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 13, 163-171 (2011).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R., Geisinger, A., L&#243;pez-Carro, B., Porro, V., Wettstein, R., Folle, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-fast+and+optimized+method+for+the+preparation+of+rodent+testicular+cells+for+flow+cytometric+analysis.">Ultra-fast and optimized method for the preparation of rodent testicular cells for flow cytometric analysis.</a> Biol. Proced. Online. 11, 184-195 (2009).</li><li>Span&#242;, M., Evenson, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+analysis+for+reproductive+biology.">Flow cytometric analysis for reproductive biology.</a> Biol Cell. 78, 53-62 (1993).</li></ol>

여기에 설명 된 최적화 방법은 효소 세제 치료를 피하고 좋은 세포 무결성 및 유형 비율을 유지, 매우 빠르고 재현성 방식으로 쥐 고환 조직에서 세포 현탁액의 준비를 할 수 있습니다. 절차 (15 분 스팬 고환 해부, 조직의 절단 및 가공 포함), 관련 최소한의 처리 및 효소 치료의 부재의 간결함은 주요 장점 중 일부입니다. 이러한 모든 원래의 세포 인구에 존재하는 물질의 대표 샘플이 필요할 때 중...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Medimachine system</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340587</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Medicon unit (50 &mu;m)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340591</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filcon unit (50 &mu;m)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340603</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM</td>
 <td>Gibco</td>
 <td>430-2100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal calf serum</td>
 <td>PAA</td>
 <td>A11-151</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NDA</td>
 <td>Chemos BmbH</td>
 <td>277081</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hoechst 33342</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>14533</td>
 <td>Stock solution 5 mg/ml; used at a final concentration of 5 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium iodide</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>287075</td>
 <td>Stock solution 1 mg/ml; used at a final concentration of 50 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

simple and efficient technique for the preparation of testicular cell suspensions

포유류의 고환은 체세포 고환 세포와 생식 세포의 여러 단계를 포함하여 30 개 이상의 서로 다른 세포 유형을 포함 매우 복잡한 기관이다. 이 이질성은 정자 발달의 특정 단계에서 순수한 농축 세포 인구는 대부분의 분자 분석 1 필요에 따라, 포유류의 정자의 기초 연구에 관한 중요한 단점이다. 같은 Staput 2,3, 원심 elutriation 1 및 유동 세포 계측법 등 다양한 전략 (FC) 4,5는 차동 유전자 발현 연구를 활성화하기 위해 농축 또는 정제 고환 세포 인구를 얻기 위해 사용되어왔다. 이것은 세포가 가장 농축 / 정제 방법에 대한 정학 것을 요구된다. 이상적으로, 세포 현탁액은 원래의 조직을 대표하고, 가능한 세포와​​ 몇 multinucleates의 비중이 높은 때문에 -의 형성 경향이그리고 부족한 세포 대단히 짧은 시간 1 - 정액 상피 6,7의 세포 융합 성격. 이전 보고서는 독점적 기계적 방법에 의해 제조 고환 세포 현탁액은 트립신 사람 1보다 더 쉽게 응집 것을 입증했다. RNAses 및 / 또는 트립신 및 특정 스트림 애플리케이션에 바람직하지 않은 특정 고분자 분해에 콜라 리드와 같은 분해하는 효소 반면에, 효소 처리. 이상적인 프로세스는 mRNA가 같은 관심 고분자의 좋은 보존을 달성하기 위하여 가능한 한 짧아야하며 최소한의 조작을 포함해야한다. 단단한 조직에서 세포 현탁액의 준비를위한 현재 프로토콜은 일반적으로 시간이 걸리는 매우 연산자에 의존하고, 선택적으로 특정 세포 유형에게 1,8가 손상 될 수 있습니다. 여기에 제시 프로토콜과 높은 재현성 매우 간단한 기계 세분화의 이점을 결합유세포 분석 및 정렬 4 및 꿍꿍이 유전자 발현 연구 9에 사용할 수있는 좋은 품질의 세포 현탁액을 선도하는 효소 치료의 bsence.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜을 준비 쥐의 고환에서 잘 분해 된 세포 현탁액의 예는 그림 1에 표시됩니다. 효소 치료 6,8에 이전에 설명한 기계 세분화 방법 2에 비해, 여기에 제시 한 (특히 다른 기계에 비해 훨씬 빠릅니다 적은 처리를 포함, (NOT 연산자에 의존) 쉽게 재현하고 부족한 세포 파편을 렌더링 방법)과 거의 multinucleates (광범위한 조직 조작 <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions at JoVE.com

