저자는 우리가 실험실에서 스핀 EB 프로토콜의 초기화에 대한 멜린다 Hexum에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 우리는 로라 E. Bendzick, 마이클 Lepley,이 작품과의 기술 지원을 Zhenya 니켈 등 실험실의 다른 구성원을 감사드립니다. 저자는 또한 그의 전문 기술 조언 캘리퍼스 생명 과학에서 브래드 테일러에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

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이 작품은 NIH / NHLBI R01-HL77923 (DSK)에서와 NIH MSTP 부여 T32 GM008244 (DAK), 줄기 세포 생물학 교육 그랜트 T32 (DAK) (T32HD060536), 학부 연구 기회 프로그램 (UROP) 미네소타 그랜트 대학에 의해 지원되었다 (AMB), 미네소타 암 센터의 대학, 그리고 윌리엄 L 및 위임장 휴즈 재단의 백혈병 연구 기금.

hESCs는이 다양한 세포 유형을 연구 및 임상 번역에 대한 놀라운 잠재력을 보유하는 이상적인 플랫폼입니다. 우리는 조혈 전구 세포로 hESC의 / 유도 만능를 구분하는 정의, 스핀 EB 방식을 사용합니다. 스핀 EB 방식은 NK 세포 조혈 전구 세포 분화의 일관성있는 유도를 나왔고, 아직 변화는 여전히 세포 라인에 걸쳐 분화 효율 존재하고 다른 조혈 세포 계통의 생성을 위해 수정해야 할 수도 있습니다. ?...

