우리는 원고의 중요한 읽기 및 편집 H. 플레밍 감사합니다. 이 작품은 Misrock 박사 학위 취득 후 친교 (TD) 및 NDSEG 졸업 교제 (AP)에 의해 지원되었다. SNB는 HHMI 탐정이다.

1. 세포의 준비 <ol><li> 표준 세포 배양 기술을 사용하여 통과 세포주. 이 실험에서, 우리는 OVCAR-8 세포 (NCI DCTD 종양 저장소 프레 더릭, 메릴랜드)를 사용. - 100 % 80 자랄 대상으로 세포를 성장. </li><li> 5 분 5 ML 트립신으로 세포를 배양 한 후 + FBS는 트립신을 비활성화하는 5 ML RPMI 매체를 추가합니다. </li><li> 혈구에 수확 수를 셀. 5 × 10 7 세포 / ㎖, 또는 플라스크 당 200 μL의 목표 농도에서 페놀 레드없는 DMEM에 resuspend을. </li><li> 15 % 감소 성장 인자 마트 리젤 (BD Biosciences의)를 추가 주입까지 얼음에 세포 현탁액을 유지합니다. </li></ol> 2. 종양 이식 <ol><li> isoflurane을 3 %를 사용 사주 오래 된 여성 NCR / 뉴 쥐를 마취 깊은 마취를 보장하기 위해 약 5 분을 기다립니다. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈에 수의사 연고를 사용합니다. </li><li> 1 ML의 주사기에 세포 (종양 당 100 μL)을로드하고 27 연결 1/ 2 게이지 바늘. </li><li> 두 양측 후방 측면 주사 부위의 각각에 대해 텐트를하고 기지에 세포를 주입하는 집게로 부드럽게 피부를 들어 올립니다. 혈액을 생산, 너무 깊이 침투하지 않도록주의하십시오. 가볍게 튀어없이 주사기를 제거하는 핀셋을 사용합니다. </li><li> 2 종양의 직경까지 - 20 일 - 4mm에 도달 할 때 10 일간 종양의 성장을 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 박테리아 준비 <ol><li> -80 C 냉동고 주식 또는 냉장 판에서 3 ML LB 미디어 + 암피실린 박테리아의 하룻밤 문화를 시작합니다. 이 실험에서, 우리는 S를 사용 티피 뮤 리움 균주 ELH430 (SL1344 PhoPQ - 로랑 -). </li><li> 아침에 필터링 LB에 문화 1:100 희석 OD600 0.4로 증가 - 0.6. </li><li> 스핀 다운 및 인산염에 3 회 세척 식염수 (PBS)는 버퍼와 0.1의 최종 OD600 (1 X 10 7 세포 / ML 약)에 resuspend을. </li></ol> 4. 박테리아 주입 <ol><li> 동물을 마취꼬리가 지배적 인 손을 향해 가리키는 측면에서 D 위치. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈에 수의사 연고를 사용합니다. </li><li> 따뜻한 물이나 가열 램프를 사용하여 꼬리 정맥을 팽창. </li><li> 1 ML의 주사기에서 박테리아 (마우스 당 100 μL)을로드하고 90도 이상 그냥 작은 팁을 구부립니다. </li><li> 꼬리 정맥에 주사기 끝을 맞추고 얕은 깊이 (아무런 저항을 느끼지한다)에 침투하고, 박테리아를 주입. 성공적으로 주입 혈류 변위를 관찰합니다. </li></ol> 5. 마우스 이미지 <ol><li> 유도 챔버에있는 동물을 마취 후 이미징 플랫폼에서 각 마우스를 놓습니다. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈에 수의사 연고를 사용합니다. 시점 사이의 정량적 인 결과를 보장하기 위해 정확한 위치를 유지합니다. </li><li> IVIS 스펙트럼 이미징 시스템 (캘리퍼스 생명 과학)를 사용하여 이미지 동물. 그들 사이 영상 1 개 이상의 동물, 장소 라이트 배리어 간 ILLU을 방지하는 경우mination. 동물은 박테리아의 현지화를 확인하기 위해 복부 측면에 먼저 몇 군데해야합니다. </li><li> 이미지 동물 dorsally 실험 (36 시간) 동안 IVIS마다 2 시간 사용. 특정 ROI에 대한 시간 경과를 생성합니다. </li></ol> 6. 세균 생체 분포를 정량화 <ol><li> 흡수성 기저귀의 뒷면에 CO 2와 장소를 사용하여 동물을 안락사. </li><li> 두 개의 뒷다리 측면 피하 종양을 노출하는 동물을 켭니다. 종양을 분리하고 제거하는 주변의 피부 조직을 잘라. 핀셋으로 종양을 잡고, 역 가위의 움직임을 사용하여 피부를 제거합니다. 피부의 대부분이 분리되었을 때, 완전히 핀셋을 사용하여 종양을 제거합니다. </li><li> 미리 무게의 microcentrifuge 튜브에 기관을 배치합니다. 이 튜브의 질량이 크게 달라질 수 있기 때문에 정량적 인 결과를 미리 무게를하는 것이 중요합니다. </li></ol> 7. 세균 생체 분포를 정량화 <ol><li> 각 시점, 소비세에 대한 그리고 종양의 무게. </li><li> 500 μL PBS + 15 % 글리세롤을 추가하고 조직 Tearor (BioSpec)를 사용하여 균질화. 샘플 간의 에탄올로 균질화 3 번 씻어. </li><li> 직렬 희석 및 세균성 식민지 계산을위한 격판 덮개를 생성합니다. 하나의 플레이트 사용 전 단면 플레이트에 플레이트 여러 희석한다. </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 절차를 사용하여, 우리는 종양을 식민지화 박테리아의 성장과 유전자 발현 역학 시간 코스를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 측정은 정기적으로 일괄 문화 나 마이크로 유체 장치에서 체외에서 수행하는 동안, 그들은 생체 내에서 수행하기가 훨씬 더 어렵습니다. 이러한 메서드에 적용 할 수있는 몇 가지 수정이 있습니다. 우리는 우리의 마우스 모델을 생성하?...

