SV는 NIH K22AI077353 및 Landenberger 재단의 자금 지원을위한 감사합니다. KR은 기꺼이 NIH (5SC1GM083754)에서 자금을 인정합니다.

<ol>
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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

헬라 세포 핵 추출물 또는이 추출물로부터 분획 분열의 요인으로 수행 체외 사전 mRNA의 3 &#39;분열 반응은, 핵심 분열 요인과 그들의 주요 단지 16-21의 식별을 가능하게했다. 이러한 요인과 관련된 더 많은 단백질은 최근 22 확인 된, 그리고 생체 반응은이 단백질이 반응에 기여하는 방법에 있나을 계속할 수있다. 생체 내에서의 반응은 23 cotranscriptional 것...

가장 성숙한 진핵 메시지 RNA를 (의 mRNA)의 생합성은 모자를 씌우는, 접합 및 폴리아 데 닐화 등 여러 가지 전사 후 수정이 필요합니다. 이러한 수정은 일반적으로 올바른 처리 한되도록 강하게의 mRNA의 안정성을 증가시키기 위해 결합된다. 3 &#39;포유류 사전의 mRNA의 최종 형성을 5 아데 닐 잔기 첨가하여 초기 RNA endonucleolytic의 절단에 의해 생성 된&#39;폴리 (A) 중합 효소 (PAP) 2-4해서 제품을 절단. 포유 동물에서, 분열 특정 사전 RNA 서열에 조립 약 800 kDa의,의, 다 성분 단백질 복합체에 의해 달성된다. 폴리 (A) 신호 순서, 고도 보존 정식 hexanucleotide 시퀀스 AAUAAA은 약 10 ~ 30 NT 하류의 절단 부위를 지시합니다. 이 사이트는 특히 절단 및 폴리아 데 닐화 특이 요인 (CPSF) 및 73 kD의 서브 유닛에 의해 인식CSPF는 효소의 활동이 포함되어 있습니다. 분열 자극 인자 (인 CstF)는 다운 스트림 폴리 (A) 사이트의 더 퇴화 GU-또는 U 풍부한 요소 순서를 결합한다. 또한 포유류의 분열 인자 I (CFIm), 및 포유류의 분열 요인 II (CFII)을 절단입니다이 필요합니다. CFIm 유전자의 수에 대해 정의하고 중요한 생리적 과정 5-8에 관여하는 것으로 보인다 된 상류 시퀀스 요소 (사용)에서 특정 UGUA (N) 사이트를 바인딩합니다. 시험관 내에서, RNA 프로세싱 반응은 일반적으로 방사성 표지 된 RNA 9-12 기판의 사용에 의해 분석된다. 이들은 박테리오파지 프로모터 T7 또는 SP6에서 실행 오프 전사에 의해 합성 될 수있다. 이전 특징으로되지 않은 폴리아 데 닐화 사이트를 연구 할 때, 중요한 하류 서열의 cDNA에 존재하지 않을 수도로서, RNA 기질을 생성하는 게놈 DNA가 아닌하는 cDNA를 사용하는 것이 필요하다. 적어도 150 NT를 upstrea를 포함하도록 설계 기판m 50 NT 하류 성숙한 mRNA의의 분열 사이트 / 끝에서. 분열 생성물은 기판보다 빠르게 마이그레이션; 다른 단편은 비특이적 핵산 분해 효소 작용에 의해 생성 될 수 있기 때문에, 반응의 특이성은 올바른 처리 신호 계열에 대한 의존도에 의해 확인되어야한다. 따라서, AAUAAA 순서 (예를 들면 AAGAAA)에 점 돌연변이를 가진 RNA의 기판 절단 반응에 대한 부정적인 제어 역할을합니다. 방사성 표지 된 RNA의 소량의 절단 반응에 사용되는 것을 감안할 때, 대부분의 핵 추출물에서 높은 풍부 본 RNases 문제가 될하고 추출물 제조를위한 출발 물질의 선택을 제한 할 수있다. 헬라 세포는 내생 RNases의 낮은 수준을 포함​​, 따라서 이러한 분석에서 잘 수행하는 경향이있다. 생체 내 및 시험 관내에서 RNA 기판의 endonucleolytic 분열은 바로 폴리 (A)뿐만 아니라, 목 뒤에있다의 쪼개진 중간이 검출 수량에 존재하지 않습니다. 따라서, 특정 RNA 서열 또는 절단 반응에 관여하는 단백질 중 하나를 연구하기 위해 실험을 발생 폴리아 데 닐화를 방지 조건에서 수행됩니다. 하나는 분열 반응을 해치지 않고 폴리아 데 닐화를 중지 할 수 있도록 더 폴리아 데 닐화에 분열의 의존성, 또는 그 반대는 없다. 따라서, ATP는 단일 염기는 폴리 (A) 위치에서 통합 될 수 있으며, 단지 절단 RNA를 검출 할 수 있도록 3 &#39;히드록시기 결여 사슬 종결 유사체로 대체된다. 복잡성과 분석이 유형의 특수성 높은 수준을 감안할 때, 우리는 체외에서 mRNA의 전구체의 절단 / 폴리 (A) 기계에 의해 endonucleolytic 분열을 공부 자세한 설명을 동영상 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 우리는, 관할 핵 추출물을 제조 방사성 표지 RNA 기질을 생성, 분열 반응을 수행하고, 그 결과를 분석하고 해석하는 방법을 설명보내고 제품.도 1은 분해 분석에 사용되는 HIV-1 이전의 mRNA의 3 &#39;말단에 대해 코딩하는 RNA를 기판의 일례를 나타낸다. HIV의 RNA 게놈의 3 &#39;말단은 예컨대 폴리 (A)의 사이트, G+ U 리치 영역 및 모든 바이러스의 mRNA 전 사체 (13)의 효율적인 숙성에 필요한 USE 소자 등 많은 중요한 조절 서열로 구성된다 . 이 예에서 우리는 입력 RNA 기판은 338 NT 및 분열 237에 NT 것으로 기대합니다. 폴리아 데 닐화이 발생하도록 허용 된 경우, 제품의 얼룩은 237과 437 NT 사이에서 관찰된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="757">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1L Celstir Flask</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4 Position Slow Speed Stirrer</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Swinging Bucket Centrifuge</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultra Centrifuge</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP214-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">194844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Alexis Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">280-001-G-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP229-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5M Sodium Chloride Solution</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">46-032-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA 0.5M Solution</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7889-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP120-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PMSF</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">36978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A702-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">cOmplete EDTA-Free Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04 693 132 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Slide-A-Lyzer Dialysis Cassettes Kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">66372</td>
			<td>MWCO 7000 0.5ml-3ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">15ml Dounce Tissue grinder set</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9938-1SET</td>
			<td>Different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Expand High Fidelity PCR Kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11 732 650 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10mM dNTP Mix</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Y02256</td>