인간 배아 줄기 세포 (hESCs에)와 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (유도 만능)는 무제한 자기 갱신과 멀티 혈통 분화 할 수있는 미분화, 만능 세포입니다. hESCs는 성공적으로 1-3 조혈 시스템의 세포를 포함한 각 세균 층의 성숙과 기능 하위 집합으로 구분되었다. 자연 킬러 (NK) 세포 기질 세포 라인 1,2,6-8와 배아 체 형성 (사채) 4,5 또는 공동 문화 hESCs는에서 파생 될 수있는 타고난 면역 시스템의 림프구이다. NK 세포는 항 바이러스 및 항 종양 기능을 보유하고 이전 항원 자극이 자신의 이펙터 기능을 수행하기 위해 필요로하지 않는 한, 악성의 넓은 범위에 적용 할 수있는 잠재력이있다. 따라서, hESC의 유래 NK 세포는 면역에 대한 세포의 매력적인 소스입니다. 또한, hESCs는에서 NK 세포의 유도는 정상적인 발달을 연구하는 유전자 의무가 시스템을 제공합니다 &lt;EM&gt; 체외합니다. 그들은 유전자 다루기 쉬운 시스템을 제공하기 때문에, hESC의 유래 NK 세포는 실험적으로 in vitro와 in vivo에서 NK 세포 이펙터 기능을 연구하는 최적의 모델을 제공 형광 발광 기자를 표현하기 위해 수정할 수 있습니다. hESC의 유래 NK 세포는 HIV 9 백혈병 (K562) 및 기타 암 종류 7,8 등 대상의 범위에 대한 활동을 소유한다. 그러나 능력을 효율적으로 낮은 수준, NK 세포 개발 및 항암 기능의 생체 내 연구에서 광범위한 전임상에 대한 제한, 환자를 치료 할 수있는 충분한 NK 세포는 임상 번역에 대한 중요한 장벽이 남아있다 파생한다. 여기, 우리는 hESCs는 4,5,10에서 조혈 전구 세포를 파생 스핀 EB 방식을 사용합니다. 십일일 다음 스핀 사채 28 명의 일 지류의 유무에 관계없이 NK 세포 배양에 전송됩니다. NK 세포 배양 배지에서 4 주 후에, NK 세포는 트란 있습니다인공 항원 제시 세포 (AAPCS)의 역할을 막 바인딩 된 인터루킨 21 (IL-21)을 표현하도록 수정 K562 세포와 공동 배양에 sferred. 이러한 인공 장갑차 11,12을 사용하여 말초 혈액 NK 세포의 확장을위한 프로토콜을 적응, 우리는 성숙한 표현형과 세포 독성 기능을 유지하면서 NK 세포 2 - 로그를 확장 할 수 있습니다. 개발 및 확장이 과정은 생체 내 특성의 광범위에 충분한 hESC의 유래 NK 세포를 제공합니다. 생체 연구를 위해, 우리가 표현하는 비 침습적 주입 반딧불 루시 페라 제의 장기간의 생착과 반응 속도를 모니터링 할 수 있습니다 (Fluc이 +), 생물 발광 영상을 사용하여 hESC의 유래 NK 세포. 또한, 우리는 이중 발광 또는 형광 이미징 기법을 사용하여 종양 세포와 NK 세포의 상호 작용을 따를 수 있습니다. 우리 그룹에 의해 이전 연구는 종양의 진행과 사이클을 따라 안티 종양 모델에서 생물 발광 영상을 사용생체 내 7 Fluc + K562 세포의 arance. 지금, 익스프레스 반딧불 루시 페라 제 13,14에 우리의 hESCs는 꾸민하여 우리는 최근 특징 형광 단백질, turboFP650 15을 표현 K562 종양 세포에 대한 NK 세포의 생체 분포와 인신 매매를 볼 수 있습니다. 우리는 동시에 생체 내에서 두 개의 세포 집단 (그림 1)에 따라하기 위해이 이중 리포터 시스템을 선택했습니다. 대부분의 듀얼 이미징 모델은 듀얼 - 루시퍼 시스템 왔지만, 이러한 시스템은 기술적으로 인해 coelenterazine의 배달 요구 사항에 도전 할 수있는, 기판은 대부분 Renilla의와 Gaussia 루시 페라 제 기자 16-18의 표현이 필요합니다. 형광 기자는 많은 세포 라인과 생체 구조를 쉽게 모니터링을 허용했지만, 때문에 조직과 모피자가 형광과 많은 공동의 방출 스펙트럼 사이의 중복에 생체 내 이미징에 대한 제한적인 성공을 거두었습니다mmonly GFP,는 DsRed, 그리고 TdTomato 15,19 등의 형광 기자를 사용했습니다. 이러한 우려는 더 나은 조직 투과도 및 배경 15,19에 비해 높은 특정 신호 수 원적외선 형광 단백질의 발전을 격려했다. TurboFP650이 시스템에 표시되는 형광 단백질은 원적외선 이동하고 살아있는 동물 이미징 형광 단백질과 관련된 많은 문제를 극복한다. hESCs는에서 파생 된 NK 세포를 개발하고 확장이 방법은 우리가 더 체외에서 더 나은 현재 NK 세포 입양 요법을 개선하는 NK 세포의 기능 및 임상 적으로 중요한을 이해하는 데 필요한 생체 내에서 hESC의 유래 NK 세포를 특성화 할 수있다. 또한 유도와 IPSC 파생 NK 세포의 확장 의무이다. 이중 형광 및 발광 생물 이미징 방식은 우리가 여기에 표시 한 항 종양 모델보다 다른 시스템에 광범위하게 적용 할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>BPEL media for Spin EB generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3022801</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F-12 Nutrient Mixture w/ Glutamax I</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31765035</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3311</td>
			<td>Commercially available BSA can be cytotoxic to ES cells. Deionizing the solution can reduce the potential for cytotoxicity.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(vinyl alcohol)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8136</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linoleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L1012</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linolenic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2376</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthechol 500X solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5442</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a-monothioglycerol (a-MTG)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5442</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein-free hybridoma mix II</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12040077</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax I</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin, Transferrin, Selenium 100X solution (ITS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>41400-045</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen-Strep</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>NK Differentiation Media </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dubecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965-118</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F-12 Media</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>CX30315</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15% Human AB serum</td>
			<td>Valley Biomed</td>
			<td>HP1022HI</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ng/ml Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5261</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 uM ethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9508</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ng/ml ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 uM 2-mercaptoethanol (BME)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mM L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>CX30310</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% Pen-Strep</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Cytokines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>(all cytokines used fresh from frozen aliquots)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCF</td>
			<td>PeproTech, Inc.</td>
			<td>300-07</td>
			<td>40 ng/ml in BPEL media; 20 ng/ml in NK medium). As noted by the Elefanty protocol, and as we discovered with a bad lot of BMP4, there can be lot differences with cytokines in regards to hematopoietic differentiation.Especially if buying cytokines in bulk, obtain a sample of the lot to test prior to purchase. Compare head-to-head with old lot.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rhBMP-4</td>
			<td>R &amp;D Systems</td>
			<td>314-BP</td>
			<td>20 ng/ml in BPEL media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rhVEGF</td>
			<td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
			<td>293-VE</td>
			<td>20 ng/ml in BPEL media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-2</td>
			<td>PeproTech, Inc.</td>
			<td>200-02</td>
			<td>1 x 105 U/ml given to mice after NK cell injection; 50 U/ml used in NK cell expansion protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-15</td>
			<td>PeproTech, Inc.</td>
			<td>200-15</td>
			<td>10 ng/ml given to mice after NK cell injection (first 7 days only)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-3</td>
			<td>PeproTech, Inc.</td>
			<td>200-03</td>
			<td>5 ng/ml in NK media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-7</td>
			<td>PeproTech, Inc.</td>
			<td>200-07</td>
			<td>20 ng/ml in NK media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flt-3-Ligand</td>
			<td>PeproTech, Inc.</td>
			<td>300-19</td>
			<td>10 ng/ml in NK media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>In vivo Imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Gold BioTechnology</td>
			<td>Lucna-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TurboFP650 plasmid</td>
			<td>Evrogen, Moscow, Russia</td>
			<td>FP731</td>
			<td>Subcloned into a Sleeping Beauty transposon based plasmid driven by the mCAGs promoter. Cells were then sorted on their expression of turboFP650 by FACS. Cells and plasmids can be obtained from our lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Spectrum Imaging System</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Sciences</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Membrane bound IL-21 expressing artificial antigen presenting cells</td>
			<td>MD Anderson, Houston, TX</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>contact: Dean A. Lee. <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/2540/expansion-purification-functional-assessment-human-peripheral-blood" target="_blank">http://www.jove.com/video/2540/expansion-purification-functional-assessment-human-peripheral-blood</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Firefly luciferase expressing hESCs</td>
			<td>University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>contact: Dan S. Kaufman . H9 cells modified with a Sleeping Beauty transposon based method (references 13 and 14). Expression of firefly luciferase is driven by the mCAGGS promoter. Following the firefly luciferase gene is an IRES element at the 5' end of a GFP:zeocin fusion construct.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TurboFP650 expressing K562 cells</td>
			<td>University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>contact: Dan S. Kaufman. Description under plasmid comments section</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Materials Table.

