이 연구는 MCS (1581 FOR, STU 544/1-1) 및 (1581 FOR, SFB 874) OG에 독일 연구 재단 (DFG)에서 교부금에 의해 지원되었다. DFG의 웹 사이트는 http://www.dfg.de/en/index.jsp입니다. 출자자는 전기 생리학을 설정에 대한 도움말은 금 도금 프로토콜과 함께 우리를 제공뿐만 아니라 토비아스 오토 토마스 Seidenbecher 감사 연구 설계, 데이터 수집 및 분석, 게시 할 수있는 의사 결정, 또는 manuscript.The 저자의 준비에 역할이 없습니다 녹음 장비.

<ol>
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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 동시에 하나의 단위 녹음에 적합한 복잡한 행동 작업을 설명합니다. 우리는 비둘기 SIFC 태스크를 설명했지만, 쉽게 코 넘나들며 레버 또는 누름보다는 건성 키를 요구하고, 후각, 청각, 촉각 자극에 의​​해 카메라를 대체하여 설치류에 적용 할 수있다. 아마도 교육 과정 중 가장 중요한 단계는 보상 확률의 1) 점진적 감소와 시험 번호 2)의 증가이다. 익숙한 ?...

새로운 자극 - 반응 - 결과 연관성 학습 신경 가소성 공정의 넓은 범위를 결합한다. 이러한 프로세스는 궁극적으로 개별 신경 세포의 변화 스파이크 출력에 반영됩니다. 확실하게, 가장 자주 사용되는 학습 패러다임 중 하나는 설치류와 함께 실시 파블로프 공포 조건화이다. 이 설정에서 조건 반응의 수집 및 멸종 수십 실험 2에서 열립니다. 이 짧은 시간 내에 동물의 다수의 실행 허용하므로 조건화 된 공포의 급속한 발전은 유리할 수있다. 또한, 수집 및 멸종 순진 동물 3,4에서 하루에 시험 수십에서 관찰 또는 2~3일 2,5-8에 걸쳐 확산 될 수있다. 그러나 통찰력이 반드시 공포 조건화의 도메인 외부에 적용되지 않는이 실험에서 학습하는 동안 신경 활동의 변화를 얻었다. 예를 들어, 목표 지향적 행동은 포지에 의해 구동TIVE 강화가 더 적절 아니라 파블로프 조절 절차를보다 조작 적으로 모델링하고, 부분적으로 다른 신경 기판 9,10에 따라 달라질 수 있습니다. 또한, 공포 조건화는 CS에 신경 반응은 학습하는 동안 신경 활동의 변화의 분석에 심각한 제한을 배치, 수십 시험에서 관찰 할 수 있도록 신속하게 개발하고 있습니다. 불행하게도, 보통 응답 조건화의 수집 및 멸종은 많은 일이 소요된다. 그것은 몇 시간 이상에 걸쳐 단일 세포의 활동을 기록하기 어렵기로 악명이 때문, 신경 생리 학적 연구에 대한 해로운입니다. 때문에 세포 외 기록 활동 전위의 파형의 높은 유사성까지, 일일에 기록 스파이크 특히 높은 가진 영역에서, 다음 (11, 12) 상에 기록 된 유사한 파형을 가진 스파이크와 동일한 셀에서 생성되는 항에 문제가있다 예컨대 해마와 같은 세포 밀도. (컬럼비아 livia 그럴싸하게 domestica)는 실험 심리학 13-17 클래식 모델 생물이다. 이러한 조류는 복잡한 시각 차별 (18)을 수행 할 수 유연하게 변화 보강 사태 (19, 20)에 동작을 적용 할 수있게하고, 강화의 최소한 1,000 실험을 수행하는 고유 열성적인 노동자이다. 이러한 특성은 아래에서 설명하는 실험을하기에 특히 적합합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1379px;" width="1377">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:325px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Resistance wire (for use as electrodes)</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">California Fine Wire, Grover Beach (CA), USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stablohm 675; formvar-coated nichrome wires (outer diameter 25 &#181;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Microconnectors</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Ginder Scientific, Nepean, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>GS18PLG-220 (plug) &#38; GS18SKT-220 (socket to build headstage)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Cannulae</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Henke Sass Wolf, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>0.4x20mm/ 27Gx3/4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Gold solution for plating</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Neuralynx, Bozeman (MT), USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>SIFCO Process Gold Non-Cyanide, Code 5355</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Solution for ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Alconox, Inc., New York, USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;">1304</td>
			<td>Tergazyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Conductive glue</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Henkel Loctite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LOCTITE 3888 Silver filled, conductive, adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Stainless steel screws</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">J.I. Morris, Southbridge (MA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>F0CE125 self-tapping miniature screws, body length 1/8 inches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Light-curing dental cement</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">van der Ven Dental, Duisburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>Omniceram Evo Flow A2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Light-curing unit</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">van der Ven Dental, Duisburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>Jovident Excelled 215 Curing Light (wireless LED light curing unit)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Filter amplifiers</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">npi electronic GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>DPA-2FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">A/D converter</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td>power 1401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Spike2 software</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>Version 7.06a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">The Mathworks, Natick (MA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>R2012a</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recording single neurons' action potentials from freely moving pigeons across three stages of learning

