우리는 Drs에 감사드립니다. Erez Eliyahu, 다니엘 멜라 메드, Ophry 소나무와이 프로토콜의 설립시 도움과 의견을 주셔서 도론 라파. 이 작품은 ISF (허가 번호 1193년에서 1109년까지)에 의해 투자된다.

1. 미토콘드리아 정화 세포의 펠렛을 단다. 약 0.6 g을 100 ㎖의 세포에서 얻을 수있다. <ol><li> 30에서 600 = 1.5 과다 복용 효모 세포의 100 ~ 150 ㎖의 성장 미토콘드리아에 대한 풍부하기 위해, 이러한 갈락토스 기반 성장 매체로서 nonfermentable 성장 배지에 C를 °. </li><li> 원심 분리기 세포 실온에서 5 분 3,000 XG에 상층 액을 버린다. </li><li> 다시 증류수와 원심 분리기와 펠렛을 씻으십시오. 상층 액을 버린다. </li><li> 세포의 0.5 g 당 1 ㎖ DTT 버퍼에 펠렛을 재현 탁. 그것에 의해 가수 분해를 향상 세포벽 내 이황화 결합을 파괴하기 위해 환원제로 세포를 치료하는 데 중요하다. </li><li> 30에서 10 분 동안 세포를 배양한다 부드러운 흔들림와 C를 °. 한편, 세포 1g 당 6 밀리그램 zymolyase의 무게를 Zymolyase 버퍼에 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 5 분 3,000 XG에 원심 분리기 세포T 실내 온도와 상층 액을 버린다. </li><li> 세포의 0.15 g 당 1 ㎖ Zymolyase 버퍼에 펠렛을 재현 탁. 없는 소용돌이를 수행합니다. </li><li> 물 990 μL에있는 세포의 10 μL 나누어지는의 OD 600을 측정합니다. </li><li> β-1, 3 - 글루칸 결합에 포도당 중합체를 가수 분해 spheroplasts를 생성하는 세포에 Zymolyase (단계 1.5)를 추가합니다. 이 단계에서, spheroplasts 용균을 피하기 위하여 등장액에 보관한다. </li><li> 부드러운 흔들림으로 30 ° C (zymolyase 최적의 활동에 대한)에서 15 분 동안 세포를 품어. 세포벽과 spheroplasts 세대의 가수 분해를 확인하기 위해, 물 990 μL와 세포의 10 μl를 섞는다. Spheroplasts 인해 삼투압 차이에 용해 할 것으로 예상되고, OD (600)은 적어도 1.9 단계에서 결정된 값 미만을 10 배량한다. 그렇지 않을 경우, 또 다른 15 분 동안 zymolyase과 배양을 계속합니다. </li><li> 상온에서 5 분 3,000 XG에 원심 분리기 세포. 조심스럽게 병에 감염카드 상층 액, 펠릿으로 불안정 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> Zymolyase 버퍼 spheroplasts을 세척하고 상층 액을 버린다. </li><li> 100 ㎖의 복구 매체와 spheroplasts을 재현 탁. 삼각 플라스크에 spheroplasts를 전송하고 30에서 1 시간 동안 배양 동요와 C를 °. Zymolyase 처리 번역 중에 체포되고, mRNA의 현지화 (그림 1B) 중단되기 때문에이 복구 단계가 필요합니다. </li><li> 예비 냉각 50 ML 원뿔 튜브에 0.1 ㎎ / ㎖의 CHX 및 전송 spheroplasts를 추가합니다. CHX의 추가의 mRNA와 리보솜 협회를 동결하는 것이 중요합니다. 따라서, 미토콘드리아와 리보솜에 의존하는 mRNA의 관계가 유지됩니다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 spheroplasts 4 ° C에서 5 분 3,000 XG에 상층 액을 버린다. </li><li> 차가운 만니톨 버퍼로 두 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 4 ML 차가운 만니톨 버퍼 spheroplasts을 재현 탁하고 꽉 끼는을 갖춘 15 ㎖의 용량의 다운스 균질로 전송유. 조심스럽게 15 선을 spheroplasts을 중단하고 13 ML 튜브에 해물을 전송합니다. </li><li> 핵 및 손상되지 않은 세포를 펠렛 4 ° C에서 10 분 동안 1,500 XG에서 해물을 원심 분리기. </li><li> 조심스럽게 새로운 튜브에 뜨는을 전송합니다. 미분 획 샘플 ( &quot;전체&quot;샘플)로 옆으로 시료 1 ㎖ (25 %)을 설정합니다. 새로운 튜브로 전송이 샘플 50 ㎖ 및 웨스턴 블롯 분석을위한 4 배 LSB 15 ㎖를 추가합니다. &quot;총&quot;샘플의 나머지 침전물 RNA는 (프로토콜 3, RNA 침전 참조). </li><li> 4시 10 분 10,000 XG에 뜨는을 원심 분리기 미토콘드리아 펠렛 C를 °. </li><li> 새로운 튜브에 뜨는 (~ 3 ㎖)를 전송하고 얼음에 보관. 이것은 &quot;세포질&quot;조각이다. 새로운 튜브로 전송이 샘플 50 ㎖ 및 웨스턴 블롯 분석을위한 4 배 LSB 15 ㎖를 추가합니다. &quot;세포질&quot;샘플의 나머지 침전물 RNA는 (보호 해주는에게보기ocol 3, RNA 침전). </li><li> 4 ℃에서 10 분 동안 10,000 XG에 다시 3 ㎖ 만니톨 버퍼와 원심 분리기와 펠렛을 씻으 </li><li> 3 ㎖ 만니톨 버퍼와 펠렛을 Resuspend. 이 샘플은 미토콘드리아를 포함하고 &quot;미토콘드리아&quot;분수로 함. 새로운 튜브로 전송이 샘플 50 ㎖ 및 웨스턴 블롯 분석을위한 4 배 LSB 15 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li></ol> 2. RNA 추출 <ol><li> 각 샘플에 8 M 구 아니 디늄-HCl을 하나의 볼륨 및 100 % 에탄올 두 개의 볼륨에 추가합니다. 소용돌이 -20 적어도 2 시간 동안 배양 ° C. </li><li> 4 20 분 10,000 XG에 원심 분리기 샘플 ° C. 상층 액을 버린다. 펠릿이 불안정 할 수 있습니다로주의해야합니다. </li><li> 70 % EtOH로 펠렛을 씻으십시오. </li><li> RNase가없는 물 400 ㎖로 펠렛을 재현 탁하고 새로운 에펜 도르프 튜브에 샘플을 전송합니다. </li><li> 3 M 나트륨 acetat 0.1 볼륨을 추가하여 다시 RNA를 침전전자의 pH 5.2와 100 %의 EtOH 두 권. 소용돌이 -20 적어도 2 시간 동안 배양 ° C. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 20 분 동안 20,000 XG에 원심 분리기 샘플 뜨는을 취소하고 70 % EtOH로 세척한다. </li><li> 공기는 펠렛을 건조 및 RNase가없는 물에 재현 탁. -80에서 보관 RNA 샘플 ° C. 샘플 북부 분석 19 또는 마이크로 어레이 분석 18 (프로토콜 3 참조)를 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 마이크로 어레이 분석을위한 RNA 준비 <ol><li> RNase가없는 물 650 mL를 2.2 단계에서의 mRNA를 재현 탁. </li><li> 적극적으로 클로로포름 (5:1의 pH 4.7)와 소용돌이 : 잔여 DNA 또는 단백질을 제거하려면, 같은 산성 페놀의 양 (650 ㎖)에 추가합니다. 