현재의 연구는 Solorz - 잭은 연구 재단에 의해 투자된다.

모든 수술은 윤리적 검토를 실시하고 바이에른 북부의 정부 (참조 번호 : 55.2-1-54-2532.3-13-13 및 -2532-136-11)에 의해 승인되었다. 동물은 약 ​​25 g의 체중을 가진 남성 C57BL / 6 마​​우스입니다. 1. 동물 준비 <ol><li> 챔버에 마우스를 넣어 마취를 유도한다. 동물이 의식을 잃을 때까지 5 % 이소 플루 란과 챔버를 세척합니다. </li><li> 복강 예 혼합 마취제를 주입 : 펜타닐 (0.05 ㎎ / ㎏), 미다 졸람 (5 ㎎ / ㎏)과 medetomidine (0.5 ㎎ / ㎏). 절차를 수행하는 동안 이전과 정기적으로 반사를 확인합니다. 마취를 유지하기 위해 시간당 초기 금액의 3 분의 1을 재 주입. </li><li> 20 G 정맥 카테터 (11)에서 만든 튜브 삽관 orotracheally. 삽관이 기울어 진 플랫폼 (30 °)에 동물을 해결하기 위해, 구부러진 집게로 혀를 철회 작업 현미경으로 성대를 시각화하고 기관에 튜브를 삽입영감시. </li><li> 발생하기 쉬운 위치에 마우스를 놓고면의 조각 또는 microcapnograph와 튜브의 정확한 위치를 확인합니다. </li><li> 호흡기에 삽관 튜브를 연결합니다. 180-220 호흡 / 분, 200 ~ 250 μL의 스트로크 양의 주파수와 25 %의 산소 보충, 실내 공기와 마우스를 환기. </li><li> microcapnograph에 삽관 튜브를 연결합니다. 환기 주파수를 조정하여 30 mmHg로에서 기말 PCO 2를 유지한다. </li><li> 직장 온도 프로브를 삽입하고 37 ° C의 코어 체온을 유지하기 위해 가열 패드 위에 동물을 배치. </li><li> 오른쪽 뒷발에 환상 pulsoximeter 센서를 적용합니다. </li><li> 가위로 머리 위의 피부를 엽니 다. 절개는 약 0.5 ㎝ 길이와 귀와 눈 사이에 있어야한다. </li><li> 측두골에서 메스와 왼쪽 시간 근육을 해부하다. </li><li> 레이저 도플러 유량계 (LDF) 프로브에 접착제좌측 측두골. 접착제가 경화 할 때까지 고정 된 위치에 프로브를 잡아. </li><li> 좌측 측두골에 치과 드릴로 약 1.5 mm 직경의 구멍을 뚫습니다. 열 손상을 방지하기 위해 식염수로 뼈 쿨. </li><li> 두개골 구멍에 ICP 프로브를 삽입합니다. 뇌 조직의 손상과 출혈을 방지하기 위해 등쪽으로 최대한 앞으로 밀어 넣습니다. </li><li> 프로브가 올바른 위치에있는 경우, 수정, 시멘트로 밀봉. 5 분 동안 시멘트를 건조 시키십시오. </li><li> 앙와위로 조심스럽게 마우스를 켭니다. </li><li> 지속적인 혈압 모니터링의 경우, 왼쪽 대퇴 동맥 카테 테르를 꽂다. </li><li> 혈압 감시 장치에 대퇴 카테터를 연결한다. </li></ol> 2. SAH 유도 <ol><li> 턱 흉골에서 가위 (2cm)로 피부를 엽니 다. 퉁명스럽게 결합 조직을 해부하다 옆 침샘을 누릅니다. </li><li> 왼쪽 경동맥 (CCA)를 노출하고 동원. 보존CCA와 같은 결합 조직 칼집에서 실행 미주 신경. 