We thank SP Gygi and GM Church for help and guidance. This work was supported by a CNRS chaire d'excellence to ACT.

참고 :이 방법은 이전에 12를 설명했다. 1. 단백질 분리 바람직하게는 프랑스어 프레스, 구슬 박동, 또는 초음파 등의 물리적 방법에 의해, 용해하는 세포에 의해 세포 단백질의 1 밀리그램을 준비합니다. 효소 질량 분석 측정을 혼동하기 때문에 라이소자임 - 매개 세포 용해를 방지. 단백질의 2. TCA 강수량 단백질을 침전 10 분 동안 얼음에 4 권의 단백질과 진정으로 1 볼륨 트리클로로 아세트산 (TCA)를 추가합니다. 원심 분리기 4 ° C에서 5 분 12,000 XG에 상층 액을 제거합니다. 4 ℃에서 5 분 동안 12,000 XG에 얼음처럼 차가운 아세톤 및 원심 분리기 1 ㎖에 펠렛을 재현 탁 상층 액을 제거하고 15 분 동안 펠렛을 건조 벤치에 튜브를 반전. -80 ° C에서 저장 단백질 펠렛 3. 변성 단백질과 이황화 채권을 감소 다시단백질을 중단 500 ㎕의 변성 및 감소 버퍼에 1 ~ 2 ㎎ / ㎖ (50 mM의 HEPES 산도 8.5, 5 mM의 DTT 4 M 요소 또는 3 % SDS 중 하나)에. 선택적으로, 버퍼에있는 단백질 분해 효소 억제제 (가) 있습니다. 실온에서 10 분 뒤에 56 ° C에서 30 분, 위해 단백질을 품어. 4. Aklylate 무료 설 프히 드릴 그룹은 돌이킬 수 이황화 결합 형성을 방해하는 물에 신선한 0.3 M의 요오도 아세트 아미드를 준비합니다. 주의! 요오도 아세트 아미드는 매우 독성이다. 500 ㎕의 단백질을 25 ㎕의 0.3 M 요오도 아세트 아미드 (15 mM의 최종 농도)를 추가하고 실온에서 어둠 속에서 20 분 동안 품어. 300 mM의 DTT (5 mM의 DTT 최종 농도)의 10 μl를 추가하여 요오도 아세트 아미드 끄다. C. -80 ° 알킬화 단백질을 저장 5. 단백질 소화 TCA는 단백질을 침전 (2 단계에 설명 된대로), 50 mM의 HEPES (산도 8.2) 1 ㎖, 1 M 요소의에 resuspend. 리실의 endoprotein의 재고 솔루션을 준비합니다2 ㎍ / μL의 농도와 단백질 용액에 5 μl를 추가 물에 ASE (리스-C). 실온에서 16 시간 동안 혼합물을 배양한다. 최종리스-C 농도가 10 NG / μL 및 단백질 - 투 -의 lysC 비율 (W / W) 1 / 200 ~ 1 / 50입니다 확인합니다. 50 mM의 아세트산의 40 μL에 20 μg 시퀀싱 등급 트립신을 재현 탁리스 - C 다이제스트에 5 μL (10 μg 트립신)를 추가하고, 37 ℃에서 6 시간 동안 배양 트립신에 사용되는리스-C에 대해 같은 단백질 분해 효소의 농도와 단백질 분해 효소 - 투 - 단백질 비율을 사용합니다. 6. 역상 펩타이드 추출 <ol><li> 0.5 %의 최종 농도 (산도 ≈ 2)에 트리 플루오로 아세트산 (TFA)를 첨가하여 펩티드를 산성화. 추출 매니 폴드에 C18 컬럼을 연결합니다. 펩티드의로드 및 용출를 제외한 모든 단계에 대한 가장 높은 유량을 사용합니다. </li><li> 6 ㎖의 아세토 니트릴 (ACN) 젖은 열입니다. 6 ㎖의 80 % ACN, 0.1 % TFA로 열을 세척 한 다음 10 ㎖의 0.1 % TFA와 평형. 허용하지 않음단계 사이에 건조 실행하는 열입니다. </li><li> 진공 압력을 정지하고 약 1 ㎖ / 분의 유속으로 칼럼에 펩타이드 500 μg를로드. 펩티드는 열, 다시 시작 진공에 바인딩 한 다음 (0.09 M 구연산, 0.23 M 나 2 HPO 4, pH를 5.5) 구연산 버퍼의 3 ㎖로, 10 ㎖의 0.1 % TFA로 세척 한 후. 참고 : 높은 펩티드 량이 표시 될 수 있지만 결합능 C18 컬럼이 적어도 샘플 손실을 피하기 위하여 펩티드 양보다 두 배이어야한다. </li></ol> 7.