합성 생물학은 지난 십 년간 급속하게 진행되고 지금은 에너지와 건강에 중요한 문제에 영향을 배치됩니다. 그러나, 임상 분야 ​​진출은 안전 문제 및 생체 내 유전자 회로의 설계 기준을 개발 부재로 둔화되었다. 높은 충격 의료 애플리케이션을 가속화하여 의료 인프라, 제어 실험실 설정 이외의 기능 유전자 회로, 안전하고 임상 승인 미생물 호스트와 직접 인터페이스 방법을 활용해야합니다. 균주의 수는 종양에서 우선적으로 성장 할 수있는 능력으로 인해 암 치료에 조사되었다. 이들은 C.을 포함 novyi, E. 대장균, V. cholorae, B. longum의, 그리고 S. 티피 뮤 리움 3-8. S. 그들은 9-12 인간의 임상 실험의 숫자에 안전성과 내성을 전시 것처럼 티피 뮤 리움 특히 관심을 생성했습니다. 이 bacteri<html> 처음에 숙주 면역 체계의 자극을 통해 암 세포의 신진 대사에 필요한 영양소의 결핍에 의한 항 종양 효과를 만들 보였다. 치료화물의 생산은 이후 유전자 변형을 통해 추가되었습니다. 이 연구는 종양 치료를위한 박테리아의 사용에 중요한 진보를 대표하는 동안, 기존의 노력의 대부분은 일반적으로 높은 복용량, 오프 대상 효과 및 호스트 저항 13-16 개발의 배달 결과 높은 수준의 표현에 의존 . 이제, 합성 생물학 고급 감지 및 배달 17-20을 수행 할 수 계산 설계 유전자 회로를 이용하여 프로그래밍화물의 생산을 추가 할 수 있습니다. 이 회로는 종양 특정 자극하고 필요한 자기 조절화물의 생산을 감지 배달 시스템으로 작동하도록 설계 할 수 있습니다. 그러나 생체 내에서 이러한 회로의 기능을 공부하는 것은 지금까지 도전하고있다. 플라스미드 합성 회로를위한 공통 프레임 워크입니다 ve_content &quot;&gt; 때문에, 우리는 마우스 모델을 사용하여 생체 내에서 플라스미드 기반의 유전자 발현의 역학을 특성화하는 방법을 설명합니다.이 방법은 시간 경과 발광 이미징 및 생체 분포의 정량적 측정을 사용합니다. 함께, 이러한 접근은 임상 응용을위한 생체 내에서 플라스미드 기반의 네트워크를 공부하기위한 프레임 워크를 제공합니다.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>309602</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3/10 cc Insulin Syringe</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>309301</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PrecisionGlide Needle </td>
 <td>BD Biosciences </td>
 <td>301629</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI Medium 1640 (1X), 
 liquid, with L-glutamine</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>11875-119 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ampicillin</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>A0166-5G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>LB Agar Broth</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>L2897</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Luria-Bertani broth</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>244610</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