development, expansion, and in vivo monitoring of human nk cells from human embryonic stem cells (hescs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs)

우리는 장치가없는 방식을 사용하여 미분화 hESCs에와 유도 만능의 자연 킬러 (NK) 세포를 유도하기위한 방법을 제시한다. 이 방법은 4 주 배양 후 NK 세포의 높은 수준에 상승을 제공하고 인공 항원 제시 세포와 추가로 2 로그 확장을 겪을 수 있습니다. 이 시스템에서 개발 hESC의 및 IPSC 유래 NK 세포는 성숙한 표현형과 기능이 있습니다. 유전자 수정 NK 세포의 큰 숫자의 생산은 모두 기본 기계론뿐만 아니라 안티 종양 연구에 적용 할 수 있습니다. hESC의 유래 NK 세포의 반딧불 루시 페라 제의 발현은 비 침습적 방법은 NK 세포의 생착, 배포 및 기능을 따라 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 또한 두 개의 서로 다른 세포 집단 별도의 모니터링이 더 뚜렷하게 생체 내에서의 상호 작용을 특성화 할 수있는 이중 영상 방식을 설명합니다. 생체 내 이미징에서 파생, 확장 및 듀얼이 방법은 신뢰할 수있는 NK 세포를 생산하는 방법과 그 evalu를 제공합니다현재 NK 세포 입양 요법을 개선 할 필요가있다 ATION.