2 분 동안 최대 속도로 원심 분리기. </li><li> 새로운 튜브로 위 상 (수상) 500 ㎖를 전송합니다. 그것은 DNA가 들어 있으므로, 계면을 복용하지 마십시오. 또한, 역전사 반응을 억제 할 수있는 페놀을 복용에주의. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> RNA 샘플은 역전사 효소의 강력한 억제제이다 헤파린의 상당한 양이 포함되어 있습니다. 따라서, RT-PCR 또는 마이크로 어레이 라벨링을 위해 제거 될 필요가있다. LiCl을 침전에 의해 헤파린을 제거 2 M의 최종 농도로하여 LiCl을 추가하고 -20에서 밤새 샘플을 품어 ° C. </li><li> 4에서 샘플을 해동 ° C와 11 ° C에서 20 분 동안 20,000 XG에 원심 분리기 </li><li> 조심스럽게 뜨는을 취소하고 80 % 에탄올로 펠렛을 씻으십시오. 단계 3.5에 설명 된대로 다시 원심 분리기. </li><li> 상층 액, 공기 건조를 취소하고 RNase가없는 물 150 ㎖에 펠렛을 재현 탁. </li><li> 잔류하여 LiCl을 제거하려면, 3 M 아세트산 나트륨의 pH 5.3의 0.1 볼륨 및 100 % 에탄올의 전 3 권으로 다시 침전. -20 품다 최소 2 시간 동안 C를 °. </li><li> 4에서 20 분 동안 최고 속도로 원심 분리기 ° C. 80 %의 에탄올과 건조한 공기로 조심스럽게 투명 펠렛을 씻으십시오. </li><li> 재현 탁25 ㎖의 RNase가없는 물과 펠렛 -80에서 샘플을 유지 ° C. </li><li> (18, 20)에 설명 된 RNA의 라벨 및 하이브리드의 단계를 따릅니다. </li></ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+tracking+of+single+mRNA+particles+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+using+a+double-helix+point+spread+function.">Three-dimensional tracking of single mRNA particles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a double-helix point spread function.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 17864-17871 (2010).</li><li>Tyagi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+intracellular+RNA+distribution+and+dynamics+in+living+cells.">Imaging intracellular RNA distribution and dynamics in living cells.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 331-338 (2009).</li><li>Garcia, M., Darzacq, X., Devaux, F., Singer, R. H., Jacq, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yeast+mitochondrial+transcriptomics.">Yeast mitochondrial transcriptomics.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 372, 505-528 (2007).</li><li>Reinders, J., Sickmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics+of+yeast+mitochondria.">Proteomics of yeast mitochondria.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 372, 543-557 (2007).</li><li>Meisinger, C., Sommer, T., Pfanner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Saccharomcyes+cerevisiae+mitochondria+devoid+of+microsomal+and+cytosolic+contaminations.">Purification of Saccharomcyes cerevisiae mitochondria devoid of microsomal and cytosolic contaminations.</a> Anal. Biochem. 287, 339-342 (2000).</li><li>Glick, B. S., Pon, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+highly+purified+mitochondria+from+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Isolation of highly purified mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Methods Enzymol. 260, 213-223 (1995).</li><li>Boldogh, I. R., Pon, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+subfractionation+of+mitochondria+from+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Purification and subfractionation of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 80, 45-64 (2007).</li><li>Rieder, S. E., Emr, S. D., Bonifacino, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Isolation of subcellular fractions from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Current protocols in cell biology / editorial board. 8, (2001).</li><li>Diekert, K., de Kroon, A. I., Kispal, G., Lill, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+subfractionation+of+mitochondria+from+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Isolation and subfractionation of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 65, 37-51 (2001).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익을 선언하지 않습니다.