학습의 주체가 행동 신경 과학자 모두에서 엄청난 관심을 받고있다 동안 동물은 그 응답이 소멸 될 때 operantly 조건 반응을 취득하거나하는 동안, 상대적으로 소수의 연구자들은 단일 신경 세포의 활동을 관찰했다. 그러나 이러한 경우에도, 관찰 기간은 보통 학습의 단일 스테이지, 즉, 취득 또는 소멸을 포괄하지만, 둘 모두 (예외는 반전 학습을 이용하는 프로토콜을 포함한다;. 예 Bingman 외 1 참조). 그러나 수집 및 멸종은 다른 학습 메커니즘을 수반하기 때문에 다른 유형 및 / 또는 신경 가소성의 궤적을 동반 할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서, 우리는 하나의 행동 세션에서 학습하는 세 가지 단계가 하나의 뉴런 &#39;활동 전위의 동시 녹음에 적합합니다 기관 행동 패러다임을 개발했다. 동물다시 매핑 다른 새로운 시각적 자극 (취득)의 프리젠 테이션에 두 가지 선택 응답의 각을 필요로하는 단일 간격 강제 선택 작업에​​ 대한 교육. 미리 정의 된 성능 기준, 두 개의 선택 응답 중 하나에 도달 한 후에는 더 이상 (멸종)을 강화하지 않습니다. 성능 수준에있는 특정 감소에 따라, 올바른 응답은 (재 취득) 다시 강화됩니다. 모든 세션에있는 자극의 새로운 세트를 이용하여, 동물 반복적 취득 흡광-재 획득 과정을 거칠 수있다. 학습의 세 단계가 단일 행동 세션에서 발생하기 때문에, 다수의 패러다임은 단일 뉴런의 스파이크 출력의 동시 관찰에 적합하다. 우리는 모델 시스템으로 비둘기를 사용하지만, 작업이 간단하게 가동 차별 학습 할 수있는 임의의 다른 종에 적용될 수있다.

행동 도 4a는 일례 세션에서 동물의 행동의 성능을 보여준다. 동물의 성능 수준은 180 시험 (45 자극 프리젠 테이션)에서 NS 2에 대한 기준을 도달하고 처음부터 NS 1의 100 %에 가깝습니다. 이 전략 - 처음 두 새로운 자극에 대해 동일한 키에 응답하고 자극 중 하나에 대한 응답을 조정 -됩니다에 대한 자주 모두 NS에 응답 초기 무작위로 관찰했다. 이 세션에서, NS 2 무작위...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning at JoVE.com

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

새로운 자극 - 반응 연관성 학습 궁극적 개별 뉴런의 스파이크 출력 변화에 반영 신경 다양한 프로세스를 결합한다. 여기에서 우리는 동물, 취득 소화하고, 하나의 실험 세션 내에서 조건 반응을 재 취득하는 동안 단일 신경 세포의 활동을 지속적으로 등록을 허용하는 행동 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

자유롭게 학습의 세 단계에 걸쳐 비둘기를 이동에서 단일 신경 세포 &#39;활동 전위를 기록

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

recording-single-neurons-action-potentials-from-freely-moving-pigeons

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.9K 조회수.  Ruhr-University Bochum.  새로운 자극 - 반응 연관성 학습 궁극적 개별 뉴런의 스파이크 출력 변화에 반영 신경 다양한 프로세스를 결합한다. 여기에서 우리는 동물, 취득 소화하고, 하나의 실험 세션 내에서 조건 반응을 재 취득하는 동안 단일 신경 세포의 활동을 지속적으로 등록을 허용하는 행동 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 

비디오: Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

Polyimide 기반 Microelectrode를 사용하여 자유롭게 이동 마우스의 고밀도 뇌파 레코딩

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

연구

신경과학

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용<em&gt; 생체 내</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

단일 셀 및 단일 스파이크 해상도 suprathreshold 신경 활동의 광 기록

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Extracellular Wire Tetrode Recording in Brain of Freely Walking Insects

Increasing interest in the role of brain activity in insect motor control requires that we be able to monitor neural activity while insects perform natural behavior. We previously developed a technique for implanting tetrode wires into the central complex of cockroach brains that allowed us to record activity from multiple neurons simultaneously while a tethered cockroach turned or altered walking speed. While a major advance, tethered preparations provide access to limited behaviors and often lack feedback processes that occur in freely moving animals. We now present a modified version of that technique that allows us to record from the central complex of freely moving cockroaches as they walk in an arena and deal with barriers by turning, climbing or tunneling. Coupled with high speed video and cluster cutting, we can now relate brain activity to various parameters of the movement of freely behaving insects.