measuring growth and gene expression dynamics of tumor-targeted s. typhimurium bacteria

이 실험의 목적은 감쇠 S.의 성장과 유전자 발현 역학 양적 시간 코스 데이터를 생성하는 것입니다 종양 내부 성장 티피 뮤 리움 박테리아 식민지. 우리는 인간의 난소 암 세포주의 피하 주사, OVCAR-8 (NCI DCTD 종양 저장소 프레 더릭, 메릴랜드).에 의해 생쥐 모델 이종 이식 종양을 생성 우리는 S.의 감쇠 균주를 형질 전환 시각화 2 플라스미드 구조적 표현 루시 페라 제 (luxCDABE)와 함께 : 티피 뮤 리움 균 (SL1344 phoPQ-1 ELH430). 마우스 1 본질적으로 비 독성을 유지하면서 이러한 긴장은 특히 종양을 식민지. 측정 종양이 설립되었다되면, 박테리아는 용량을 변화와 꼬리 정맥을 통해 정맥 주사 하였다. 종양의 지역화, 박테리아 유전자 발현을 사용하여 60시간의 과정을 통해 실시간으로 측정 하였다생체 내 이미징 시스템 (IVIS)합니다. 각 시점에서, 종양은 균질화, 절제, 유전자 발현 데이터와 상관 관계 세균성 식민지를 정량을 도금했다. 함께,이 데이터는 종양 안에 성장 박테리아의 생체 성장과 유전자 발현 역학의 정량적 측정을 얻을 수 있습니다.

이 프로토콜을 사용하여, 우리는 종양 표적 박테리아의 생체 성장과 유전자 발현 역학에 데이터를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 전체적인 흐름은 그림 1에 요약되어 있습니다. 첫 번째 단계에서, 우리는 발광 (블루) 기자 등으로 유전자 발현을 측정하는 IVIS를 사용하여 동물을 박테리아를 주입 (녹색) 및 이미지. 그런 다음, 두 번째 단?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria at JoVE.com

Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria

이 실험의 목적은 감쇠의 성장과 유전자 발현 역학 양적 시간 코스 데이터를 생성하는 것입니다<em&gt; S. 티피 뮤 리움</em종양 내부 성장&gt; 세균성 식민지. 이 비디오는 종양 세포의 준비와 주입, 박테리아 준비 및 사출, 전체 - 동물 발광 이미징, 종양 절제 및 세균성 식민지 계산을 다룹니다.