			<td>10mM each nucleotide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MaxiScript SP6/T7 Kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM1322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">m7G(5&#39;)ppp(5&#39;) G RNA Cap</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1404S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Century Marker Template Plus</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM7782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Easytides UTP [alpha-32p]-250uCi</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLU507H250UC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel loading buffer II</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8546G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DEPC treated water</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM9906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10x TAE</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP13354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10x TBE</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ameresco Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0658-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10x PBS</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP399-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP169-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium Persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TEMED</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ammonium Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A637-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">40% 19:1 Acrylamide:Bis-acrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycogen</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 901 393 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">100% Absolute Ethanol 200 Proof</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Acros</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">61509-0040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acid Phenol-Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9720</td>
			<td>For RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scintilation Fluid</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SX18-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rnase Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N261B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Poly (Vinyl alcohol) PVA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8136-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Creatine Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100mM dATP</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP2560-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Acros</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23042-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1700-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Adjustable Sequencing Unit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z351881-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Binder Clips</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Office Depot</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">838-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">20cmx42cm glass plates</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z352543</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">20cmx22cm glass plates</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z35252-7</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20cmx42cm Aluminum Cooling Plates</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z352667</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.4mmx22cm Spacers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z35230-6</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.4mmx42cm Spacers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z352314-1</td>
			<td>1SET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">8-well Comb</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z35195-4</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">16-well Comb</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z351962</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">32-well Comb</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z351970</td>
			<td>1EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Repel Coating</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">C.B.S. Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SGR-0401</td>
			<td>or SGR-0101 for individual bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Loading Tips</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Rainin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GT-10-4</td>
			<td>0.1-10uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sequencing PowerPac HV</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PowerPac HV</td>
			<td>5000V/500mA/400W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Dryer Model 583</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Hydrotech Vacuum Pump for gel dryer</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glogos II Glow-in-the-dark Markers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">420201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Film 8x10</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Midsci</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BX810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Film 14x17</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Phenix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-BX1417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Autoradiography Cassette</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FBCA 1417</td>
			<td>8x10 size available</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of rna processing reactions using cell free systems: 3' end cleavage of pre-mrna substrates in vitro