이미징 기술의 발전은 mRNA의 현지화를 연구하는 높은 해상도 도구를 산출했다. 오늘날, 하나는 msec의 시간 스케일 23-26이라도 단일의 mRNA 분자의 움직임을 측정 할 수있다. 그러나, 전통적인 생화학 적 접근법은, 상술 한대로, 또한 유익한 일부 경우에 바람직하다. 생화학 격리의 mRNA 및 단백질의 큰 레퍼토리의 정화를 허용하고, 게놈 넓은 연구에 대한 것이 바람직하다. 하나의 분리, 하나?...

진핵 세포는 특정 기능을 가지는 별개의 구획으로 구성되어 있습니다. 그 기능을 수행하기 위해, 각 구획의 활동에 필수적인 단백질의 고유 한 집합이 포함되어 있습니다. 이 단백질은 자신의 구획에 접근 통해 가능한 메커니즘은 로컬 라이즈 1,2입니다. 이 과정에서, 단백질은 리보솜 군데 위치에서 mRNA를 대상으로 합성된다. 현지화 번역의 가능성 장점이 단백질의 타겟팅의 효율성을 증가하는 가운데, 단백질 보호자에 필요한 감소하고, 사이트 별 규제 메커니즘을 가능하게한다. 또한, 지역화의 mRNA와 리보솜은 일반 번역이 억제되어 세포 스트레스의 경우 번역 기계의 외딴 저장 될 수 있습니다. 미토콘드리아는 최근 몇 년 동안 현지화 번역을 연구 중심 모델이되었다. 대부분의 미토콘드리아 단백질은 세포질로 번역 핵, 인코딩 된와 세포 기관으로 수입. 증거의 다양한 라인이 단백질의 많은 지역의 번역 과정을 통해 생산되는 것을 나타냅니다. 처음에는 전자 현미경 및 생화학 적 분류 연구는 미토콘드리아 3-5과 관련된 변이를 발견했습니다. 다음 만 cotranslational 방식으로 6,7 가져온 것으로 나타났다 특정의 mRNA에 일에 의해 생체 내에서 뒷받침 이러한 연구. 미토콘드리아와의 mRNA 협회의 게놈 넓은 연구의 mRNA의 상당 부분이 미토콘드리아 부근 8-10로 지역화 된 것으로 나타났다. 이들의 mRNA 중 일부는 또한 생선이나 MTAG 9, 11 등의 생체 내 형광 방법을 특징으로했다. 이 협회의 직선적 해석은 이들의 mRNA가 현지화 번역에 대한 템플릿 역할을한다는 것입니다. 이들의 mRNA가 미토콘드리아에 접근하는 메커니즘은 알려져 있지 않다. 비 암호화 도메인 (대부분의 significantlY 3 &#39;의 UTRs)은 미토콘드리아 12 mRNA의 연관에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 도메인은 자신의 전송을 중재 RNA 결합 단백질에 결합 부위의 역할을 할 가능성이있다. 효모의 연구는 단백질의 PUM 가족 (Puf3)의 회원이 미토콘드리아 8,13와 mRNA의 연결을 지원하는 것으로 나타났다. 다른 가족 구성원의 기능을 기반으로 Puf3에 대한 그럴듯한 역할은 mRNA의 라우팅 14 엉 동안 번역을 억제하는 것입니다. 따라서,의 mRNA는 비 암호화 영역과 상호 작용하는 RNA 결합 단백질에 의해, 비 번역 상태로 운송 할 수있다. 또한, 작품의 큰 몸은 단백질이 합성되는 동안 전송이 발생하는 것이 좋습니다. 특히, 번역 억제제의 mRNA에게 연결 8,13에 영향을 표시했다. 또한, 같은 8월로 번역 기능은, 미토콘드리아 타겟팅 순서 (MTS) 또는 ORF 영역은 현지화 8,11,15에 도움을 나타내었다. HSP70 세대 단백질 채널미토콘드리아 외부 막에 aperone 단백질 수용체는 또한 추가로 인코딩 된 단백질의 기능은 mRNA의 현지화 16 중요하다는 것을 의미한다, mRNA의 연결을 지원하기 위해 표시했다. 이는 리보솜 대두 단백질이 미토콘드리아에 17의 mRNA-리보솜 단백질 복합체를 표적 인식을위한 요소로서 기능하는 모델과 일치한다. 미토콘드리아 부근의 현지화 된 번역은 전자 현미경 (리보솜을 시각화하기 위해) 3 FISH 9, (특정의 mRNA를 검출하는) 녹색 RNA 11, 생화학 적 분류 (RNA와 리보솜을 모두 감지하는) 10,18 등 다양한 방법으로 연구 하였다. 전자의 방법은 생체 내에서 현지화를 감지하고 전송 역학의 시각화를 허용 할 수 있지만, 후자는 하나의 실험에서 여러 가지의 mRNA를 검출 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 생화학 분류 코딩 또는 비 암호화 도메인에 대해 알 수 필요가 없습니다까지 입력 그러므로 특정 역할이 평가 될 수있다. 생화학 분별 성공적 많은 다른 세포 구획 분리를 위해 수년 동안 사용되어왔다. 그 원칙과 한계는 잘 설립하고, 하나는 쉽게 다른 목적을 위해 기존의 프로토콜을 수정할 수 있습니다. 필요한 장비, 따라서 그것은 일반적으로 세포 내 현지화를 공부에 대한 선택의 첫 번째 방법이다, 많은 실험실에서 표준입니다. 우리는 리보솜이 미토콘드리아와 관련된 동안의 mRNA의 분리에 최적화 된 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 따라서 미토콘드리아 부근의 현지화 번역에 관련된 요인을 공부에 최적입니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="969">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BactoPeptone</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Galactose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">Do not autoclave Galactose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">Growth