종양 표적의 측정 성장과 유전자 발현 역학<em&gt; S. 티피 뮤 리움</em&gt; 박테리아

The goal of these experiments is to generate quantitative time-course data on the growth and gene expression dynamics of attenuated S. typhimurium ...

measuring-growth-gene-expression-dynamics-tumor-targeted-s

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria

12.0K 조회수.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 이 실험의 목적은 감쇠의 성장과 유전자 발현 역학 양적 시간 코스 데이터를 생성하는 것입니다 S. 티피 뮤 리움 세균성 식민지. 이 비디오는 종양 세포의 준비와 주입, 박테리아 준비 및 사출, 전체 - 동물 발광 이미징, 종양 절제 및 세균성 식민지 계산을 다룹니다.

비디오: Measuring Growth and Gene Expression Dynamics of Tumor-Targeted S. Typhimurium Bacteria

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection and also the primary cause of preventable blindness in the world. An essential determinant for successful infection of host cells by Chlamydia is the bacterium's ability to manipulate host cell signaling from within a novel, vacuolar compartment called the inclusion. From within the inclusion, Chlamydia acquire nutrients required for their 2-3 day developmental growth, and they additionally secrete a panel of effector proteins onto the cytosolic face of the vacuole membrane and into the host cytosol. Gaps in our understanding of Chlamydia biology, however, present significant challenges for visualizing and analyzing this intracellular compartment. Recently, a reverse-imaging strategy for visualizing the inclusion using GFP expressing host cells was described. This approach rationally exploits the intrinsic impermeability of the inclusion membrane to large molecules such as GFP. In this work, we describe how GFP- or mCherry-expressing host cells are generated for subsequent visualization of chlamydial inclusions. Furthermore, this method is shown to effectively substitute for costly antibody-based enumeration methods, can be used in tandem with other fluorescent labels, such as GFP-expressing Chlamydia, and can be exploited to derive key quantitative data about inclusion membrane growth from a range of Chlamydia species and strains.

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

A live cell fluorescent protein based method for illuminating cellular vacuoles (inclusions) containing Chlamydia is described. This strategy enables rapid, automated determination of Chlamydia infectivity in samples and can be used to quantitatively investigate inclusion growth dynamics.

시각화 및 정량하기 위해 형광 단백질을 사용하여<em&gt; 클라미디아</em&gt; 액포 성장 역학 살아있는 세포에서

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses that include active human pathogens such as monkeypox, molluscum contagiousum, and Contagalo virus. The family also includes the smallpox virus, Variola. Due to the complexity of poxvirus replication, many questions still remain regarding their gene expression strategy. In this article we describe the conceptualization and usage of recombinant vaccinia viruses that enable real-time measurement of single and multiple stages of viral gene expression in a high-throughput format. This is enabled through the use of spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins as reporters for each of three stages of viral replication. These viruses provide a high signal-to-noise ratio while retaining stage specific expression patterns, enabling plate-based assays and microscopic observations of virus propagation and replication. These tools have uses for antiviral discovery, studies of the virus-host interaction, and evolutionary biology.

We describe the usage of a fluorescent reporter vaccinia virus that enables real-time measurement of viral infectivity and gene expression through the stage-specific expression of spectrally distinct reporter fluorophores. We detail a plate-based method for accurately identifying the stage at which virus replication is affected in response to small molecule inhibition.

유전자 발현의 모든 단계에서 바이러스 성 기능을 정량화 우두 바이러스 기자

Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses that include active human pathogens such as monkeypox, molluscum contagiousum, and Contagalo virus. ...

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense against gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella establishes persistent infection in the intestine of C. elegans and results in early death of infected animals. A number of immunity mechanisms have been identified in C. elegans to defend against Salmonella infections. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has been shown to limit the Salmonella replication in C. elegans and in mammals. Here, a protocol is described to infect C. elegans with Salmonella typhimurium, in which the worms are exposed to Salmonella for a limited time, similar to Salmonella infection in humans. Salmonella infection significantly shortens the lifespan of C. elegans. Using the essential autophagy gene bec-1 as an example, we combined this infection method with C. elegans RNAi feeding approach and showed this protocol can be used to examine the function of C. elegans host genes in defense against Salmonella infection. Since C. elegans whole genome RNAi libraries are available, this protocol makes it possible to comprehensively screen for C. elegans genes that protect against Salmonella and other intestinal pathogens using genome-wide RNAi libraries.