포유 동물의 mRNA의 3 &#39;끝은 RNA 중합 효소 II (RNPII)에 의해 전사의 갑작스러운 종료에 의해 형성되지 않는다. 대신 RNPII 성숙 RNA를 끝 뒤 전구체의 mRNA를 합성하고, 효소 활성의 활성 프로세스가 특정 사이트에서 요구된다. 전구체 RNA의 절단은 일반적으로 CA 디 뉴클레오티드 후 합의 폴리 A 사이트 (AAUAAA)에서 다운 스트림 NT 10-30을 발생합니다. 절단 단지, 약 800 kDa의의 인성 단백질 복합체의 단백질이 특정 핵산 분해 효소의 활동을 수행. 특정 RNA 서열은 상류와 폴리 A 사이트의 하류 절단 단지의 모집을 제어 할 수 있습니다. 즉시 절단 후, 사전의 mRNA는 성숙 안정 RNA 메시지를 생산하는 폴리 A 중합 효소 (PAP)에 의해 폴리아 데 닐화됩니다. RNA 전 사체의 3 &#39;말단의 처리는 특정 방사성 동위 원소 표지 된 RNA 기판으로 세포의 핵 추출물을 사용하여 연구 할 수있다. 요컨대, 긴 32 &lt;/ SUP&gt; P-표지 uncleaved 전구체 RNA는 시험 관내에서 핵 추출물과 함께 배양하고, 절단은 겔 전기 영동 및 오토 라디오 그래피에 의해 평가된다. 적절한 분열이 발생하면 &#39;5 짧은 제품이 감지 및 정량화 절단. 여기서는, 예를 들어, 사용 상세히 HIV-1의 mRNA의 3 &#39;말단 처리를 절단 분석을 기술한다.

RNA 폴리 (A) HIV-1의 사이트 (그림 2)의 분해 분석의 대표 결과. 우리는 젤의 상단에 가장 느린 이주 밴드 uncleaved RNA 기판을 관찰 할 수 있습니다. 구체적인 절단 된 제품은 빠른 예상 크기의 겔에서 실행 가장 강렬한 짧은 단편 밴드이며, 폴리 A 서열 (mutPolyA) RNA의 점 돌연변이를 포함 mutpoly (A) 제어의 분열 분석에서 특히 결석 기판. 입력 기판의 분해 생성물이 때때로 관찰된다. 분열 활성?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro at JoVE.com

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3&#039; End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

RNA 중합 효소 II는 성숙의 mRNA의 3 &#39;말단 확장되는 전구체 RNA를 합성한다. 성숙한 RNA의 끝은 절단 복합체의 효소 활동을 통해 RNA 염기 서열에 의해 결정 사이트에서 cotranscriptionally 생성됩니다. 여기에 세부 사항에게 체외에서 분열 반응을 연구하는 방법을 우리는.