뇌신경 이동하고 동일한 기술을 사용하여 ICA와 ECA를 노출하고 동원. </li><li> 지금까지 cranially 가능한 ECA을 결찰. </li><li> ECA 주변의 필라멘트 두 개 더 lig​​ations을 사전에 미리 협의. </li><li> microclips으로 일시적으로 CCA와 ICA를 막다. microclip 어플리케이터와 microclips를 배치합니다. 클립을 조심스럽게 그들을 다시 잡아 당겨 올바르게 적용되었는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 선박 가위로 ECA에 필라멘트의 삽입을위한 구멍을 잘라 버릴거야. </li><li> ECA에 12mm의 길이 Prolene으로 5-0 필라멘트를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 한 사전 협의 결찰 삽입 사이트를 닫습니다. </li><li> CCA와 ICA에서 microclip 주걱으로 microclips를 제거합니다. </li><li> ICP가 상승 할 때까지 ICA에 집게로 필라멘트를 사전. ICP의 급격한 상승은 출혈 유도를 나타냅니다. </li><li> 즉시 필라멘트를 철회 및 홍보를 모두 닫아 ECA을 결찰연속 earranged ligations. 이 삽입 부위의 출혈 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 피부의 상처를 봉합. </li><li> 20 분 동안 동물의 생리 학적 파라미터를 모니터링합니다. </li><li> ICP와 LDF 프로브를 제거하고 피부의 상처를 봉합. </li></ol> 3. 실험 종료 <ol><li> PBS에서 20 ㎖ 4 % PFA (4 ° C) 다음에 생리 식염수 (실온) 20 ㎖로 transcardially 동물을 Perfuse. </li><li> 두개골의 두뇌를 해부하다. 중간 선 및 궤도 구멍 사이의 두개골을 잘라. 그런 다음 머리에서 뼈 껍질. </li><li> 지주막 하 공간에 혈액 분포를 평가합니다. </li></ol> 4. 생존 수술의 케이스에있는 고려 사항 (비디오에 표시되지 않음) <ol><li> 직접 마취 유도 수술 후 진통을 위해 Carprofen을 (4 ㎎ / ㎏ 피하) 주사. 수술 후 관찰 기간 동안 Carprofen은 (4 ㎎ / ㎏ 피하) 매 24 시간을 주입한다. </li&gt; <li> 대신 침습적 혈압 측정은 비 침습적 혈압 모니터링 시스템을 사용한다. </li><li> 날록손 (1.2 ㎎ / ㎏), 플루 마제 닐 (0.5 ㎎ / ㎏)과 atipamezole (2.5 ㎎ / ㎏) : 피하 에이전트를 반감 마취 주사의 종료하십시오. </li><li> 동물을 튜브를 빼내. </li><li> 반사 신경의 회복 후 예열 실에 동물을 넣어. 24 시간 동안 약 32 ° C에서 동물을 유지합니다. </li><li> 동물은 수술 후 첫 번째 시간 동안 자발적 호흡과 자신의 일반적인 상태를 정기적으로 확인합니다. 뇌간이 영향을받는 경우 동물 문제를 호흡하고 안락사되어야한다. </li><li> 동물은 자신의 일반적인 상태와 체중뿐만 아니라 신경 및 감각 적자 15 매일 확인합니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