스핀 EB 방식을 사용하여 조혈 전구 세포의 생성은 hESCs에와 유도 만능에서 최적의 NK 세포 발달 할 수 있습니다. 그림 2에서 보여, 하루 11 회전 사채 높은 CD34를 표현 전구 세포의 비율, CD45, CD43, 및 CD31가 포함되어 있습니다. CD34 및 CD45의 높은 수준의 간질 세포를 정렬 또는 지원에 대한 필요없이 NK 조건을 직접 전송할 수 있습니다. 최적 스핀 EB 차별화가 있다면, 그것은 같은 EL08-1D2 등?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESCs and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs at JoVE.com

Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESCs and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs

이 프로토콜의 개발, 확대, hESCs에와 유도 만능에서 파생 된 NK 세포의 생체 내 이미징에 대해 설명합니다.

개발, 확대,<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 인간 배아 줄기 세포 (hESCs에)에서 인간 NK 세포의 모니터링 및 및 유도 된 pluripotent 줄기 세포 (유도 만능)

We present a method for deriving natural killer (NK) cells from undifferentiated hESCs and iPSCs using a feeder-free approach. This method gives rise to ...

development-expansion-vivo-monitoring-human-nk-cells-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

16.7K 조회수.  University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 이 프로토콜의 개발, 확대, hESCs에와 유도 만능에서 파생 된 NK 세포의 생체 내 이미징에 대해 설명합니다.

비디오: Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESCs and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells similar to pericyte-derived mesoangioblasts (iPSC-derived mesoangioblast-like stem/progenitor cells: IDEMs) can be established from iPSCs generated from patients affected by different forms of muscular dystrophy. Patient-specific IDEMs can be genetically corrected with different strategies (e.g. lentiviral vectors, human artificial chromosomes) and enhanced in their myogenic differentiation potential upon overexpression of the myogenesis regulator MyoD. This myogenic potential is then assessed in vitro with specific differentiation assays and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The regenerative potential of IDEMs is further evaluated in vivo, upon intramuscular and intra-arterial transplantation in two representative mouse models displaying acute and chronic muscle regeneration. The contribution of IDEMs to the host skeletal muscle is then confirmed by different functional tests in transplanted mice. In particular, the amelioration of the motor capacity of the animals is studied with treadmill tests. Cell engraftment and differentiation are then assessed by a number of histological and immunofluorescence assays on transplanted muscles. Overall, this paper describes the assays and tools currently utilized to evaluate the differentiation capacity of IDEMs, focusing on the transplantation methods and subsequent outcome measures to analyze the efficacy of cell transplantation.

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived myogenic progenitors are promising candidates for cell therapy strategies to treat muscular dystrophies. This protocol describes transplantation and functional measurements required to evaluate the engraftment and differentiation of iPSC-derived mesoangioblasts (a type of muscle progenitors) in mouse models of acute and chronic muscle regeneration.

근육 재생의 마우스 모델에서 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 메소안지오블라스트 와 같은 근생 성 전구의 이식

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

연구

생체공학

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening based on cells in such environments have therefore serious limitations: cell organelles show extreme phenotypes, cell morphologies and sizes are heterogeneous and/or specific cell organelles cannot be properly visualized. In addition, cells in vivo are located in a 3D environment; in this situation, cells show different phenotypes mainly because of their interaction with the surrounding extracellular matrix of the tissue. In order to standardize and generate order of single cells in a physiologically-relevant 3D environment for cell-based assays, we report here the microfabrication and applications of a device for in vitro 3D cell culture. This device consists of a 2D array of microcavities (typically 105 cavities/cm2), each filled with single cells or embryos. Cell position, shape, polarity and internal cell organization become then normalized showing a 3D architecture. We used replica molding to pattern an array of microcavities, &#8216;eggcups&#8217;, onto a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer adhered on a coverslip. Cavities were covered with fibronectin to facilitate adhesion. Cells were inserted by centrifugation. Filling percentage was optimized for each system allowing up to 80%. Cells and embryos viability was confirmed. We applied this methodology for the visualization of cellular organelles, such as nucleus and Golgi apparatus, and to study active processes, such as the closure of the cytokinetic ring during cell mitosis. This device allowed the identification of new features, such as periodic accumulations and inhomogeneities of myosin and actin during the cytokinetic ring closure and compacted phenotypes for Golgi and nucleus alignment. We characterized the method for mammalian cells, fission yeast, budding yeast, C. elegans with specific adaptation in each case. Finally, the characteristics of this device make it particularly interesting for drug screening assays and personalized medicine.

