우리는 CDR2 항체를 제공하는 흉선 샘플 및 브루노 Kyewski (DKFZ, 하이델베르크, 독일)과 함께 우리를 제공하기위한 흉부 외과 부, 대학 병원 튀빙겐의 외과 의사에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 우리는 또한 선별 시설 (튀빙겐 대학)에서 한스 - 요 르그 Bühring 사브리나 GRIMM에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 이 작품은 SFB 685과 Hertie 재단에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Miller, J. F. A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+discovery+of+thymus+function+and+of+thymus-derived+lymphocytes.">The discovery of thymus function and of thymus-derived lymphocytes.</a> Immunological Reviews. 185, 7-14 (2002).</li><li>Klein, L., Hinterberger, M., Wirnsberger, G., Kyewski, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+presentation+in+the+thymus+for+positive+selection+and+central+tolerance+induction.">Antigen presentation in the thymus for positive selection and central tolerance induction.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 9, 833-844 (2009).</li><li>Vandenabeele, S., Hochrein, H., Mavaddat, N., Winkel, K., Shortman, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+thymus+contains+2+distinct+dendritic+cell+populations.">Human thymus contains 2 distinct dendritic cell populations.</a> Blood. 97, 1733-1741 (2001).</li><li>Gotter, J., Brors, B., Hergenhahn, M., Kyewski, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medullary+Epithelial+Cells+of+the+Human+Thymus+Express+a+Highly+Diverse+Selection+of+Tissue-specific+Genes+Colocalized+in+Chromosomal+Clusters.">Medullary Epithelial Cells of the Human Thymus Express a Highly Diverse Selection of Tissue-specific Genes Colocalized in Chromosomal Clusters.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 199, 155-166 (2004).</li><li>Rouse, R. V., Bolin, L. M., Bender, J. R., Kyewski, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+reactive+with+subsets+of+mouse+and+human+thymic+epithelial+cells.">Monoclonal antibodies reactive with subsets of mouse and human thymic epithelial cells.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 36, 1511-1517 (1988).</li><li>Stoeckle, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cathepsin+S+dominates+autoantigen+processing+in+human+thymic+dendritic+cells.">Cathepsin S dominates autoantigen processing in human thymic dendritic cells.</a> Journal of Autoimmunity. 38, 332-343 (2012).</li><li>Woods Ignatoski, K. M., Bingham, E. L., Frome, L. K., Doherty, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+trans-differentiation+of+thymus+cells+into+parathyroid-like+cells+without+genetic+manipulation.">Directed trans-differentiation of thymus cells into parathyroid-like cells without genetic manipulation.</a> Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 17, 1051-1059 (2011).</li><li>Williams, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Cell+Analysis+of+Complex+Thymus+Stromal+Cell+Populations:+Rapid+Thymic+Epithelia+Preparation+Characterizes+Radiation+Injury.">Single Cell Analysis of Complex Thymus Stromal Cell Populations: Rapid Thymic Epithelia Preparation Characterizes Radiation Injury.</a> Clinical and Translational Science. 2, 279-285 (2009).</li><li>Bendriss-Vermare, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+thymus+contains+IFN-&#945;-producing+CD11c-,+myeloid+CD11c+,+and+mature+interdigitating+dendritic+cells.">Human thymus contains IFN-&#945;-producing CD11c-, myeloid CD11c+, and mature interdigitating dendritic cells.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 107, 835-844 (2001).</li><li>Schmitt, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+characterization+of+human+thymic+dendritic+cell+subsets.">Ex vivo characterization of human thymic dendritic cell subsets.</a> Immunobiology. 212, 167-177 (2007).</li><li>Dzionek, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BDCA-4:+Three+Markers+for+Distinct+Subsets+of+Dendritic+Cells+in+Human+Peripheral+Blood.">BDCA-4: Three Markers for Distinct Subsets of Dendritic Cells in Human Peripheral Blood.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 165, 6037-6046 (2000).</li><li>Wu, L., Shortman, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+of+thymic+dendritic+cells.">Heterogeneity of thymic dendritic cells.</a> Seminars in Immunology. 17, 304-312 (2005).</li><li>Seach, N., Wong, K., Hammett, M., Boyd, R. L., Chidgey, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purified+enzymes+improve+isolation+and+characterization+of+the+adult+thymic+epithelium.">Purified enzymes improve isolation and characterization of the adult thymic epithelium.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 385, 23-34 (2012).</li><li>Adamopoulou, E., Tenzer, S., Hillen, N., Klug, P., Rota, I. A., Tietz, S., Gebhardt, M., Stevanovic, S., Schild, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+MHC-peptide+matrix+of+central+tolerance+in+the+human+thymus.">Exploring the MHC-peptide matrix of central tolerance in the human thymus.</a> Nature Communications. , (2013).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜은 Gotter 등 4 발행 프로토콜의 변형이다. 프로토콜의 중요한 단계는 상태와 조직의 초기 제제뿐만 아니라 퍼콜 밀도 분리이다. 우리는 최대한 빨리 수집 한 후 조직을 처리하는 것이 좋습니다. 그것은 청소 및 조직을 절단 할 때 빠르지 만 철저하게 작동하는 것이 중요합니다. 단계 2.3에 기재된 흉선 세포 세척 동안, 간질 세포를 손상시킬 수있는 너무 격렬?...