SAH 후 처리 옵션이 부족하고 대부분 효력이없는 수 있습니다. 따라서 사후 출혈성 뇌 손상의 병태 생리 더욱 새로운 치료 표적을 식별하고 새로운 치료 방법을 개발하기 위해 이해되어야한다. 표준화 및 유전자 변형 동물 즉, 마우스, 잘 재생 가능한 동물 모델은 조사를 위해 매우 중요하다. 그것은 밀접하게 인간의 병태 생리와 유사한으로 CWP 모델은 SAH를위한 널리 사용되는 모델이되고 있...

SAH 환자를위한 가장 유익한 결과에 뇌졸중 서브 타입입니다 : 환자의 40 %는 출혈 후 1 개월 이내에 사망하고 생존자는 거의 임상 적으로 유리한 결과가 없습니다. 자연 SAHs (80 %)의 대다수는 대부분 동맥, 기저 동맥과 중대 뇌동맥 (MCA) 2 통신 전방과 후방을 따라 위치한 두개 내 동맥류의 파열에 의해 발생합니다. 이러한 동맥류는 동물 모델하기가 어렵습니다 때문에 SAH의 동물 모델은 하나 지주막 하 공간 / 대뇌 심실로 또는 지주막 혈관의 혈관 천공에 의해 혈액의 주입에 의해 수행된다. 혈액량은 직접 3을 제어 할 수 Cisterna의 마그나로자가 혈액 주입이 수행하기 쉽고 재현성이다. 불행하게도 SAH의 병태 생리의 일부 측면은, 예를 들어혈관 손상이 절차에 의해 모델링 할 수 없습니다. SAH의 유도를위한 또 다른 기술 방식은 수조 내 정맥 4의 시작입니다. 그러나, MCA 지점에서 관내 CWP 모델 인간의 병태 생리에 가장 가까운 5 절차로 나타납니다. 방법은 Veelken와 동료 6,7 의해 Bederson 및 동료와 동시에 개발되어 제 래트에서 설명 하였다. 나중에 관내 천공 모델은 마우스 8,9에 적응했다. 필라멘트는 외부 경동맥 (ECA)에 삽입하고 내 경동맥 (ICA)를 통해 두개골 바닥으로 전진된다. MCA의 분기점에서 필라멘트는 배를 관통하고 및 두개골 바닥에서 지주막 하 공간에 출혈을 유도한다. 혈액은 균열 및 혈관을 따라 잔존 막밑 공간으로 분배한다. 출혈은 천공 부위에 혈전 형성에 의해 중지,하지만 rebleedings, 어있다무형 문화 유산 환자 10 발생할 수 있습니다 종종 해로운. 따라서, 혈관 필라멘트 모델은 지난 몇 년 동안 널리 사용 SAH 모델이되었다. 필라멘트 천공 모델의 가장 자주 언급 한 단점은 출혈 볼륨이 직접 제어 될 수없고, 따라서 가변 될 수 있다는 것이다. 이 변화는 크게 동물 생리학 및 사후 출혈성 ICP의 엄격한 제어에 의해 감소​​ 될 수있다. 마우스는 유전자 변형 종자의 큰 숫자가 사용할 수있는 큰 장점이 있습니다. 그러나, 작은 크기로 수술 과정이 더 큰 종, 예를 들면 래트 또는 토끼에서보다 더 복잡한 경향이있다. 따라서 생쥐 래트 위해 개발 기술의 다운 스케일링은 종종 마우스 헤모글로빈 포화 및 심박수 모니터링 매우 제한된 체중과 혈액 부피 비 침습적 혈압과 혈액 가스 분석을위한 기술뿐만 아니라이 같은 예 원하는 결과로 이어질없는가능한 적용되어야한다. 따라서, 현재 출판의 목표는 생쥐의 SAH의 필라멘트 천공 모델을 설명하는이 모델은 표준화되고 재현성이 높은 방식으로 수행 할 수있는 방법을 설명하는 것입니다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>operation microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>KL2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>Harvard Instruments</td>
			<td>Continuous Flow Vaporizer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>respirator</td>
			<td>Hugo Sachs</td>
			<td>Minivent 845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microcapnograph</td>
			<td>Hugo Sachs</td>
			<td>Type 340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>temperature controller</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>DC Temperature Controller</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dental drill</td>
			<td>Paggen</td>
			<td>Labset- N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICP monitor</td>
			<td>Codman</td>
			<td>ICP monitor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blood pressure monitor</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>Bridge Amp FE221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>SP101IZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pulsoximeter</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>MouseSTAT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDF</td>
			<td>Perimed</td>
			<td>Periflux 5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>analog data monitor</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>Power Lab 16/35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cement for ICP probe fixation</td>
			<td>Speiko</td>
			<td>Carboxylate cement</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glue for LDF probe fixation</td>
			<td>Bob Smith Industries</td>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate glue (Maxi Cure and Insta Set)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>venous catheter</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>Jelco winged i.v. catheter; REF 4076</td>
			<td>modified intubation tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubing for femoral catheter</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical</td>
			<td>Fine Bore Polythene Tubing; ID 0.28 mm OD 0.61 mm; REF 800/100/100</td>
			<td>cut to 30 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filament for vessel perforation</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>Prolene 5-0</td>
			<td>cut to 12 mm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical equipment</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>forceps medical #5, vessel scissors 8 cm, microclip 4 mm jaw</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a murine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage

이 비디오 발행물에서 지주막 하 출혈 (SAH)의 표준화 된 마우스 모델을 제시한다. 출혈은 윌리스의 천공 (CWP)의 혈관 내 서클에 의해 유도 및 두개 내압 (ICP) 모니터링에 의해 입증된다. 이에 동맥 순환을 둘러싼 막밑 공간 및 소뇌에서 균열 균질 혈액 분포가 달성된다. 체온, 전신 혈압, 심박수, 및 헤모글로빈 포화 : 동물 생리학은 삽관, 기계 환기, 다양한 생리 학적 및 심혈관 파라미터의 연속 온라인 모니터링에 의해 유지된다. 따라서 대뇌 관류 압력이 단단히 extravasated 혈액의 적은 변수 볼륨의 결과를 모니터 할 수 있습니다. 이 생쥐의 혈관 필라멘트 천공의 더 나은 표준화를 허용하고 모든 모델은 높은 재현성 있습니다. 따라서 야생 유형과 유전학의 약리학 적 및 병리 생리 학적 연구를 위해 쉽게 사용할 수 있습니다LY 쥐를 변경.

사망 수술 기술이 숙달되면 절차는 수술 사망률을 유도하지 않습니다. 또한 출혈은 거의 모든 동물에서 달성 될 수있다. 수술 후 사망률은 대부분의 동물은 수술 후 (그림 5) 1 일에 죽어 가고 30~40%입니다. ICP는 SAH 후 값 출혈 전에 ICP은 약 4 mmHg로합니다. 최대 120 mmHg로에 ICP의 급격한 증가에 결과를 출혈. ICP 값은 5 분으로 약 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage at JoVE.com

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

윌리스 천공의 관내 서클 지주막 하 출혈의 표준화 된 마우스 모델을 설명한다. 선박 천공 및 지주막 하 출혈은 두개 내 압력 모니터링에 의해 모니터링된다. 또 각종 중요한 파라미터는 기록 및 생리적 조건을 유지하도록 제어된다.

지주막 하 출혈의 생쥐 모델

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

a-murine-model-of-subarachnoid-hemorrhage

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.5K 조회수.  University of Munich Medical Center.  윌리스 천공의 관내 서클 지주막 하 출혈의 표준화 된 마우스 모델을 설명한다. 선박 천공 및 지주막 하 출혈은 두개 내 압력 모니터링에 의해 모니터링된다. 또 각종 중요한 파라미터는 기록 및 생리적 조건을 유지하도록 제어된다. 