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

효소 세제를 피 설치류 자료에서 고환 세포 현탁액의 기계적 준비를위한 새로운 프로토콜이 설명되어 있습니다. 방법은 매우 간단하고 빠르고, 재현성 및 흐름 정렬 및 RNA 추출에 적합한 좋은 품질의 세포 현탁액을 렌더링합니다.

고환 세포 현탁액의 준비를 위해 간단하고 효율적인 기술

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

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18.6K 조회수.  Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE). 효소 세제를 피 설치류 자료에서 고환 세포 현탁액의 기계적 준비를위한 새로운 프로토콜이 설명되어 있습니다. 방법은 매우 간단하고 빠르고, 재현성 및 흐름 정렬 및 RNA 추출에 적합한 좋은 품질의 세포 현탁액을 렌더링합니다.

비디오: Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Spleen with the gentleMACS Dissociator

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual dissociations the gentleMACS Dissociator allows one to dissociate tissue very efficiently under controlled and reproducible conditions.  The gentleMACS Dissociator can optimally dissociate mouse spleen, combining timesaving and standardization with user-safety.

This video describes how to dissociate mouse spleens using the gentleMACS Dissociator, an automated bench-top device that can mechanically disrupt tissues using special tubes to produce viable cell suspensions. Following dissociation, spleens are filtered, centrifuged, and resuspended for further applications.

This video describes a simple, time-saving technique for automated tissue dissociation using the gentleMACS Dissociator to prepare single-cell suspensions of mouse splenocytes.

gentleMACS Dissociator과 마우스 비장에서 단일 셀 Suspensions의 준비

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual ...

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생물학

Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of dissociating whole organs requires specific parameters in order to obtain a high number of viable cells in a reproducible manner. The gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. The instrument contains pre-programmed settings that are optimized for the efficient but gentle dissociation of a variety of tissue types, including mouse lungs. In this publication the use of the gentleMACS Dissociator on lung tissue derived from mice is demonstrated.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue agitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on lung tissue is explained.

gentleMACS Dissociator를 사용하여 마우스 폐 조직에서 단일 셀 Suspensions의 표준화 준비

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of ...

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate (pHPL) as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), fibroblasts and endothelial colony-forming cells with platelets activated by thrombin3-5 or lysed by freeze/thaw cycles6-14 before the platelet releasate is added to the cell culture medium. The trophic effect of platelet derived growth factors has already been tested in several trials for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.1,15-17 Varying efficiency is considered to be at least in part due to individually divergent concentrations of growth factors18,19 and a current lack of standardized protocols for platelet preparation.15,16 This protocol presents a practicable procedure to generate a pool of human platelet lysate (pHPL) derived from routinely produced platelet rich plasma (PRP) of forty to fifty single blood donations. By several freeze/thaw cycles the platelet membranes are damaged and growth factors are efficiently released into the plasma. Finally, the platelet fragments are removed by centrifugation to avoid extensive aggregate formation and deplete potential antigens. The implementation of pHPL into standard culture protocols represents a promising tool for further development of cell therapeutics propagated in an animal protein-free system.

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Human platelet lysate is a rich source of growth factors and a potent supplement in cell culture. This protocol presents the process of preparing a large pool of human platelet lysate by starting from platelet rich plasma, performing several freeze-thaw cycles and depleting the platelet fragments.

동물 세럼 - 무료 인간 줄기 세포 배양을위한 효율적인 보충으로 풀링 인간 혈소판 Lysate (pHPL)의 준비

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for ...