medium</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">For mitochondrial enrichment, you should use any non- fermentable carbon source, such as Galactose-based growth medium sterilized 1% Yeast Extract, 2% BactoPeptone, 2% Galactose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.1 M TrisHCl pH9.4</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">30 mM TrisHCl pH7.6</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;10 mM DTT Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">0.1 M TrisHCl pH 9.4, 10 mM Dithiothreitol (DTT). Make fresh every time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1.2 M Sorbitol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">4 mM KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">16 mM K2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.2&#956;m filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;">Zymolyase Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">1.2 M Sorbitol, 4 mM KH2PO4 , 16 mM K2HPO4. Filter this&#160; buffer (0.2&#956;m) and keep at room temperature for future use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Zymolyase 20T&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">20,000 U/gr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recovery medium</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">Galactose-based growth medium supplemented with 1 M Sorbitol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.1 mg/mL Cycloheximide (CHX)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.6 M Mannitol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5 mM MgAc</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 mM KCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.5 mg/mL Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">1 mM phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Mannitol Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;">0.6 M Mannitol, 30 mM TrisHCl pH7.6, 5 mM MgAc, 100 mM KCl. Add freshly: 0.5 mg/mL Heparin, 0.1 mg/mL CHX and 1mM (PMSF). Filter this buffer and use it ice-cold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">8M Guanidinium-HCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;100% and 70% Ethanol (EtOH)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;3 M Sodium Acetate pH5.2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;10 M LiCl stock solution</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">250 mM Tris HCl pH 6.8</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:563px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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isolation of mrnas associated with yeast mitochondria to study mechanisms of localized translation