비디오: A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A Low Mortality Rat Model to Assess Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats, in order to identify the initiating events, pathophysiological changes and potential targets for treatment.
Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 - 300 g) were arbitrarily assigned to one of two groups - SAH or saline control. Rat subarachnoid hemorrhage in the SAH group (n=15) was induced by double injection of autologous blood, 48 hr apart, into the cisterna magna. Similarly, normal saline (n=13) was injected into the cisterna magna of the saline control group. Rats were sacrificed on day five after the second blood injection and the brains were preserved for histological analysis. The degree of vasospasm was measured using sections of the basilar artery, by measuring the internal luminal cross sectional area using NIH Image-J software. The significance was tested using Tukey/Kramer's statistical analysis.
Results: After analysis of histological sections, basilar artery luminal cross sectional area were smaller in the SAH than in the saline group, consistent with cerebral vasospasm in the former group. In the SAH group, basilar artery internal area (.056 &mu;m &plusmn; 3) were significantly smaller from vasospasm five days after the second blood injection (seven days after the initial blood injection), compared to the saline control group with internal area (.069 &plusmn; 3; p=0.004). There were no mortalities from cerebral vasospasm.
Conclusion: The rat double SAH model induces a mild, survivable, basilar artery vasospasm that can be used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm in a small animal model. A low and acceptable mortality rate is a significant criterion to be satisfied for an ideal SAH animal model so that the mechanisms of vasospasm can be elucidated 7, 8. Further modifications of the model can be made to adjust for increased severity of vasospasm and neurological exams.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding that occurs into the subarachnoid space when an aneurysm ruptures. While the morbidity and mortality from this event has been on a decline due to improved treatment approaches, the risk of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to be the same as it was several years ago. The importance of establishing a comprehensive and reproducible animal model to identify initiating events of cerebral vasospasm has been the focus of research since the first use of rats in an experimental vasospasm model in 1979 by Barry et al. Early work in rats demonstrated that a single injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna led to acute (within minutes) but not delayed cerebral vasospasm 3, 6, 14. Here we characterize a low mortality SAH rat model that results in reproducible delayed vasospasm.

실험 Subarachnoid의 출혈 후 뇌 지연 Vasospasm을 평가하기 위해 낮은 사망 쥐 모델

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ...

연구

의학

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

상처 치유의 생쥐 모델

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

A New Murine Model of Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathophysiology. There is no abdominal aortic aneurysm endograft exclusion model cheap and reproducible, which would allow deep investigations of AAA before and after treatment. We hereby describe how to induce, and then to exclude with a covered coronary stentgraft an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat. The well known elastase induced AAA model was first reported in 19901 in a rat, then described in mice2. Elastin degradation leads to dilation of the aorta with inflammatory infiltration of the abdominal wall and intra luminal thrombus, matching with human AAA. Endovascular exclusion with small covered stentgraft is then performed, excluding any interactions between circulating blood and the aneurysm thrombus. Appropriate exclusion and stentgraft patency is confirmed before euthanasia by an angiography thought the left carotid artery. Partial control of elastase diffusion makes aneurysm shape different for each animal. It is difficult to create an aneurysm, which will allow an appropriate length of aorta below the aneurysm for an easy stentgraft introduction, and with adequate proximal and distal neck to prevent endoleaks. Lots of failure can result to stentgraft introduction which sometimes lead to aorta tear with pain and troubles to stitch it, and endothelial damage with post op aorta thrombosis. Giving aspirin to rats before stentgraft implantation decreases failure rate without major hemorrhage. Clamping time activates neutrophils, endothelium and platelets, and may interfere with biological analysis.

Histological and biochemical modifications after aneurysm endograft exclusion are still unclear. We describe a new model of endograft implantation on a murine aneurysm. Through thrombus analysis with and without persistant circulating blood stream interface, and new endovascular biomaterials evaluation, this model will help to better understand endovascular aneurysm exclusion pathobiology.

혈관 동맥류 수리의 새로운 쥐과 모델

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of ...

Intrastriatal Injection of Autologous Blood or Clostridial Collagenase as Murine Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common form of cerebrovascular disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Lack of effective treatment and failure of large clinical trials aimed at hemostasis and clot removal demonstrate the need for further mechanism-driven investigation of ICH. This research may be performed through the framework provided by preclinical models. Two murine models in popular use include intrastriatal (basal ganglia) injection of either autologous whole blood or clostridial collagenase. Since, each model represents distinctly different pathophysiological features related to ICH, use of a particular model may be selected based on what aspect of the disease is to be studied. For example, autologous blood injection most accurately represents the brain&#39;s response to the presence of intraparenchymal blood, and may most closely replicate lobar hemorrhage. Clostridial collagenase injection most accurately represents the small vessel rupture and hematoma evolution characteristic of deep hemorrhages. Thus, each model results in different hematoma formation, neuroinflammatory response, cerebral edema development, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Robustness of a purported therapeutic intervention can be best assessed using both models. In this protocol, induction of ICH using both models, immediate post-operative demonstration of injury, and early post-operative care techniques are demonstrated. Both models result in reproducible injuries, hematoma volumes, and neurobehavioral deficits. Because of the heterogeneity of human ICH, multiple preclinical models are needed to thoroughly explore pathophysiologic mechanisms and test potential therapeutic strategies.

Preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage are utilized to mimic certain aspects of clinical disease. Thus, mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic strategies may be explored. In this protocol, two models of intracerebral hemorrhage are described, intrastriatal (basal ganglia) injections of autologous blood or collagenase.

뇌출혈의 쥐과 모델로자가 혈액이나 클로스 트리 디움 콜라게나 제의 줄무늬 체 주입

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common form of cerebrovascular disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Lack of effective ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, murine pancreatic tumor model of hepatic metastases via a hemispleen injection of syngeneic murine pancreatic tumor cells is described. This model mimics many of the clinical conditions in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. Mice consistently develop metastases in the liver allowing for investigation of the metastatic process, experimental therapy testing, and tumor immunology research.

A preclinical, murine model of hepatic metastases performed via a hemispleen injection technique.

간 전이의 전임상 쥐과 모델

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and controllable animal models that simulate both conditions are presently uncommon. Therefore, new models are needed in order to mimic human pathophysiological conditions resulting from SAH.
This report describes the technical nuances of a rabbit blood-shunt SAH model that enables control of intracerebral pressure (ICP). An extracorporeal shunt is placed between the arterial system and the subarachnoid space, which enables examiner-independent SAH in a closed cranium. Step-by-step procedural instructions and necessary equipment are described, as well as technical considerations to produce the model with minimal mortality and morbidity. Important details required for successful surgical creation of this robust, simple and consistent ICP-controlled SAH rabbit model are described.

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

지주막 하 출혈의 급성과 늦은 후유증의 연구에 대한 토끼 피 션트 모델 : 기술적 측면

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

돌이킬 수 및 가역 일방적 Ureteric 폐색의 쥐 모델

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information about this disease. The human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model provides a useful alternative approach for understanding the specific interactions between genetically and molecularly altered tumor cells, their organ microenvironment, and for evaluation of efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This is a well characterized model designed to study the molecular events of primary tumor development and it recapitulates the early events in the metastatic cascade prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. Thus it allows elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the initial phase of metastatic disease. In addition, this model can annotate drug targets of clinical relevance and is a valuable tool to study prostate cancer progression. In this manuscript we describe a detailed procedure to establish a human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. An orthotopic cancer model provides a useful approach to understand the biology of prostate cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This protocol describes detailed steps necessary to establish an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model.

인간의 전립선 암의 전 임상 동소 이식 쥐 모델

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information ...

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of hemorrhaging patients is difficult because current clinical tools provide measures of vital signs that remain stable during the early stages of bleeding due to compensatory mechanisms. Consequently, there is a need to understand and measure the total integration of mechanisms that compensate for reduced circulating blood volume and how they change during ongoing progressive hemorrhage. The body&#39;s reserve to compensate for reduced circulating blood volume is called the &#39;compensatory reserve&#39;. The compensatory reserve can be accurately evaluated with real-time measurements of changes in the features of the arterial waveform measured with the use of a high-powered computer. Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) has been shown to simulate many of the physiological responses in humans associated with hemorrhage, and is used to study the compensatory response to hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how compensatory reserve is assessed during progressive reductions in central blood volume with LBNP as a simulation of hemorrhage.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the techniques for measuring compensatory responses to reduced central blood volume using lower body negative pressure as a noninvasive experimental model of human hemorrhage which can be used to quantify the total integration of compensatory mechanisms to blood volume deficit in humans.

출혈의 인간 모델의 통합 보상 적 응답

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...