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells are inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid or IP6). IP5 and IP6 are the precursors of inositol pyrophosphate molecules that contain one or more pyrophosphate bonds1. Phosphorylation of IP6 generates diphoshoinositolpentakisphosphate (IP7 or PP-IP5) and bisdiphoshoinositoltetrakisphosphate (IP8 or (PP)2-IP4). Inositol pyrophosphates have been isolated from all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. In addition, the two distinct classes of enzymes responsible for inositol pyrophosphate synthesis are highly conserved throughout evolution2-4.
The IP6 kinases (IP6Ks) posses an enormous catalytic flexibility, converting IP5 and IP6 to PP-IP4 and IP7 respectively and subsequently, by using these products as substrates, promote the generation of more complex molecules5,6. Recently, a second class of pyrophosphate generating enzymes was identified in the form of the yeast protein VIP1 (also referred as PP-IP5K), which is able to convert IP6 to IP7 and IP87,8.
Inositol pyrophosphates regulate many disparate cellular processes such as insulin secretion9, telomere length10,11, chemotaxis12, vesicular trafficking13, phosphate homeostasis14 and HIV-1 gag release15. Two mechanisms of actions have been proposed for this class of molecules. They can affect cellular function by allosterically interacting with specific proteins like AKT16. Alternatively, the pyrophosphate group can donate a phosphate to pre-phosphorylated proteins17. The enormous potential of this research field is hampered by the absence of a commercial source of inositol pyrophosphates, which is preventing many scientists from studying these molecules and this new post-translational modification. The methods currently available to isolate inositol pyrophosphates require sophisticated chromatographic apparatus18,19. These procedures use acidic conditions that might lead to inositol pyrophosphate degradation20 and thus to poor recovery. Furthermore, the cumbersome post-column desalting procedures restrict their use to specialized laboratories.
In this study we describe an undemanding method for the generation, isolation and purification of the products of the IP6-kinase and PP-IP5-kinases reactions. This method was possible by the ability of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to resolve highly phosphorylated inositol polyphosphates20. Following IP6K1 and PP-IP5K enzymatic reactions using IP6 as the substrate, PAGE was used to separate the generated inositol pyrophosphates that were subsequently eluted in water.

Inositol pyrophosphates play an important role in human pathologies such cancer, diabetes and obesity; however, the exact mechanism of action is a matter of dispute. The lack of commercially available inositol pyrophosphates renders detailed studies problematic. Here we describe a simple protocol to produce and isolate milligrams of inositol pyrophosphates.

품질 이노시톨 Pyrophosphates의 준비

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells ...

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).

액포와 세포질의 pH 측정<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 효모 세포 현탁액의

Vacuolar and  cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in  overall pH homeostasis. We describe  protocols for ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using episomal plasmids and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The advantages of this approach include: (1) the use of a minimal amount of peripheral blood as a source material; (2) nonintegrating reprogramming vectors; (3) a cost effective method for generating vector free iPSCs; (4) a single transfection; and (5) the use of small molecules to facilitate epigenetic reprogramming. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from routine phlebotomy samples and then cultured in defined growth factors to yield a highly proliferative erythrocyte progenitor cell population that is remarkably amenable to reprogramming. Nonintegrating, nontransmissible episomal plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYCL, LIN28A, and a p53 short hairpin (sh)RNA are introduced into the derived erythroblasts via a single nucleofection. Cotransfection of an episome that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) allows for easy identification of transfected cells. A separate replication-deficient plasmid expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is also added to the reaction mixture for increased expression of episomal proteins. Transfected cells are then plated onto a layer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) for continued reprogramming. As soon as iPSC-like colonies appear at about twelve days after nucleofection, HDAC inhibitors are added to the medium to facilitate epigenetic remodeling. We have found that the inclusion of HDAC inhibitors routinely increases the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSC colonies by 2 fold. Once iPSC colonies exhibit typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) morphology, they are gently transferred to individual iMEF-coated tissue culture plates for continued growth and expansion.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using an episome based reprogramming strategy and histone deacetylase inhibitors.