사전 mRNA의 기판의 3 &#39;끝 분열 : 휴대폰 무료 시스템을 사용하여 RNA 가공 반응 분석<em&gt; 시험관</em

The 3&#8217; end of mammalian mRNAs is not formed by abrupt termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNPII). Instead, RNPII synthesizes ...

analysis-rna-processing-reactions-using-cell-free-systems-3-end

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

12.7K 조회수.  The Scripps Research Institute.  RNA 중합 효소 II는 성숙의 mRNA의 3 '말단 확장되는 전구체 RNA를 합성한다. 성숙한 RNA의 끝은 절단 복합체의 효소 활동을 통해 RNA 염기 서열에 의해 결정 사이트에서 cotranscriptionally 생성됩니다. 여기에 세부 사항에게 체외에서 분열 반응을 연구하는 방법을 우리는. 

비디오: Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

비디오 생물 정보학 인간의 배아 줄기 세포 콜로니 성장 분석

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

연구

생물학

Visualization of MG53-mediated Cell Membrane Repair Using in vivo and in vitro Systems

Repair of acute injury to the cell membrane is an elemental process of normal cellular physiology, and defective membrane repair has been linked to many degenerative human diseases. The recent discovery of MG53 as a key component of the membrane resealing machinery allows for a better molecular understanding of the basic biology of tissue repair, as well as for potential translational applications in regenerative medicine. Here we detail the experimental protocols for exploring the in vivo function of MG53 in repair of muscle injury using treadmill exercise protocols on mouse models, for testing the ex vivo membrane repair capacity by measuring dye entry into isolated muscle fibers, and for monitoring the dynamic process of MG53-mediated vesicle trafficking and cell membrane repair in cultured cells using live cell confocal microscopy.

Visualization of MG53-mediated Cell Membrane Repair Using in vivo and in vitro Systems

Described here are protocols used to visualize the dynamic process of MG53-mediated cell membrane repair in whole animals and at the cellular level. These methods can be applied to investigate the cell biology of plasma membrane resealing and regenerative medicine.

사용 MG53 - 중재 세포막 수리의 시각화 생체내에과 체외에서 시스템

Repair of acute injury to the cell membrane is an elemental process of normal cellular physiology, and defective membrane repair has been linked to many ...

Single Read and Paired End mRNA-Seq Illumina Libraries from 10 Nanograms Total RNA

Whole transcriptome sequencing by mRNA-Seq is now used extensively to perform global gene expression, mutation, allele-specific expression and other genome-wide analyses. mRNA-Seq even opens the gate for gene expression analysis of non-sequenced genomes. mRNA-Seq offers high sensitivity, a large dynamic range and allows measurement of transcript copy numbers in a sample. Illumina&#x2019;s genome analyzer performs sequencing of a large number (&gt; 107) of relatively short sequence reads (&lt; 150 bp).The &quot;paired end&quot; approach, wherein a single long read is sequenced at both its ends, allows for tracking alternate splice junctions, insertions and deletions, and is useful for de novo transcriptome assembly.
One of the major challenges faced by researchers is a limited amount of starting material. For example, in experiments where cells are harvested by laser micro-dissection, available starting total RNA may measure in nanograms. Preparation of mRNA-Seq libraries from such samples have been described1, 2 but involves significant PCR amplification that may introduce bias. Other RNA-Seq library construction procedures with minimal PCR amplification have been published3, 4 but require microgram amounts of starting total RNA.
Here we describe a protocol for the Illumina Genome Analyzer II platform for mRNA-Seq sequencing for library preparation that avoids significant PCR amplification and requires only 10 nanograms of total RNA. While this protocol has been described previously and validated for single-end sequencing5, where it was shown to produce directional libraries without introducing significant amplification bias, here we validate it further for use as a paired end protocol. We selectively amplify polyadenylated messenger RNAs from starting total RNA using the T7 based Eberwine linear amplification method, coined &quot;T7LA&quot; (T7 linear amplification). The amplified poly-A mRNAs are fragmented, reverse transcribed and adapter ligated to produce the final sequencing library. For both single read and paired end runs, sequences are mapped to the human transcriptome6 and normalized so that data from multiple runs can be compared. We report the gene expression measurement in units of transcripts per million (TPM), which is a superior measure to RPKM when comparing samples7.