미토콘드리아 단백질의 대부분은 핵으로 인코딩 및 세포 기관으로 수입 할 필요가있다. 단백질이 미토콘드리아 근처에 합성하는 동안 수입이 발생할 수 있습니다. 이 가능성에 대한 지원은 미토콘드리아 단백질을 코딩하는 많은의 mRNA가 미토콘드리아 부근에 지역화하는 것으로 된 최근 연구에서 파생됩니다. 함께 외부 막과 리보솜 협회 이전 시위, 이러한 결과는 현​​지화 번역 과정을 제안한다. 현지화 번역, 수입 효율을 향상 독특한 규제 사이트를 제공하고 자궁외 표현의 경우를 최소화 할 수 있습니다. 다양한 방법이 지역화 된 번역을 중재 요인과 요소를 특성화하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 이 가운데 표준 차동 원심 분리하여 세포 내 분획이다. 이 프로토콜은 하나의 절차에서 mRNA가 리보솜 단백질의 분리의 장점이 있습니다. 이들은 다음 다양한 분자량 및 BI에 의해 특성화 될 수있다ochemical 방법. 또한, transcriptomics 및 프로테오믹스 방법하여 게놈 넓은 통찰력에게 수, 생성 된 물질에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 연구의 모델 생물로 효모의 활용 속도, 비용과 단순성의 이점이있다. 또한, 진보 된 유전 도구와 사용 가능한 삭제 균주 후보 요인의 검증을 용이하게한다.

이 프로토콜은 세포질 구성 요소에서 미토콘드리아 함유 부분을 분리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 성공을 테스트하는 가장 좋은 방법은 다른 분리 단계에서 샘플을 분석 북부와 서부 분석 (그림 1) 수행하는 것입니다. 격리 품질에 대한 세 가지 매개 변수는이 분석에서 파생됩니다. 첫째, 샘플에서 RNA 나 단백질은 손상 여부 - 이러한 분석에서 뚜렷한 밴드로 감지됩니다. 분해 이벤트를 추가, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation at JoVE.com

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

미토콘드리아 단백질을 코딩하는 대부분의 mRNA는 미토콘드리아 외부 막과 연결되어 있습니다. 우리는 관련의 mRNA와 리보솜과 효모 미토콘드리아의 고립을 목표로 세포 내 분획 절차를 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 mRNA의 지방화의 메커니즘과 미토콘드리아 근처 현지화 번역을 표시하기 위해 다양한 조건에서 자란 세포에 적용 할 수 있습니다.