흉선은 T 세포의 발달이 발생하는 기관이다. 흉선은 여전히​​ 이전 시대에 감지 할 수 있지만이 연속적으로 지방으로 대체되는 경우를 상대적 절대적 크기는 나이와 함께 감소한다. 면역 반응에 대한 중요성은 1960 년대 초 1에서 증명되었다. T 세포 레퍼토리는 기능적 큰폭 자기 관용 T 세포 레퍼토리이 결과, T 세포의 개발에 생존 또는 사망 큐를 선택해 흉선 APC 다른 종류의 펩티드-MHC 복합체와 T 세포 수용체의 상호 작용을 통해 형성된다. 인간 흉선 세포의 약 98 %는 흉선 세포라고도 T 세포를 개발하고있다. 나머지 2 %는 TEC의 다양한 (대뇌 피질, 수질, 낭하), 골수 및 plasmacytoid DC (MDC, PDC), 대식 세포, B 세포, 성숙 재 순환 T 세포, 과립구 등 다양한 종류의 세포들로 구성 에프식 표현형 ibroblasts, 내피 세포와 매우 드문 상피 세포는 근육, 신경, 호흡기 상피 세포와 같은 다른 조직 (그림 1)에서 세포의 닮은. 이들 중, TEC와 DC는 정상 흉선에있는 주요 APC 유형입니다. 최근 몇 년 동안, 문화 및 분자 프로파일 링이 APC 유형의 정화는 점점 더 많은 관심을 얻고있다. 으로 인해 낮은 주파수로, 자세한 분석을 위해 이러한 종류의 세포 중 어느 격리, 효율적인 재현하고 비용 효율적인 절차가 필요합니다. 여기에 제시된 방법은 이전에 발표 된 연구 3,4에서 수정합니다. 다른 조직과 같이, 흉선 세포로부터 추출 효소 단일 세포 현탁액을 얻기 위하여, 세포 - 세포 및 세포 - 매트릭스 상호 작용 네트워크를 disaggregating함으로써 달성 될 수있다. 좋은 분리 효율, 세포 수율, 세포 생존과 세포의의 유지와 같은 특정 매개 변수가 있습니다결정적이며 urface 마커 이러한 희귀 세포 집단의 성공적인 분리를 위해 최적화 될 필요가있다. 이 프로토콜에서, DC 및 TEC의 부분 집합의 분리는 기계적 장애 및 소화 효소에 의해 조직의 단일 세포 현탁액을 만들기에 의해 수행된다. 우리는 조직을 함께 보유하고있는 고유 콜라겐을 분해하는 다른 효소 활성의 균형 잡힌 비율이 클로스 트리 디움 histolyticum에서 콜라게나 제를 사용합니다. DNA 분해 효소 I은 (흉선 세포는 매우 민감하다.) 우리는 또한 티슈 dissociator 의해 보조 기계 및 효소 조직 치료를 포함하는 전형적인 효소 조직 소화에 대안을 제공 인해 사균없는 DNA로 세포 응집을 감소시키기 위하여 효소 용액에 포함된다. 단일 세포 현탁액을 세포의 저밀도 분획 (LDF)의 농축을위한 단일 퍼콜 밀도 원심 분리된다. 세포의이 부분에서, DC는 F를 염색하여 분리 할 수​​있다또는 DC-표면 마커 (즉,의 CD11c의 +) 및 자기 분리 또는 형광 활성화 된 셀 정렬 (FACS)를 사용하여. 흉선 세포의 대부분을 구성하는 림프 세포와는 달리, TEC는 높은 수준의 CD45을 표현하지만, 상피 세포 접착 분자 EpCAM에 대한 긍정적하지 않습니다. CTEC는 CDR-2 (대뇌 피질 돌기 망상-2) 항체 4,5 다소 낮은 EpCAM 식으로 인식이 아직 정의되지 않은 항원의 발현에 의해 수질 TEC 구별 될 수있다. 차동 EpCAM 및 CDR2의 공동 발현은 고속 셀을 통해 이러한 TEC 서브 세트들의 효율적인 분리가 6을 정렬한다. 여기에 제시된 프로토콜은 인간의 흉선 조직에 최적화되어 있습니다. FACS 정렬이 사용되는 경우에 절차의 지속 기간은, 조직의 양과 실험자의 능력뿐만 아니라, 셀 소터의 속도에 따라 달라진다. 일반적으로 DC의 분리를위한 프로토콜은 5 이내에 완료 할 수 있습니다-6의 시간과 8 ~ 10 시간에 TEC의 격리를위한. 흉선 조직에서 DC와 TEC의 부분 집합의 격리는 시간에 민감한입니다. 빠른 분리 절차, 세포의 상태 나은. 마지막으로, 절연 세포 mRNA의 비교 연구 및 단백질 발현, PCR 실험, 단백질 분리, 분자량 프로파일 (즉 transcriptomics, 마이크로 RNA 분석)뿐만 아니라 세포 배양 6 같은 추가 조사를 위해 사용될 수있다. 윤리 정책 인간의 흉선 조직에서 작동 할 수 있도록하기 위해 연구원 조직은 일반적으로 미성년자에서 얻을 수 있기 때문에 로컬 윤리위원회 또는 담당 기관뿐만 아니라 기증자의 정보를 서면 동의 (또는 일반적으로 자신의 부모로부터 승인을 받아야합니다 어린이). 또한, 인간의 모든 조직은 잠재적으로 감염성 및 적절한 조치는 등, 장갑, 작업로,주의해야 것으로 취급되어야한다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents and Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>E15-842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s PBS</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>H15-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum-Gold</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>A15-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>K41-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase A</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10 103 586 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I, grade II bovine pancreatic</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10 104 159 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 10x in PBS</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>L11-001</td>
			<td>stock conc. 20 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Protein Labelling kit</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-10235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human CDR2 (purified)</td>
			<td>Bruno Kyewski, DKFZ- Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>labeled with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human CD45 (Pacific Blue)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>304022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human EpCAM (APC)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human CD11c (PE)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-092-411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-PE Microbeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-048-801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45 Microbeads, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-045-801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gentleMACS C Tubes</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-237</td>
			<td>for tissue dissociator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll (density 1.130 g/ml)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare, Life Sciences</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile distilled Water (DNAse/ RNAse free)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>10977-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gamunex 10%</td>
			<td>Tajecris-Biotherapeutics</td>
			<td>G120052</td>
			<td>1:10 pre-dilution, use 20 &#956;l/1 x 106cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td>Millex GS</td>
			<td>SLGS033SS</td>
			<td>Syringe driven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stericup filter unit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU05RE</td>
			<td>Pump driven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml PC oak ridge centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>3118-0050</td>
			<td>50 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml PP conical tubes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mm x 75 mm 5 ml test tubes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td>FACS stainings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 70 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>INSTRUMENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer-Sorter (BD FACSAriaTMIIu)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall Evolution R6 (rotor)</td>
			<td>Kendro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotator REAX 2</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gentleMACS Dissociator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093 235</td>
			<td>tissue dissociator</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of myeloid dendritic cells and epithelial cells from human thymus

