We are particularly indebted to patients at Vanderbilt University Medical Center who provided invaluable research material for the Molecular Neurosurgical Tissue Bank. We thank those who established and maintain the Tissue Bank, Reid C. Thompson MD (principal investigator), Cherryl Kinnard RN (research nurse) and Larry A. Pierce MS (manager). Histological services were performed, in part, by the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) Translational Pathology Shared Resource (supported by award 5P30 CA068485 to the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center). This work was supported by grants to MKC from the NINDS (1R21NS070139), the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and VMC development funds. MKC is supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development through grant 1 I01 BX000744-01. The contents do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.

1. Preparation of Tumor Cell Suspension
Note: Appropriate institutional approvals for the use of patient material and animals are required to establish and maintain primary orthotopic glioma xenografts. At Vanderbilt University Medical Center, resected tumor material that is in excess of that required for diagnostic purposes is collected with patient consent for a research tissue repository. Specimens are labeled with a randomized 5-digit REDcap database number and all patient-...

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J. 84, 1424-1431 (2001).</li><li>Witt Hamer, D. e., C, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genomic+profile+of+human+malignant+glioma+is+altered+early+in+primary+cell+culture+and+preserved+in+spheroids.">The genomic profile of human malignant glioma is altered early in primary cell culture and preserved in spheroids.</a> Oncogene. 27, 2091-2096 (2008).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+stem+cells+derived+from+glioblastomas+cultured+in+bFGF+and+EGF+more+closely+mirror+the+phenotype+and+genotype+of+primary+tumors+than+do+serum-cultured+cell+lines.">Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines.</a> Cancer Cell. 9, 391-403 (2006).</li><li>Pandita, A., Aldape, K. D., Zadeh, G., Guha, A., James, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrasting+in+vivo+and+in+vitro+fates+of+glioblastoma+cell+subpopulations+with+amplified+EGFR.">Contrasting in vivo and in vitro fates of glioblastoma cell subpopulations with amplified EGFR.</a> Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 39, 29-36 (2004).</li><li>Daniel, V. 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Rev. 6, 425-436 (2006).</li><li>Sasai, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shh+pathway+activity+is+down-regulated+in+cultured+medulloblastoma+cells:+implications+for+preclinical+studies.">Shh pathway activity is down-regulated in cultured medulloblastoma cells: implications for preclinical studies.</a> Cancer Res. 66, 4215-4222 (2006).</li><li>Shu, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+orthotopic+transplantation+of+fresh+surgical+specimen+preserves+CD133++tumor+cells+in+clinically+relevant+mouse+models+of+medulloblastoma+and+glioma.">Direct orthotopic transplantation of fresh surgical specimen preserves CD133+ tumor cells in clinically relevant mouse models of medulloblastoma and glioma.</a> Stem Cells. 26, 1414-1424 (2008).</li><li>Suggitt, M., Bibby, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=50+years+of+preclinical+anticancer+drug+screening:+empirical+to+target-driven+approaches.">50 years of preclinical anticancer drug screening: empirical to target-driven approaches.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 971-981 (2005).</li><li>Kerbel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+tumor+xenografts+as+predictive+preclinical+models+for+anticancer+drug+activity+in+humans:+better+than+commonly+perceived-but+they+can+be+improved.">Human tumor xenografts as predictive preclinical models for anticancer drug activity in humans: better than commonly perceived-but they can be improved.</a> Cancer Biol. Ther. 2, 134-139 (2003).</li><li>Park, C. Y., Tseng, D., Weissman, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+stem+cell-directed+therapies:+recent+data+from+the+laboratory+and+clinic.">Cancer stem cell-directed therapies: recent data from the laboratory and clinic.</a> Mol. Ther. 17, 219-230 (2009).</li><li>Carlson, B. L., Pokorny, J. L., Schroeder, M. A., Sarkaria, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment,+maintenance+and+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+applications+of+primary+human+glioblastoma+multiforme+(GBM)+xenograft+models+for+translational+biology+studies+and+drug+discovery.">Establishment, maintenance and in vitro and in vivo applications of primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft models for translational biology studies and drug discovery.</a> Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclopamine-mediated+hedgehog+pathway+inhibition+depletes+stem-like+cancer+cells+in+glioblastoma.">Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma.</a> Stem Cells. 25, 2524-2533 (2007).</li><li>Ehtesham, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligand-dependent+activation+of+the+hedgehog+pathway+in+glioma+progenitor+cells.">Ligand-dependent activation of the hedgehog pathway in glioma progenitor cells.</a> Oncogene. 26, 5752-5761 (2007).</li><li>Kelly, J. 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Cultured cell lines, xenografts and genetically engineered mice are the most common methods for modeling gliomas, and there are distinct benefits and limitations for each model system3,13,14. Relevant benefits of primary orthotopic glioma xenografts include infiltrative growth that typifies diffuse gliomas and the retention of genetic alterations and important signaling mechanisms that can be exceedingly difficult to maintain in cultured glioma cells. For example, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations an...