Here we describe a method for preparation of both single read and paired end Illumina mRNA-Seq sequencing libraries for gene expression analysis based on T7 linear RNA amplification. This protocol requires only 10 nanograms of starting total RNA and generates highly consistent libraries representing whole transcripts.

10 나노 그램 총 RNA의 단일 읽기와 결합하여 최종 mRNA - Seq의 Illumina 도서관

Whole transcriptome sequencing by mRNA-Seq is now used extensively to perform global gene expression, mutation, allele-specific expression and other ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

HELA 세포 Transfection 얹는 Gaussia의 루시페라제의 mRNA의 시험 관내 스크립트 작성 및 상한에

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Cell Specific Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaves Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting

After initiation of the leaf primordium, biomass accumulation is controlled mainly by cell proliferation and expansion in the leaves1. However, the Arabidopsis leaf is a complex organ made up of many different cell types and several structures. At the same time, the growing leaf contains cells at different stages of development, with the cells furthest from the petiole being the first to stop expanding and undergo senescence1. Different cells within the leaf are therefore dividing, elongating or differentiating; active, stressed or dead; and/or responding to stimuli in sub-sets of their cellular type at any one time. This makes genomic study of the leaf challenging: for example when analyzing expression data from whole leaves, signals from genetic networks operating in distinct cellular response zones or cell types will be confounded, resulting in an inaccurate profile being generated.
To address this, several methods have been described which enable studies of cell specific gene expression. These include laser-capture microdissection (LCM)2 or GFP expressing plants used for protoplast generation and subsequent fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)3,4, the recently described INTACT system for nuclear precipitation5 and immunoprecipitation of polysomes6.
FACS has been successfully used for a number of studies, including showing that the cell identity and distance from the root tip had a significant effect on the expression profiles of a large number of genes3,7. FACS of GFP lines have also been used to demonstrate cell-specific transcriptional regulation during root nitrogen responses and lateral root development8, salt stress9 auxin distribution in the root10 and to create a gene expression map of the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem11. Although FACS has previously been used to sort Arabidopsis leaf derived protoplasts based on autofluorescence12,13, so far the use of FACS on Arabidopsis lines expressing GFP in the leaves has been very limited4. In the following protocol we describe a method for obtaining Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts that are compatible with FACS while minimizing the impact of the protoplast generation regime. We demonstrate the method using the KC464 Arabidopsis line, which express GFP in the adaxial epidermis14, the KC274 line, which express GFP in the vascular tissue14 and the TP382 Arabidopsis line, which express a double GFP construct linked to a nuclear localization signal in the guard cells (data not shown; Figure 2). We are currently using this method to study both cell-type specific expression during development and stress, as well as heterogeneous cell populations at various stages of senescence.

Cell Specific Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaves Using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting

A method for producing Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts that are compatible with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), allowing for studies of specific cell populations. This method is compatible with any Arabidopsis line that expresses GFP in a subset of cells.

의 세포 구체적인 분석<em&gt; Arabidopsis</em&gt; 형광 활성화 셀 정렬을 사용하여 잎

After initiation of the leaf primordium, biomass accumulation is controlled mainly by cell proliferation and expansion in the leaves1. However, the ...