We report a device and a new method to study cells and embryos. Single cells are precisely ordered in microcavity arrays. Their 3D confinement is a step towards 3D environments encountered in physiological conditions and allows organelle orientation. By controlling cell shape, this setup minimizes variability reported in standard assays.

단일 세포 및 3D 감금 단일 배아 주문 : 하이 콘텐츠 스크리닝을위한 새로운 장치

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

Efficient Generation and Editing of Feeder-free IPSCs from Human Pancreatic Cells Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted for research in regenerative medicine and are currently in clinical trials for eye diseases, diabetes, heart diseases, and other disorders. The potential to differentiate into specialized cell types coupled with the recent advances in genome editing technologies including the CRISPR/Cas system have provided additional opportunities for tailoring the genome of iPSC for varied applications including disease modeling, gene therapy, and biasing pathways of differentiation, to name a few. Among the available editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes has emerged as a tool of choice for site-specific editing of the eukaryotic genome. The CRISPRs are easily accessible, inexpensive, and highly efficient in engineering targeted edits. The system requires a Cas9 nuclease and a guide sequence (20-mer) specific to the genomic target abutting a 3-nucleotide &#34;NGG&#34; protospacer-adjacent-motif (PAM) for targeting Cas9 to the desired genomic locus, alongside a universal Cas9 binding tracer RNA (together called single guide RNA or sgRNA). Here we present a step-by-step protocol for efficient generation of feeder-independent and footprint-free iPSC and describe methodologies for genome editing of iPSC using the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The genome editing protocol is effective and can be easily multiplexed by pre-complexing sgRNAs for more than one target with the Cas9 protein and simultaneously delivering into the cells. Finally, we describe a simplified approach for identification and characterization of iPSCs with desired edits. Taken together, the outlined strategies are expected to streamline generation and editing of iPSC for manifold applications.

This protocol describes in detail the generation of footprint-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human pancreatic cells in feeder-free conditions, followed by editing using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and characterization of the modified single-cell clones.

효율적인 생성 및 급지대 무료 Ipsc CRISPR Cas9 시스템을 사용 하 여 인간의 췌 장 세포에서의 편집

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted ...

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable diseases, for the reconstitution and regeneration of injured tissues and for the development of new drugs. Despite all the advantages related to the use of iPSCs, such as the low risk of rejection, the lessened ethical issues, and the possibility to obtain them from both young and old patients without any difference in their reprogramming potential, problems to overcome are still numerous. In fact, cell reprogramming conducted with viral and integrating viruses can cause infections and the introduction of required genes can induce a genomic instability of the recipient cell, impairing their use in clinic. In particular, there are many concerns about the use of c-Myc gene, well-known from several studies for its mutation-inducing activity. Fibroblasts have emerged as the suitable cell population for cellular reprogramming as they are easy to isolate and culture and are harvested by a minimally invasive skin punch biopsy. The protocol described here provides a detailed step-by-step description of the whole procedure, from sample processing to obtain cell cultures, choice of reagents and supplies, cleaning and preparation, to cell reprogramming by the means of a commercial non-modified RNAs (NM-RNAs)-based reprogramming kit. The chosen reprogramming kit allows an effective reprogramming of human dermal fibroblast to iPSCs and small colonies can be seen as early as 24 h after the first transfection, even with modifications with the respect to the standard datasheet. The reprogramming procedure used in this protocol offers the advantage of a safe reprogramming, without the risk of infections caused by viral vector-based methods, reduces the cellular defense mechanisms, and allows the generation of xeno-free iPSCs, all critical features that are mandatory for further clinical applications.

Cell reprogramming requires the introduction of key genes, which regulate and maintain the pluripotent cell state. The protocol described enables the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) colonies from human dermal fibroblasts without viral/integrating methods but using non-modified RNAs (NM-RNAs) combined with immune evasion factors reducing cellular defense mechanisms.

비통합 방법을 사용하여 복부 피부에서 성인 인간 진피 섬유 아세포의 분리 및 유도 만능 줄기 세포의 생성

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable ...

Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the maintenance of balance and motor coordination, and a functional defect in different cerebellar neurons can trigger cerebellar dysfunction. Most of the current knowledge about disease-related neuronal phenotypes is based on postmortem tissues, which makes understanding of disease progression and development difficult. Animal models and immortalized cell lines have also been used as models for neurodegenerative disorders. However, they do not fully recapitulate human disease. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have great potential for disease modeling and provide a valuable source for regenerative approaches. In recent years, the generation of cerebral organoids from patient-derived iPSCs improved the prospects for neurodegenerative disease modeling. However, protocols that produce large numbers of organoids and a high yield of mature neurons in 3D culture systems are lacking. The protocol presented is a new approach for reproducible and scalable generation of human iPSC-derived organoids under chemically-defined conditions using scalable single-use bioreactors, in which organoids acquire cerebellar identity. The generated organoids are characterized by the expression of specific markers at both mRNA and protein level. The analysis of specific groups of proteins allows the detection of different cerebellar cell populations, whose localization is important for the evaluation of organoid structure. Organoid cryosectioning and further immunostaining of organoid slices are used to evaluate the presence of specific cerebellar cell populations and their spatial organization.

This protocol describes a dynamic culture system to produce controlled size aggregates of human pluripotent stem cells and further stimulate differentiation in cerebellar organoids under chemically-defined and feeder-free conditions using a single-use bioreactor.

인간 다능성 줄기 세포에서 성숙한 소뇌 오르가노이드의 확장 가능한 생성 및 면역 염색에 의한 특성화

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the maintenance of balance and motor coordination, and a functional defect in different cerebellar neurons can ...

Guided Differentiation of Mature Kidney Podocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Under Chemically Defined Conditions

Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the global population and costs billions of dollars in federal expenditures. The most severe forms of kidney disease and eventual end-stage renal failure are often caused by the damage to the glomerular podocytes, which are the highly specialized epithelial cells that function together with endothelial cells and the glomerular basement membrane to form the kidney&#8217;s filtration barrier. Advances in renal medicine have been hindered by the limited availability of primary tissues and the lack of robust methods for the derivation of functional human kidney cells, such as podocytes. The ability to derive podocytes from renewable sources, such as stem cells, could help advance current understanding of the mechanisms of human kidney development and disease, as well as provide new tools for therapeutic discovery. The goal of this protocol was to develop a method to derive mature, post-mitotic podocytes from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells with high efficiency and specificity, and under chemically defined conditions. The hiPS cell-derived podocytes produced by this method express lineage-specific markers (including nephrin, podocin, and Wilm&#8217;s Tumor 1) and exhibit the specialized morphological characteristics (including primary and secondary foot processes) associated with mature and functional podocytes. Intriguingly, these specialized features are notably absent in the immortalized podocyte cell line widely used in the field, which suggests that the protocol described herein produces human kidney podocytes that have a developmentally more mature phenotype than the existing podocyte cell lines typically used to study human kidney biology.

Presented here is a chemically defined protocol for the derivation of human kidney podocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells with high efficiency (&#62;90%) and independent of genetic manipulations or subpopulation selection. This protocol produces the desired cell type within 26 days and could be useful for nephrotoxicity testing and disease modeling.

화학적으로 정의된 조건하에서 인간 유도된 다능성 줄기 세포에서 성숙한 신장 분피의 유도된 분화

Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the global population and costs billions of dollars in federal expenditures. The most severe forms of kidney ...

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically carried out in low throughput. Rapid and ongoing expansion of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology presents a new standard in cardiovascular research and alternate methods are now necessary to increase throughput of electrophysiological data at a single cell level. VF2.1Cl is a recently derived voltage sensitive dye which provides a rapid single channel, high magnitude response to fluctuations in membrane potential. It possesses kinetics superior to those of other existing voltage indicators and makes available functional data equivalent to that of traditional microelectrode techniques. Here, we demonstrate simplified, non-invasive action potential characterization in externally paced human iPSC derived cardiomyocytes using a modular and highly affordable photometry system.

Here we describe optical acquisition and characterization of action potentials from induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes using a high-speed modular photometry system.

인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 심근 세포에서 단세포 광학 작용 잠재적 측정

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...