Malignant gliomas are primary glial tumors of the central nervous system that occur in the brain and occasionally the spinal cord. Gliomas are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) according to histologic resemblance to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or ependymal cells and then numerically graded (I to IV) for pathologic features of malignancy. The most common histologic subtypes are astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligoastrocytomas. Malignant gliomas encompassing WHO grades II to IV are characterized by invasive growth and recalcitrance to current therapies. Each year in the United States, approximately 15,750 individuals are diagnosed with a malignant glioma and an estimated 12,740 patients succumb to this disease. These statistics highlight the particularly lethal nature of malignant gliomas and important need for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
Cancer models are essential for investigating tumor biology and therapies. Human cancer cell lines represent an important first step for in vitro manipulations and in vivo xenografting studies (secondary xenografts)1. However, standard cancer cell cultures undergo phenotypic and genotypic transformation2-4 that may not be restored in secondary xenografts5. Furthermore, genetic alterations such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations6, distinct stem cell populations7 and dependency on key signaling pathways8 can be lost in cancer cell cultures. Genomic profiles can be maintained to better extent in cancer sphere culture, though still fail to mirror fully the genotype of primary tumors2,3. Direct orthotopic transplantation negates the influences of in vitro culture, provides a proper microenvironment, and preserves the integrity of tumor-initiating cells9,10. Therefore, primary xenografts represent a powerful and relevant preclinical model for rigorously testing targeted agents to aid in the rational design of future clinical trials5,11,12.

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Phosphate buffered saline
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Life Technologies
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			14040-133
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Papain dissociation system
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Worthington Biochemical Corp.
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			LK003150
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Trypan blue solution 0.4%
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Life Technologies
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			15250061
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Ketamine HCl
			</td>
			<td rowspan="4" style="width:142px;">
			Obtained from institutional pharmacy or local veterinary supply company
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Xylazine HCl
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
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		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Ketoprofen
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Ophthalmic ointment
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Povidone-iodine
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			190061617
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Cryopreservation medium and proliferation supplement
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			StemCell Technologies
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			05751
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			0.2% Heparin sodium salt in PBS
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			StemCell Technologies
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			07980
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Penicillin-streptomycin
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Life Technologies
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			15140-122
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Dimethyl sulfoxide
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			D6250-5X10ML
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid I/2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			The Jackson Laboratory
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			005557
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			NSG mice
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Anti-human vimentin antibody
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Dako
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			M7020
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Use 1:200 to 1:800
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:211px;">
			Anti-human IDH1 R132H antibody
			</td>
			<td style="width:142px;">
			Dianova
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			DIA-H09
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Use 1:100 to 1:400
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>




<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Material 
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Company
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			Catalogue Number
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			Comments
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Centrifuge with swinging bucket rotor
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Pipetter with dispensing speed control
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Disposable hemocytometer
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			22-600-100
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Sterile surgical gloves
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			11-388128
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Disposable gown
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			18-567
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Surgical mask
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			19-120-1256
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Tuberculin syringe
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			BD
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			305620
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Alcohol pads
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			22-246-073
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Portable electronic scale
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			01-919-33
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Zoom stereomicroscope
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Surgical clipper
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Stoelting
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			51465
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Scalpel handle
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			10003-12
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Scalpel blades, #10
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Stereotaxic instrument
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Stoelting
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			51730
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			High-speed drill
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Stoelting
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			51449
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">Drill bit, 0.6 mm</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">514552</td>
			<td style="width:97px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Hamilton syringe
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Hamilton
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			80336
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Autoclip, 9 mm
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			BD
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			427630
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Circulating water warming pad
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Kent Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			TP-700
			TP-1215EA
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Hot bead dry sterilizer
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Kent Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			INS300850
			</td>
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			Surgical scissors
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			14101-14
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			Fine scissors
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			14094-11
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			Spring scissors
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			Fine Science Tools
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			15018-10
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			Dumont forceps
			</td>
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			Fine Science Tools
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			11251-30
			</td>
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			Semimicro spatulas
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			Fisher Scientific
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			14374
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			Mouse brain slicer matrix
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			Zivic Instruments
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			BSMAS002-1
			</td>
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			Cryogenic storage vials
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			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
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			12-567-501
			</td>
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primary orthotopic glioma xenografts recapitulate infiltrative growth and isocitrate dehydrogenase i mutation

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary orthotopic xenografts recapitulate the histopathological and molecular features of malignant glioma subtypes in preclinical animal models. To model WHO grades III and IV malignant gliomas in transplantation assays, human tumor cells are xenografted into an orthotopic site, the brain, of immunocompromised mice. In contrast to secondary xenografts that utilize cultured tumor cells, human glioma cells are dissociated from resected specimens and transplanted without prior passage in tissue culture to generate primary xenografts. The procedure in this report details tumor sample preparation, intracranial transplantation into immunocompromised mice, monitoring for tumor engraftment and tumor harvesting for subsequent passage into recipient animals or analysis. Tumor cell preparation requires 2 hr and surgical procedure requires 20 min/animal.

Dissociated glioma cells are transplanted directly into the brains of immunocompromised mice to obtain primary orthotopic xenograft lines. Each tumor specimen is assigned a randomized number prior to transplantation, as part of the deidentification process to remove protected health information. We use a 5-digit REDcap database number for this purpose. Figure 1 illustrates the process and nomenclature for establishing a xenograft line from a glioblastoma (GBM 17182) with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation at JoVE.com

Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary orthotopic xenografts recapitulate the histopathological and molecular features of malignant glioma subtypes in preclinical animal models.

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary ...

primary-orthotopic-glioma-xenografts-recapitulate-infiltrative-growth

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.9K 조회수.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. 악성 글리오마스는 뚜렷한 임상 및 분자 특징을 가진 고도로 침입된 신경교 신생물의 이질적인 그룹을 구성합니다. 1 차 성 치열 교정 이종이식은 전임상 동물 모델에서 악성 신경종 아류형의 조직 병리학 및 분자 특징을 재구성합니다.