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

The interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to evade viral attacks that include restriction modification, abortive infection and CRISPR/Cas systems. These adaptive immune systems found in many Bacteria and most Archaea consist of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) sequences and a number of CRISPR associated (Cas) genes (Fig. 1) 1-3. Different sets of Cas proteins and repeats define at least three major divergent types of CRISPR/Cas systems 4. The universal proteins Cas1 and Cas2 are proposed to be involved in the uptake of viral DNA that will generate a new spacer element between two repeats at the 5' terminus of an extending CRISPR cluster 5. The entire cluster is transcribed into a precursor-crRNA containing all spacer and repeat sequences and is subsequently processed by an enzyme of the diverse Cas6 family into smaller crRNAs 6-8. These crRNAs consist of the spacer sequence flanked by a 5' terminal (8 nucleotides) and a 3' terminal tag derived from the repeat sequence 9. A repeated infection of the virus can now be blocked as the new crRNA will be directed by a Cas protein complex (Cascade) to the viral DNA and identify it as such via base complementarity10. Finally, for CRISPR/Cas type 1 systems, the nuclease Cas3 will destroy the detected invader DNA 11,12 .
These processes define CRISPR/Cas as an adaptive immune system of prokaryotes and opened a fascinating research field for the study of the involved Cas proteins. The function of many Cas proteins is still elusive and the causes for the apparent diversity of the CRISPR/Cas systems remain to be illuminated. Potential activities of most Cas proteins were predicted via detailed computational analyses. A major fraction of Cas proteins are either shown or proposed to function as endonucleases 4.
Here, we present methods to generate crRNAs and precursor-cRNAs for the study of Cas endoribonucleases. Different endonuclease assays require either short repeat sequences that can directly be synthesized as RNA oligonucleotides or longer crRNA and pre-crRNA sequences that are generated via in vitro T7 RNA polymerase run-off transcription. This methodology allows the incorporation of radioactive nucleotides for the generation of internally labeled endonuclease substrates and the creation of synthetic or mutant crRNAs. Cas6 endonuclease activity is utilized to mature pre-crRNAs into crRNAs with 5'-hydroxyl and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini.

CRISPR/Cas systems mediate adaptive immunity in Bacteria and Archaea. Many Cas proteins are proposed to act as endoribonucleases acting on crRNA precursors of varying length. Here we illustrate three different approaches to generate pre-crRNA substrates for the biochemical analysis of Cas endonuclease activity.

CRISPR / 카스 시스템의 Endonucleases을위한 기판 생성

The  interaction of viruses and their prokaryotic hosts shaped the evolution of  bacterial and archaeal life. Prokaryotes developed several strategies to ...

HeLa Based Cell Free Expression Systems for Expression of Plasmodium Rhoptry Proteins

Malaria causes significant global morbidity and mortality. No routine vaccine is currently available. One of the major reasons for lack of a vaccine is the challenge of identifying suitable vaccine candidates. Malarial proteins expressed using prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell based expression systems are poorly glycosylated, generally insoluble and undergo improper folding leading to reduced immunogenicity. The wheat germ, rabbit reticulocyte lysate and Escherichia coli lysate cell free expression systems are currently used for expression of malarial proteins. However, the length of expression time and improper glycosylation of proteins still remains a challenge. We demonstrate expression of Plasmodium proteins in vitro using HeLa based cell free expression systems, termed &#8220;in vitro human cell free expression systems&#8221;. The 2 HeLa based cell free expression systems transcribe mRNA in 75 min and 3 &#181;l of transcribed mRNA is sufficient to translate proteins in 90 min. The 1-step expression system is a transcription and translation coupled expression system; the transcription and co-translation occurs in 3 hr. The process can also be extended for 6 hr by providing additional energy. In the 2-step expression system, mRNA is first transcribed and then added to the translation mix for protein expression. We describe how to express malaria proteins; a hydrophobic PF3D7_0114100 Maurer&#8217;s Cleft &#8211; 2 transmembrane (PfMC-2TM) protein, a hydrophilic PF3D7_0925900 protein and an armadillo repeats containing protein PF3D7_1361800, using the HeLa based cell free expression system. The proteins are expressed in micro volumes employing 2-step and 1-step expression strategies. An affinity purification method to purify 25 &#181;l of proteins expressed using the in vitro human cell free expression system is also described. Protein yield is determined by Bradford&#8217;s assay and the expressed and purified proteins can be confirmed by western blotting analysis. Expressed recombinant proteins can be used for immunizations, immunoassays and protein sequencing.