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

C. elegans has emerged as a new genetic model to study host-pathogen interactions. Here we describe a protocol to infect C. elegans with Salmonella typhimurium coupled with the double-strand RNAi interference technique to examine the role of host genes in defense against Salmonella infection.

감염 프로토콜<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt;와<em&gt; 살모넬라 티피 뮤 리움 (Salmonella typhimurium)</em

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense ...

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions are&#160;important to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. The Gentamicin protection assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in phagocytic cells was adapted to allow high-throughput screening to define the roles of deletion mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in host interactions using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Under this protocol, the variance in measurements is significantly reduced compared to the standard protocol, because wild-type and multiple mutant strains can be tested in the same culture dish and at the same time. The use of multichannel pipettes increases the throughput and enhances precision. Furthermore, concerns related to using less host cells per well in 96-well culture dish were addressed. Here, the protocol of the modified in vitro Salmonella invasion assay using phagocytic cells was successfully employed to phenotype 38 individual Salmonella deletion mutants for association, invasion and intracellular replication. The in vitro phenotypes are presented, some of which were subsequently confirmed to have in vivo phenotypes in an animal model. Thus, the modified, standardized assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in macrophages with high-throughput capacity could be utilized more broadly to study bacterial-host interactions.

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

A high-throughput assay to in vitro phenotype Salmonella or other bacterial association, invasion, and replication in phagocytic cells with high-throughput capacity was developed. The method was employed to evaluate Salmonella gene knockout mutant strains for their involvements in host-pathogen interactions.

표현형 높은 처리량 분석<em&gt; 살모넬라 엔테</em&gt; 티피 뮤 리움 협회, 침략, 그리고 대 식세포에서의 복제

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages express surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize molecular patterns conserved through evolution in a wide range of microorganisms. TLRs play a central role in macrophage activation which is usually associated with gene expression alteration. Macrophages are critical in many diseases and have emerged as attractive targets for therapy. In the following protocol, we describe a procedure to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages using Brewer&#8217;s thioglycollate medium. The latter will boost monocyte migration into the peritoneum, accordingly this will raise macrophage yield by 10-fold. Several studies have been carried out using bone marrow, spleen or peritoneal derived macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages were shown to be more mature upon isolation and are more stable in their functionality and phenotype. Thus, macrophages isolated from murine peritoneal cavity present an important cell population that can serve in different immunological and metabolic studies. Once isolated, macrophages were stimulated with different TLR ligands and consequently&#160;gene expression was evaluated.

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

쥐 복막 대 식세포의 분리는 수신자 같은 수용체 자극하면 유전자 발현 분석을 수행하기

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. ...

Gene Expression Profiling of Infecting Microbes Using a Digital Bar-coding Platform

For most mammalian pathogens, gene expression profiling studies have been limited by technical difficulties to accurately quantify pathogen gene transcripts from infected tissues. Pathogen RNA constitutes a tiny portion of the total RNA isolated from infected tissue samples. Both microarray and RNAseq technologies have difficulties in generating reliable reads for weakly expressed pathogen genes. Mutant pathogen strains with reduced in vivo proliferation pose an even bigger challenge. Here we describe an in vivo gene expression profiling protocol that is very fast, extremely sensitive and highly reproducible. We developed this protocol during our investigation of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in a murine model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Using this protocol, we have documented time courses of dynamically regulated C. albicans gene expression during kidney infection, and discovered unexpected features of gene expression responses to antifungal drug treatment in vivo.

We developed a protocol that is fast, sensitive and reproducible for pathogen gene expression profiling during an infection.