현지화 번역의 메커니즘을 연구하는 효모 미토콘드리아와의 mRNA 관련의 분리

Most of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and need to be imported into the organelle. Import may occur while the protein is synthesized ...

isolation-mrnas-associated-with-yeast-mitochondria-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.8K 조회수.  Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.  미토콘드리아 단백질을 코딩하는 대부분의 mRNA는 미토콘드리아 외부 막과 연결되어 있습니다. 우리는 관련의 mRNA와 리보솜과 효모 미토콘드리아의 고립을 목표로 세포 내 분획 절차를 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 mRNA의 지방화의 메커니즘과 미토콘드리아 근처 현지화 번역을 표시하기 위해 다양한 조건에서 자란 세포에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

도마뱀의 운동의 속도와 방향에 시각 민감도 테스트

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

연구

생물학

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

효모 세포 Mitochondria의 정화

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite morphogenesis at the functional and molecular levels. To aid in these analyses, we have developed a strategy for the isolation of a subclass of PNS neurons called dendritic arborization (da) neurons that have been widely used for studying dendrite morphogenesis1,2. These neurons are very difficult to isolate as a pure population, due in part to their extremely low occurrence and their difficult-to-reach location below the tough chitinous larval cuticle. Our newly developed method overcomes these challenges, and is based on a fast and specific cell enrichment using antibody-coated magnetic beads. For our magnetic bead sorting studies, we have used age-matched third instar larvae expressing a mouse CD8 tagged GFP fusion protein (UAS-mCD8-GFP)3 under the control of either the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron-specific pickpocket (ppk)-GAL4 driver4 or the control of the pan-da neuron-specific GAL421-7 driver5. Although this protocol has been optimized for isolating PNS cells which are attached to the inner wall of the larval cuticle, by varying a few parameters, the same protocol could be used to isolate many different cell types attached to the cuticle at larval or pupal stages of development (e.g. epithelia, muscle, oenocytes etc.), or other cell types from larval organs depending upon the GAL4-specific driver expression pattern. The RNA isolated by this method is of high quality and can be readily used for downstream genomic analyses such as microarray gene expression profiling studies. This approach offers a powerful new tool to perform studies on isolated Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons thereby providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

In this video-article we present a method for the isolation and purification of Drosophila peripheral neurons using a fast magnetic bead assisted cell sorting strategy. RNA obtained from the isolated cells can be readily used for downstream applications including microarray analyses.

의 분리 및 정제 Drosophila</em마그네틱 비드별로 정렬> 주변 뉴런

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the visualization of these mRNAs can be challenging. This is especially true when only a fraction of the mRNA is ER-associated and their distribution to this organelle is obstructed by non-targeted (i.e. "free") transcripts. In order to monitor ER-associated mRNAs, we have developed a method in which cells are treated with a short exposure to a digitonin extraction solution that selectively permeabilizes the plasma membrane, and thus removes the cytoplasmic contents, while simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the ER. When this method is coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), one can clearly visualize ER-bound mRNAs by fluorescent microscopy. Using this protocol the degree of ER-association for either bulk poly(A) transcripts or specific mRNAs can be assessed and even quantified. In the process, one can use this assay to investigate the nature of mRNA-ER interactions.

Here we describe a method to visualize endoplasmic reticulum-associated mRNAs in mammalian tissue culture cells. This technique involves the selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane with digitonin to remove cytoplasmic contents followed by fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect either bulk poly(A) mRNA or specific transcripts.

포유류의 세포에서 Endoplasmic 소포체 현지화 mRNAs의 시각화

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum ...

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

Mitochondrion is a critical intracellular organelle responsible for energy production and intracellular signaling in eukaryotic systems. Mitochondrial dysfunction often accompanies and contributes to human disease. Majority of the approaches that have been developed to evaluate mitochondrial function and dysfunction are based on in vitro or ex vivo measurements. Results from these experiments have limited ability in determining mitochondrial function in vivo. Here, we describe a novel approach that utilizes confocal scanning microscopy for the imaging of intact tissues in live aminals, which allows the evaluation of single mitochondrial function in a real-time manner in vivo. First, we generate transgenic mice expressing the mitochondrial targeted superoxide indicator, circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein (mt-cpYFP). Anesthetized mt-cpYFP mouse is fixed on a custom-made stage adaptor and time-lapse images are taken from the exposed skeletal muscles of the hindlimb. The mouse is subsequently sacrificed and the heart is set up for Langendorff perfusion with physiological solutions at 37 &deg;C. The perfused heart is positioned in a special chamber on the confocal microscope stage and gentle pressure is applied to immobilize the heart and suppress heart beat induced motion artifact. Superoxide flashes are detected by real-time 2D confocal imaging at a frequency of one frame per second. The perfusion solution can be modified to contain different respiration substrates or other fluorescent indicators. The perfusion can also be adjusted to produce disease models such as ischemia and reperfusion. This technique is a unique approach for determining the function of single mitochondrion in intact tissues and in vivo.