이 프로토콜에서 우리는 인간 흉선에서 수지상 세포 (DC) 및 상피 세포 (TEC)를 분리하는 방법을 제공한다. DC와 TEC의 주요 항원 제시 세포 정상 흉선에있는 (APC) 타입이며, 그것은 그들이 잘 흉선 선택시 뚜렷한 역할을한다는 것을 설정됩니다. 이 세포는 흉선에서 별개의 미세 환경에서 지역화 된 각 APC 유형은 세포의 단지 작은 인구를 구성하고 있습니다. 추가로 이들 세포 유형의 생물학을 이해하기 위해, 이러한 세포 집단의 특성은 매우 바람직하지만 인해 낮은 주파수로, 이러한 세포 유형의 임의의 분리는 효율적이고 재생 가능한 절차를 필요로한다. 이 프로토콜은 다양한 휴대 속성의 특성에 적합한 세포를 얻을 수있는 방법을 자세히 설명합니다. 흉선 조직을 기계적으로 파괴되어 소화 효소의 상이한 단계 후에, 생성 된 세포 현탁액을 퍼콜 밀도 원심 분리 단계를 사용하여 농축한다. 골수 DC (의 CD11c의 격리를위한 &lt;SUP&gt; +), 저밀도 분획 (LDF)의 세포가 자기 세포 분류하여 immunoselected됩니다. TEC 인구 (MTEC, CTEC)의 보충은 특정 세포 마커를 사용하여 (FACS)를 정렬 형광 활성화 된 셀을 통해 그 이후의 분리를 허용하는 저밀도 퍼콜 세포 분획에서 조혈 (CD45 안녕하세요) 세포의 파괴에 의해 달성된다. 고립 셀은 다른 다운 스트림 애플리케이션에 사용될 수있다.