에피 솜과 HDAC 억제제를 사용하여 혈액에서 효율적인 유도 만능 줄기 세포 생성

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time and cost efficient protocol for secreted protein expression in mammalian cells and one step purification using nickel affinity chromatography. The system is based on large scale transient transfection of mammalian cells in suspension, which greatly decreases the time to produce protein, as it eliminates steps, such as developing expression viruses or generating stable expressing cell lines. This protocol utilizes cheap transfection agents, which can be easily made by simple chemical modification, or moderately priced transfection agents, which increase yield through increased transfection efficiency and decreased cytotoxicity. Careful monitoring and maintaining of media glucose levels increases protein yield. Controlling the maturation of native glycans at the expression step increases the final yield of properly folded and functional mammalian proteins, which are ideal properties to pursue X-ray crystallography. In some cases, single step purification produces protein of sufficient purity for crystallization, which is demonstrated here as an example case.

This is a quick, cost-efficient protocol for the production of secreted, glycosylated mammalian proteins and subsequent single-step purification with sufficient yields of homogenous protein for X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies.

효율적인 포유 동물 세포 발현 및 결정화에 대한 세포 외 당 단백질의 단일 단계 정화

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to the analysis of a few fluorochromes, currently there are dozens of different fluorescent dyes, and up to 14-18 different dyes can be combined at a time. However, several limitations still impair the analytical capabilities. Because of the multiplicity of fluorescent probes, data analysis has become increasingly complex due to the need of large, multi-parametric compensation matrices. Moreover, mutant mouse models carrying fluorescent proteins to detect and trace specific cell types in different tissues have become available, so the analysis (by flow cytometry) of auto-fluorescent cell suspensions obtained from solid organs is required. Spectral flow cytometry, which distinguishes the shapes of emission spectra along a wide range of continuous wavelengths, addresses some of these problems. The data is analyzed with an algorithm that replaces compensation matrices and treats auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. Thus, spectral flow cytometry should be capable of discriminating fluorochromes with similar emission peaks and can provide a multi-parametric analysis without compensation requirements.
This protocol describes the spectral flow cytometry analysis, allowing for a 21-parameter (19 fluorescent probes) characterization and the management of an auto-fluorescent signal, providing high resolution in minor population detection. The results presented here show that spectral flow cytometry presents advantages in the analysis of cell populations from tissues difficult to characterize in conventional flow cytometry, such as the heart and the intestine. Spectral flow cytometry thus demonstrates the multi-parametric analytical capacity of high-performing conventional flow cytometry without the requirement for compensation and enables auto-fluorescence management.

This article describes spectral cytometry, a new approach in flow cytometry that uses the shapes of emission spectra to distinguish fluorochromes. An algorithm replaces compensations and can treat auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. This new approach allows for the proper analysis of cells isolated from solid organs.

스펙트럼 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 고체 조직에서 분리 한 세포 현탁액의 분석

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. In vivo cardiac-specific gene delivery is commonly achieved by either systemic or local delivery. Systemic injection via tail vein is easy and efficient in manipulating cardiac gene expression by using recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). However, this method requires a relatively high amount of vector for efficient transduction, and may result in nontarget organ gene transduction. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, and time-saving method of intramyocardial injection for in vivo cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia (without ventilation), the pectoral major and minor muscles were bluntly dissected, and the mouse heart was quickly exposed by manual externalization through a small incision at the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenovirus encoding luciferase (Luc) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting VDR, was injected with a Hamilton syringe into the myocardium. Subsequent in vivo imaging demonstrated that luciferase was successfully overexpressed specifically in the heart. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the successful overexpression or silencing of VDR in the mouse heart. Once mastered, this technique can be used for gene manipulation, as well as injection of cells or other materials such as nanogels in the mouse heart.

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Here we present a protocol for cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia, the mouse hearts were externalized through the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenoviruses encoding specific genes were injected with a syringe into the myocardium, followed by protein expression measurement via in vivo imaging and Western blot analysis.

Intramyocardial 쥐에 주입 하 여 심장 관련 유전자 조작 비보에 대 한 간단 하 고 효율적인 방법

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

루트 엑수데이트에서 뿌리 균 화학 물질의 신속 한 식별에 대 한 향상 된 화학 분석

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...