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

Confocal scanning microscopy is applied for imaging single mitochondrial events in perfused heart or skeletal muscles in live animal. Real-time monitoring of single mitochondrial processes such as superoxide flashes and membrane potential fluctuations enables the evaluation of mitochondrial function in a physiologically relevant context and during pathological perturbations.

단일 미토콘드리아 과산화물 온전한 마음에 점멸 또는 공 촛점 이미징<em&gt; 생체</em

Mitochondrion is a critical intracellular organelle responsible for energy production and intracellular signaling in eukaryotic systems. Mitochondrial ...

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

A fundamental question in cell biology is how cell and organelle sizes are regulated. It has long been recognized that the size of the nucleus generally scales with the size of the cell, notably during embryogenesis when dramatic reductions in both cell and nuclear sizes occur. Mechanisms of nuclear size regulation are largely unknown and may be relevant to cancer where altered nuclear size is a key diagnostic and prognostic parameter. In vivo approaches to identifying nuclear size regulators are complicated by the essential and complex nature of nuclear function. The in vitro approach described here to study nuclear size control takes advantage of the normal reductions in nuclear size that occur during Xenopus laevis development. First, nuclei are assembled in X. laevis egg extract. Then, these nuclei are isolated and resuspended in cytoplasm from late stage embryos. After a 30 - 90 min incubation period, nuclear surface area decreases by 20 - 60%, providing a useful assay to identify cytoplasmic components present in late stage embryos that contribute to developmental nuclear size scaling. A major advantage of this approach is the relative facility with which the egg and embryo extracts can be biochemically manipulated, allowing for the identification of novel proteins and activities that regulate nuclear size. As with any in vitro approach, validation of results in an in vivo system is important, and microinjection of X. laevis embryos is particularly appropriate for these studies.

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

사용하여 셀 - 무료 분석<em&gt; Xenopus의의 laevis의</em&gt; 배아 핵 크기 규제의 메커니즘을 연구하기 위해 추출

A fundamental question in cell biology is how cell and organelle sizes are regulated. It has long been recognized that the size of the nucleus generally ...

Analysis of the Gap Junction-dependent Transfer of miRNA with 3D-FRAP Microscopy

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several diseases. The development of new, innovative strategies for miRNA/siRNA therapy is based on an extensive knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Recent data suggest that small RNAs are exchanged between cells in a gap junction-dependent manner, thereby inducing gene regulatory effects in the recipient cell. Molecular biological techniques and flow cytometric analysis are commonly used to study the intercellular exchange of miRNA. However, these methods do not provide high temporal resolution, which is necessary when studying the gap junctional flux of molecules. Therefore, to investigate the impact of miRNA/siRNA as intercellular signaling molecules, novel tools are needed that will allow for the analysis of these small RNAs at the cellular level. The present protocol describes the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) microscopy to elucidating the gap junction-dependent exchange of miRNA molecules between cardiac cells. Importantly, this straightforward and non-invasive live-cell imaging approach allows for the visualization and quantification of the gap junctional shuttling of fluorescently labeled small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution. The data obtained by 3D-FRAP confirm a novel pathway of intercellular gene regulation, where small RNAs act as signaling molecules within the intercellular network.

Here, we describe the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) for the analysis of the gap junction-dependent shuttling of miRNA. In contrast to commonly applied methods, 3D-FRAP allows for the quantification of the intercellular transfer of small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution.

3D-FRAP 현미경을 이용한 miRNA의 gap junction 의존적 전달 분석

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents ...