We previously developed a technique for implanting tetrode wires into the central complex of cockroach brains that allows us to monitor activity in individual units of tethered cockroaches. Here we present a modified version of that technique that allows us to also record brain activity in freely moving insects.

자유롭게 곤충 워킹 뇌 세포 와이어 사극 기록

Increasing interest in the role of brain activity in insect motor control requires that we be able to monitor neural activity while insects perform ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

전위도의 동시 녹화 및 마취 된 흰쥐의 비주얼 사건 관련 전위

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

새로운 방법으로 자유롭게 움직이는 신생아 쥐의 뇌파 기록

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

대뇌 피 질의 로컬 필드 전위, 심전도, 치십시오, 그리고 자유롭게 움직이는 쥐에서 리듬 호흡의 동시 녹음

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

자유롭게 이동 Piglets에서 비 침 투 적인 뇌 파 기록

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain interstitial space with the behavior and/or with the specific outcome of a pathology (e.g., seizures for epilepsy). When studying epilepsy, the microdialysis technique is often combined with short-term or even long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess spontaneous seizure frequency, severity, progression and clustering. The combined microdialysis-EEG is based on the use of several methods and instruments. Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis and continuous video-EEG recording to monitor glutamate and aspartate outflow over time, in different phases of the natural history of epilepsy in a rat model. This combined approach allows the pairing of changes in the neurotransmitter release with specific stages of the disease development and progression. The amino acid concentration in the dialysate was determined by liquid chromatography. Here, we describe the methods and outline the principal precautionary measures one should take during in vivo microdialysis-EEG, with particular attention to the stereotaxic surgery, basal and high potassium stimulation during microdialysis, depth electrode EEG recording and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aspartate and glutamate in the dialysate. This approach may be adapted to test a variety of drug or disease induced changes of the physiological concentrations of aspartate and glutamate in the brain. Depending on the availability of an appropriate analytical assay, it may be further used to test different soluble molecules when employing EEG recording at the same time.

Here, we describe a method for in vivo microdialysis to analyze aspartate and glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus of epileptic and non-epileptic rats, in combination with EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate may be correlated with the different phases of the disease.

자유롭게 이동 하는 쥐에서 뇌 파 기록 하는 동안 흥분 성의 아미노산의 Microdialysis

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...

Hybrid Microdrive System with Recoverable Opto-Silicon Probe and Tetrode for Dual-Site High Density Recording in Freely Moving Mice

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, conventional microdrive designs often only allow use of one type of electrode to record from single or multiple regions, limiting the yield of single-unit or depth profile recordings. It also often limits the ability to combine electrode recordings with optogenetic tools to target pathway and/or cell type specific activity. Presented here is a hybrid microdrive array for freely moving mice to optimize yield and a description of its fabrication and reuse of the microdrive array. The current design employs nine tetrodes and one opto-silicon probe implanted in two different brain areas simultaneously in freely moving mice. The tetrodes and the opto-silicon probe are independently adjustable along the dorsoventral axis in the brain to maximize the yield of unit and oscillatory activities. This microdrive array also incorporates a set-up for light, mediating optogenetic manipulation to investigate the regional- or cell type-specific responses and functions of long-range neural circuits. In addition, the opto-silicon probe can be safely recovered and reused after each experiment. Because the microdrive array consists of 3D-printed parts, the design of microdrives can be easily modified to accommodate various settings. First described is the design of the microdrive array and how to attach the optical fiber to a silicon probe for optogenetics experiments, followed by fabrication of the tetrode bundle and implantation of the array into a mouse brain. The recording of local field potentials and unit spiking combined with optogenetic stimulation also demonstrate feasibility of the microdrive array system in freely moving mice.

This protocol describes the construction of a hybrid microdrive array that allows implantation of nine independently adjustable tetrodes and one adjustable opto-silicon probe in two brain regions in freely moving mice. Also demonstrated is a method for safely recovering and reusing the opto-silicon probe for multiple purposes.

자유롭게 움직이는 마우스에서 이중 사이트 고밀도 레코딩을 위한 회수 가능한 광실리콘 프로브 및 Tetrode가 있는 하이브리드 마이크로드라이브 시스템

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, ...

자유롭게 학습의 세 단계에 걸쳐 비둘기를 이동에서 단일 신경 세포 '활동 전위를 기록

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