이 프로토콜에서 출발 물질로서 우리는 동의 한 후, 제도적 지침에 따라 얻어진 교정 심장 혈관 수술 (학과 흉부 외과, 대학 병원 튀빙겐의)를받은 아이들에서 제거 흉선 조직을 사용합니다. 이 폐기 물질은 2-30 g 이상에서 크기가 크게 다를 수 있습니다. 수득되는 MDC의 개수와 TEC 서브셋 (CTEC 및 MTEC)은 크기뿐 아니라 분리에 사용 흉선 조직 샘플의 나이에 따라 달라진다. <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus at JoVE.com

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

이 프로토콜은 항원 밀도 단일 세포 현탁액을 원심 분리하고 그 세포 집단의 마지막 자석 및 / 또는 FACS 정렬 뒤에 조직의 소화 효소의 여러 단계를 통해 인간 흉선에서 제시 세포 분리하는 방법을 자세히 설명.

인간의 흉선에서 골수 수지상 세포와 상피 세포의 분리

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

isolation-myeloid-dendritic-cells-epithelial-cells-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

19.1K 조회수.  Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research.  이 프로토콜은 항원 밀도 단일 세포 현탁액을 원심 분리하고 그 세포 집단의 마지막 자석 및 / 또는 FACS 정렬 뒤에 조직의 소화 효소의 여러 단계를 통해 인간 흉선에서 제시 세포 분리하는 방법을 자세히 설명. 

비디오: Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

Isolation of Mouse Lung Dendritic Cells

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the respiratory tract. At least three main subsets of lung dendritic cells have been described in mice: conventional DC (cDC) 4, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) 5 and the IFN-producing killer DC (IKDC) 6,7. The cDC subset is the most prominent DC subset in the lung 8. 
The common marker known to identify DC subsets is CD11c, a type I transmembrane integrin (&beta;2) that is also expressed on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and some B cells 9. In some tissues, using CD11c as a marker to identify mouse DC is valid, as in spleen, where most CD11c+ cells represent the cDC subset which expresses high levels of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). However, the lung is a more heterogeneous tissue where beside DC subsets, there is a high percentage of a distinct cell population that expresses high levels of CD11c bout low levels of MHC-II. Based on its characterization and mostly on its expression of F4&#47;80, an splenic macrophage marker, the CD11chiMHC-IIlo lung cell population has been identified as pulmonary macrophages 10 and more recently, as a potential DC precursor 11. 
In contrast to mouse pDC, the study of the specific role of cDC in the pulmonary immune response has been limited due to the lack of a specific marker that could help in the isolation of these cells. Therefore, in this work, we describe a procedure to isolate highly purified mouse lung cDC. The isolation of pulmonary DC subsets represents a very useful tool to gain insights into the function of these cells in response to respiratory pathogens as well as environmental factors that can trigger the host immune response in the lung.

A highly purified preparation of mouse lung dendritic cells is described. Specific emphasis is given to the isolation of conventional dendritic cell subset.

마우스 폐에 돌기 세포의 분리

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

마우스 소장에서 돌기 세포 및 Macrophages의 분리 및 특성화

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Isolating And Immunostaining Lymphocytes and Dendritic Cells from Murine Peyer's Patches

Peyer's patches (PPs) are integral components of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and play a central role in intestinal immunosurveillance and homeostasis. Particulate antigens and microbes in the intestinal lumen are continuously sampled by PP M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and transported to an underlying network of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and lymphocytes. In this article, we describe protocols in which murine PPs are (i) dissociated into single cell suspensions and subjected to flow cytometry and (ii) prepared for cryosectioning and immunostaining. For flow cytometry, PPs are mechanically dissociated and then filtered through 70 &mu;m membranes to generate single cell suspensions free of epithelial cells and large debris. Starting with 20-25 PPs (from four mice), this quick and reproducible method yields a population of &gt;2.5 x 106 cells with &gt;90% cell viability. For cryosectioning, freshly isolated PPs are immersed in Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) medium, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then sectioned using a cryomicrotome. Tissue sections (5-12 &mu;m) are air-dried, fixed with acetone or methanol, and then subjected to immunolabeling.