In vitro Induction of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Toward Pancreatic Lineages

As of 2000, the success of pancreatic islet transplantation using the Edmonton protocol to treat type I diabetes mellitus still faced some obstacles. These include the limited number of cadaveric pancreas donors and the long-term use of immunosuppressants. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered to be a potential candidate as an alternative source of islet-like cell generation. Our previous reports have successfully illustrated the establishment of induction protocols for differentiating human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to insulin-producing cells (IPCs). However, the induction efficiency varied greatly. In this paper, we demonstrate the comparison of hDPSCs pancreatic induction efficiency via integrative (microenvironmental and genetic manipulation) and non-integrative (microenvironmental manipulation) induction protocols for delivering hDPSC-derived IPCs (hDPSC-IPCs). The results suggest distinct induction efficiency for both the induction approaches in terms of 3-dimensional colony structure, yield, pancreatic mRNA markers, and functional property upon multi-dosage glucose challenge. These findings will support the future establishment of a clinically applicable IPCs and pancreatic lineage production platform.

In vitro Induction of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Toward Pancreatic Lineages

This protocol presents a comparison between two different induction protocols for differentiating human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) toward pancreatic lineages in vitro: the integrative protocol and the non-integrative protocol. The integrative protocol generates more insulin producing cells (IPCs).

시험관 내 췌장 혈통을 향한 인간 치과 펄프 줄기 세포의 유도

As of 2000, the success of pancreatic islet transplantation using the Edmonton protocol to treat type I diabetes mellitus still faced some obstacles. ...

Fibroblast Derived Human Engineered Connective Tissue for Screening Applications

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. The current understanding of fibrotic processes, including cardiac fibrosis, remains poor, which hampers the development of new anti-fibrotic therapies. Controllable and reliable human model systems are crucial for a better understanding of fibrosis pathology. This is a highly reproducible and scalable protocol to generate engineered connective tissues (ECT) in a 48-well casting plate to facilitate studies of fibroblasts and the pathophysiology of fibrotic tissue in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment. ECT are generated around the poles with tunable stiffness, allowing for studies under a defined biomechanical load. Under the defined loading conditions, phenotypic adaptations controlled by cell-matrix interactions can be studied. Parallel testing is feasible in the 48-well format with the opportunity for the time-course analysis of multiple parameters, such as tissue compaction and contraction against the load. From these parameters, biomechanical properties such as tissue stiffness and elasticity can be studied.

Presented here is a protocol to generate engineered connective tissues for a parallel culture of 48 tissues in a multi-well plate with double poles, suitable for mechanistic studies, disease modeling, and screening applications. The protocol is compatible with fibroblasts from different organs and species and is exemplified here with human primary cardiac fibroblasts.

섬유아세포, 선별 애플리케이션을 위한 인간 공학형 결합 조직

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical ...

Isogenic Kidney Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15% of the U.S. adult population, but the establishment of targeted therapies has been limited by the lack of functional models that can accurately predict human biological responses and nephrotoxicity. Advancements in kidney precision medicine could help overcome these limitations. However, previously established in vitro models of the human kidney glomerulus-the primary site for blood filtration and a key target of many diseases and drug toxicities-typically employ heterogeneous cell populations with limited functional characteristics and unmatched genetic backgrounds. These characteristics significantly limit their application for patient-specific disease modeling and therapeutic discovery. 
This paper presents a protocol that integrates human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived glomerular epithelium (podocytes) and vascular endothelium from a single patient to engineer an isogenic and vascularized microfluidic kidney glomerulus chip. The resulting glomerulus chip is comprised of stem cell-derived endothelial and epithelial cell layers that express lineage-specific markers, produce basement membrane proteins, and form a tissue-tissue interface resembling the kidney's glomerular filtration barrier. The engineered glomerulus chip selectively filters molecules and recapitulates drug-induced kidney injury. The ability to reconstitute the structure and function of the kidney glomerulus using isogenic cell types creates the opportunity to model kidney disease with patient specificity and advance the utility of organs-on-chips for kidney precision medicine and related applications.

Presented here is a protocol to engineer a personalized organ-on-a-chip system that recapitulates the structure and function of the kidney glomerular filtration barrier by integrating genetically matched epithelial and vascular endothelial cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells. This bioengineered system can advance kidney precision medicine and related applications.