The Use of the Patch-Clamp Technique to Study the Thermogenic Capacity of Mitochondria

Mitochondrial thermogenesis (also known as mitochondrial uncoupling) is one of the most promising targets for increasing energy expenditure to combat metabolic syndrome. Thermogenic tissues such as brown and beige fats develop highly specialized mitochondria for heat production. Mitochondria of other tissues, which primarily produce ATP, also convert up to 25% of the total mitochondrial energy production into heat and can, therefore, have a considerable impact on the physiology of the whole body. Mitochondrial thermogenesis is not only essential for maintaining the body temperature, but also prevents diet-induced obesity and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect cells from oxidative damage. Since mitochondrial thermogenesis is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, a mechanistic understanding of this fundamental process will help in the development of therapeutic strategies to combat many pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, the precise molecular mechanisms that control acute activation of thermogenesis in mitochondria are poorly defined. This lack of information is largely due to a dearth of methods for the direct measurement of uncoupling proteins. The recent development of patch-clamp methodology applied to mitochondria enabled, for the first time, the direct study of the phenomenon at the origin of mitochondrial thermogenesis, H+ leak through the IMM, and the first biophysical characterization of mitochondrial transporters responsible for it, the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), specific of brown and beige fats, and the ADP/ATP transporter (AAC) for all other tissues. This unique approach will provide new insights into the mechanisms that control H+ leak and mitochondrial thermogenesis and how they can be targeted to combat metabolic syndrome. This paper describes the patch-clamp methodology applied to mitochondria to study their thermogenic capacity by directly measuring H+ currents through the IMM.

This method article details the main steps in measuring H+ leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane with the patch-clamp technique, a new approach to study the thermogenic capacity of mitochondria.

미토콘드리아의 열원성 능력을 연구하기 위한 패치 클램프 기술의 사용

Mitochondrial thermogenesis (also known as mitochondrial uncoupling) is one of the most promising targets for increasing energy expenditure to combat ...

Application of Passive Head Motion to Generate Defined Accelerations at the Heads of Rodents

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of exercise are poorly understood. Many physical workouts, particularly those classified as aerobic exercises such as jogging and walking, produce impulsive forces at the time of foot contact with the ground. Therefore, it was speculated that mechanical impact might be implicated in how exercise contributes to organismal homeostasis. For testing this hypothesis on the brain, a custom-designed ''passive head motion'' (hereafter referred to as PHM) system was developed that can generate vertical accelerations with controlled and defined magnitudes and modes and reproduce mechanical stimulation that might be applied to the heads of rodents during treadmill running at moderate velocities, a typical intervention to test the effects of exercise in animals. By using this system, it was demonstrated that PHM recapitulates the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, hereafter referred to as 5-HT) receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons of mice. This work provides detailed protocols for applying PHM and measuring its resultant mechanical accelerations at rodents' heads.

The present protocol describes a custom-designed ''passive head motion'' system, which reproduces mechanical accelerations at rodents' heads generated during their treadmill running at moderate velocities. It allows dissecting mechanical factors/elements from the beneficial effects of physical exercise.

설치류의 머리에서 정의된 가속도를 생성하기 위한 수동 머리 움직임의 적용

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Respirometric Assays

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which is regulated in response to cellular demands. The lipid molecule Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential in this process by transferring electrons to complex III in the electron transport chain (ETC) through constant oxidation/reduction cycles. Mitochondria status and, ultimately, cellular health can be assessed by measuring ETC oxygen consumption using respirometric assays. These studies are typically performed in established or primary cell lines that have been cultured for several days. In both cases, the respiration parameters obtained may have deviated from normal physiological conditions in&#160;any given organ or tissue.
Additionally, the intrinsic characteristics of cultured single fibers isolated from skeletal muscle impede this type of analysis. This paper presents an updated and detailed protocol for the analysis of respiration in freshly isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle. We also provide solutions to potential problems that could arise at any step of the process. The method presented here could be applied to compare oxygen consumption rates in diverse transgenic mouse models and study the mitochondrial response to drug treatments or other factors such as aging or sex. This is a feasible method to respond to crucial questions about mitochondrial bioenergetics metabolism and regulation.

Here, we describe a detailed method for mitochondria isolation from mouse skeletal muscle and the subsequent analysis of respiration by Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) using microplate-based respirometric assays. This pipeline can be applied to study the effects of multiple environmental or genetic interventions on mitochondrial metabolism.

호흡 측정을 위한 마우스 골격근으로부터 미토콘드리아의 분리

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the ...