Isolating And Immunostaining Lymphocytes and Dendritic Cells from Murine Peyer&#039;s Patches

There is an increasing interest in understanding the immunological functions of specific subpopulations of cells in Peyer's patches (PPs), the primary inductive sites of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Here we outline parallel protocols for preparing PP single cell preparations for flow cytometric analysis and PP cryosections for immunostaining.

림프구와 손쥐 Peyer의 패치에서 수지상 세포를 분리하고 Immunostaining

Peyer's  patches (PPs) are integral components of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues  (GALT) and play a central role in intestinal immunosurveillance and ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

HIV-1 감염 CD4의 타고난 감지 평가<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;를 사용하여 형질 수지상 세포에 의한 T 세포<em&gt; 예 생체 내</em&gt; 공동 문화 시스템.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.

Here we describe an efficient method for isolation, identification, and purification of mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The protocol can be utilized for studies of thymus function for normal T cell development, thymus dysfunction, and T cell reconstitution.

격리, 식별 및 쥐과 흉선 상피 세포의 정화

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple ...

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic cells (DCs) by a process called transinfection. Here, we describe the analysis of the transinfection process, which occurs during the course of antigen presentation. This process was unveiled by using CD4+ T cells from transgenic OTII mice, which bear a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a peptide of ovoalbumin (OVAp), which therefore can form stable immune complexes with infected dendritic cells loaded with this specific OVAp. The dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria during DC-T cell transmission can be monitored by live-cell imaging and the quantification of bacterial transinfection can be performed by flow cytometry. In addition, transinfection can be quantified by a more sensitive method based in the use of gentamicin, a non-permeable aminoglycoside antibiotic killing extracellular bacteria but not intracellular ones. This classical method has been used previously in microbiology to study the efficiency of bacterial infections. We hereby explain the protocol of the complete process, from the isolation of the primary cells to the quantification of transinfection.

Here a protocol is presented to measure bacterial capture by CD4+ T cells which occurs during antigen presentation via transinfection from pre-infected dendritic cells (DC). We show how to perform the necessary steps: isolation of primary cells, infection of DC, DC/T cell conjugate formation, and measurement of bacterial T cell transfection.

T 세포는 수지상 세포에서 Transinfection에 의해 박테리아를 캡처

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

전혈로부터 인간 단핵구 유래 수지상 세포의 생성

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low numbers of DCs present per tissue. Yet, as the phenotype and function of DCs is modified by the tissue environment, it is necessary to analyze tissue resident DC populations, since blood derived DCs incompletely reflect the complexities of DCs in tissues. Here we present a protocol to isolate DCs from the human female reproductive tract (FRT) using hysterectomy specimens that allows both phenotypical and functional analyses. The protocol consists of tissue digestion to generate a single cell mixed cell suspension, followed by positive magnetic bead selection. Our tissue digestion protocol does not cleave surface markers, which allows phenotypical and functional analysis of DCs in the steady state, without overnight incubation or cell activation. This protocol can be adapted for the isolation of other immune cell types or isolation of DCs from other tissues.

We describe here a method to isolate and purify dendritic cells from different anatomical compartments in the human female reproductive tract for the evaluation of their phenotypical and functional characteristics. This method can be adapted to isolate other immune cells or dendritic cells from other mucosal tissues.

Phenotypical 및 기능 연구에 대 한 인간의 여성 생식 관에서 수지상 세포의 고립

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&amp;#945;

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

개발 및 검증 磁 단일 분자의 배열 디지털 효소 연결 된 Immunosorbent 분석 결과 인간 인터페론-α에 대 한

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

Excess dietary salt intake contributes to inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension. We previously found that antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) can sense elevated extracellular sodium leading to the activation of the NADPH oxidase and formation of isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts. These IsoLG-protein adducts react with self-proteins and promote an autoimmune-like state and hypertension. We have developed and optimized state-of-the-art methods to study DC function in hypertension. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolation, in vitro treatment with elevated sodium, and adoptive transfer of murine splenic CD11c+ cells into recipient mice to study their role in hypertension.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate dendritic cells from murine spleens by magnetic cell sorting and subsequent adoptive transfer into na&#239;ve mice. The model of high-salt activated dendritic cells was chosen to explain the step-by-step procedures of adoptive transfer and flow cytometry.