디지털 바 코딩 플랫폼을 사용에 감염 미생물의 유전자 발현 프로파일 링

For most mammalian pathogens, gene expression profiling studies have been limited by technical difficulties to accurately quantify pathogen gene ...

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and Fc-regions. Here, we describe how to measure the activation of Fc effector functions by monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus hemagglutinin with the use of a genetically engineered Jurkat cell line expressing an activating type 1 Fc-Fc&#947;R. Using this method, the contribution of specific Fc-Fc&#947;R interactions conferred by immunoglobulins can be determined using an in vitro assay.

We describe a method to measure the activation of Fc-mediated effector functions by antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin. This assay can also be adapted to assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal sera targeting other viral surface glycoproteins to induce Fc-mediated immunity.

독감 조류 특정 항 체에 의해 유도 된 Fc 중재 Effector 기능을 평가 하는 방법

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

살 모 넬 라 typhimurium의 절연-대 식 세포에서 Phagosomes를 포함 하

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Live-Cell Fluorescence Microscopy to Investigate Subcellular Protein Localization and Cell Morphology Changes in Bacteria

Investigations of factors influencing cell division and cell shape in bacteria are commonly performed in conjunction with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy as observations made at a population level may not truly reflect what occurs at a single cell level. Live-cell timelapse microscopy allows investigators to monitor the changes in cell division or cell morphology which provide valuable insights regarding subcellular localization of proteins and timing of gene expression, as it happens, to potentially aid in answering important biological questions. Here, we describe our protocol to monitor phenotypic changes in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus using a high-resolution deconvolution microscope. The objective of this report is to provide a simple and clear protocol that can be adopted by other investigators interested in conducting fluorescence microscopy experiments to study different biological processes in bacteria as well as other organisms.

This article provides a step-by-step guide to investigate protein subcellular localization dynamics and to monitor morphological changes using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.

박테리아의 세포 외 단백질 국소화 및 세포 형태 변화를 조사하는 살아있는 세포 형광 현미경 검사법

Investigations of factors influencing cell division and cell shape in bacteria are commonly performed in conjunction with high-resolution fluorescence ...

NF-&#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of various cytokines and chemokines. NF-&#954;B is constitutively expressed and is sequestered in the cytosol by the inhibitory protein nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha (I&#954;B&#945;). Activation of NF-&#954;B requires the degradation of I&#954;B&#945;, which then exposes a nuclear localization signal on NF-&#954;B and promotes its trafficking to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, NF-&#954;B binds to the promotor region of NF-&#954;B target genes such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-23, to promote their expression.
The activation of NF-&#954;B occurs independently of transcription or translation. Therefore, the activation state of NF-&#954;B must be measured either by quantifying NF-&#954;B specifically in the nucleus, or by quantifying expression of NF-&#954;B target genes. In this protocol, cells stably transfected with an NF-&#954;B::luciferase reporter construct are assayed for NF-&#954;B activation using in vitro tissue culture techniques. These cells are infected with Salmonella Typhimurium to activate NF-&#954;B, which traffics to the nucleus and binds to &#954;B sites in the promoter region of luciferase, inducing its expression. Cells are lysed and analyzed with the luciferase assay system. The amount of luciferase produced by the cells correlates with the intensity of the luminescence signal, which is detected by a plate reader. The luminescence signal generated by this procedure provides a quick and highly sensitive method by which to assess NF-&#954;B activation under a range of conditions. This protocol also utilizes quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect relative mRNA levels that are indicative of gene expression.

NF-&amp;#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in &lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; Infected Tissue Culture Cells

Here, we present a protocol to quickly and easily measure nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-&#954;B) activation in cell lines expressing NF-&#954;B::luciferase reporter constructs, via measurements of luminescence in the cell lysate. Additionally, gene expression is determined via RT-qPCR isolated from cells infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.

살모넬라 감염 조직 배양 세포에서 유전자 발현의 NF-θB 의존성 루시퍼라아제 활성화 및 정량화

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of ...