HeLa Based Cell Free Expression Systems for Expression of Plasmodium Rhoptry Proteins

Expression of malarial proteins in cell based systems remains challenging. We demonstrate two step and one step IVT (in vitro translation) cell free expression systems for expressing malarial recombinant rhoptry proteins from HeLa cells. We use a Ni-resin affinity based purification system to purify the rhoptry proteins.

의 발현에 대한 헬라 세포를 기반으로 무료 발현 시스템<em&gt; 변형체</em&gt; Rhoptry 단백질

Malaria causes significant global morbidity and mortality. No routine vaccine is currently available. One of the major reasons for lack of a vaccine is ...

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod shaped chromosomes which are moved individually by the mitotic spindle apparatus. Mitotic chromatin condensation yields chromosomes compacted fifty-fold denser as in interphase. During exit from mitosis, chromosomes have to re-establish their functional interphase state, which is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is competent for replication and transcription. The decondensation process is morphologically well described, but in molecular terms poorly understood: We lack knowledge about the underlying molecular events and to a large extent the factors involved as well as their regulation. We describe here a cell-free system that faithfully recapitulates chromatin decondensation in vitro, based on mitotic chromatin clusters purified from synchronized HeLa cells and X. laevis egg extract. Our cell-free system provides an important tool for further molecular characterization of chromatin decondensation and its co-ordination with processes simultaneously occurring during mitotic exit such as nuclear envelope and pore complex re-assembly.

The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.

셀 무료 분석은 유사 분열의 끝에서 염색질 Decondensation을 공부하기

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression regulation at posttranscriptional levels by affecting the stability and translational efficiency of target mRNAs. RNA pull-down technique has been widely used to study RNA-protein interaction, which is necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying RBPs&#39; as well as long non-coding RNAs&#39; (lncRNAs) function. However, the high lipid abundance in adipocytes poses a technical challenge in conducting this experiment. Here a detailed RNA pull-down protocol is optimized for primary adipocyte culture. An RNA fragment from androgen receptor&#39;s (AR) 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#39;UTR) containing an adenylate-uridylate-rich elementwas used as an example to demonstrate how to retrieve its RBP partner, HuR protein, from adipocyte lystate. The method described here can be applied to detect the interactions between RBPs and noncoding RNAs, as well as between RBPs and coding RNAs.

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

An RNA pull-down protocol is optimized here for detection of interactions between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding as well as coding RNAs. An RNA fragment from androgen receptor (AR) was used as an example to demonstrate how to retrieve its RBP from lystate of primary brown adipocytes.

RNA 결합 단백질의 검출에 의해<em&gt; 체외</em지방 세포 문화&gt; RNA 풀다운

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression ...

3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2

Studies in the last decade have revealed a complex and dynamic variety of pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation reactions. mRNAs with long 3&#39; untranslated regions (UTRs) are generated in differentiated cells whereas proliferating cells preferentially express transcripts with short 3&#39;UTRs. We describe the A-seq protocol, now at its second version, which was developed to map polyadenylation sites genome-wide and study the regulation of pre-mRNA 3&#39; end processing. Also this current protocol takes advantage of the polyadenylate (poly(A)) tails that are added during the biogenesis of most mammalian mRNAs to enrich for fully processed mRNAs. A DNA adaptor with deoxyuracil at its fourth position allows the precise processing of mRNA 3&#39; end fragments for sequencing. Not including the cell culture and the overnight ligations, the protocol requires about 8 h hands-on time. Along with it, an easy-to-use software package for the analysis of the derived sequencing data is provided. A-seq2 and the associated analysis software provide an efficient and reliable solution to the mapping of pre-mRNA 3&#39; ends in a wide range of conditions, from 106 or fewer cells.

3&#039; End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2

This protocol describes a method for mapping pre-mRNA 3&#39; end processing sites.