에 열 환원성 디메틸 화에 의해 펩타이드 라벨링 (REDI 라벨링) 시안화 수소는 레테르를 붙이는 과정에서 낮은 농도로 방출 등의 화학 후드에서이 단계를 수행합니다. <ol><li> 펩타이드 무료 아민을 메틸화하는 &quot;빛&quot;과 &quot;무거운&quot;REDI 버퍼 12 ML을 준비합니다. 밝은 REDI 버퍼는 0.8 %의 포름 알데히드 및​​ 번째에 수소를 운반하는 0.12 M 소듐 사이 아 노보로 하이드 라이드로 구성구연산 버퍼에 EIR 천연 동위 원소의 분포. 무거운 REDI 버퍼는 0.8 % 중수 소화 포름 알데히드와 구연산 완충액에 0.12 M 중수 소화 나트륨 시아 노보로 구성된다. </li><li> 1 ㎖ / 분의 유속으로 펩티드 함유 컬럼에 10 ㎖의 광 또는 농후 한 Redi 버퍼 하나를 첨가하여 펩티드를 함유하는 컬럼을 부화하고 완전한 라벨링을 위해 반복한다. 워시 6 ㎖의 0.1 % TFA와 열 한 후 1 ㎖의 0.5 % 아세트산. </li><li> 진공을 중단하고 약 0.5 ㎖ / 분의 유속을 사용하여 다음 1 ㎖의 80 % ACN으로, 0.5 % 초산 1 ml의 40 % ACN, 0.5 % 초산과 제 표지 펩티드​​를 용리 하였다. 원하는 경우, 무겁고 가벼운 샘플을 혼합하기 전에 질량 분석법에 의한 개별 샘플 라벨링 효율을 측정 ( &quot;대표 결과&quot;참조). 질량 분석에 의해 정량화 될 수 1:1 무겁고 가벼운 표지 펩타이드 샘플을 섞는다. </li></ol> 기본 pH를 역상 (BPRP) 크로마토 그래피 &lt;8. 별도의 펩타이드 혼합물/ P&gt; 기본 pH는 독립적으로 프로테옴 범위를 확대하기 위해 LC-MS/MS로 분석되는 여러 개의 분수로 펩타이드 혼합물을 분리하는 단계 (BPRP) 크로마토 그래피를 반전. <ol><li> 10mM의 중탄산 암모늄 (pH가 13)에서 증가 ACN 농도 구배를 적용하여 C18-HPLC 컬럼에서 펩타이드 혼합물을 분별. 5 분 5 % (V / V) ACN 시작, 60 분에 35 % ACN으로 증가하고, 1 분에 다음에 90 % ACN. 9 분 다시 평형 컬럼에 5 % ACN을 감소하기 전에 4 분 동안 90 % ACN을 유지합니다. 96 - 웰 플레이트 (H12에 A1)에 같은 부피의 96 분수를 수집합니다. 펩티드는 열 (여기에 설명 된 조건에 대한 10 ~ 70 분) 떨어져 용출하는 동안 220 nm에서 UV 검출기를 사용하여 분별을 모니터링합니다. </li><li> 우물 A2, C2, E2, 및 G2 (분수 A2)에서하고 그에 따라 들어, 우물 B1, D1, F1 및 H1 (분수 B1)에서, 우물 A1, C1, E1, 및 G1 (분수 A1)에서 분수를 결합 나머지 분수. solven를 제거진공 원심 분리기를 이용하여 t. 분수에서 재현 탁 펩티드는 A1, B2, A3, B4, A5, B6, A7, B8, A9, B10, A11 및 B12 1 M urea/0.5 %의 TFA의 130 μL와 9 단계에 설명 된대로 StageTips을 사용하여 정제. 저장 분수 B1, A2, B3, A4, B5, A6, B7, A8, B9, A10, B11, -20에서 A12 º C. </li></ol> 9. 정지 및 이동 추출로 정제 펩티드 (StageTips) 1.07 mm의 내부 직경 (ID)와 두 개의 C18 디스크 200 μL 피펫 팁을 포장하여 C18-StageTip 7 마이크로 컬럼을 준비합니다. 에펜 도르프 튜브에 무대 팁을 넣어. 메탄올 130 μL, 다음 130 UL 80 % ACN, 0.5 % 아세트산과 팁을 씻어 마이크로 원심을 사용합니다. (130) 0.1 μL % TFA로 StageTips을 평형. StageTips에 펩티드 혼합물을 전송하고 40 ㎕의 0.5 % 초산 후, 40 ㎕의 0.1 % TFA 후, 130 ㎕의 0.1 % TFA로 세척. 20 ㎕의 40 % ACN, 0.5 % 아세트산, 다음 20 ㎕의 80 % ACN, 0.5 % 아세트산으로 제 펩타이드 용출. 용출액 결합차 진공 여과하여 건조. 10. 마이크로 캐 필러 LC-MS/MS <ol><li> 약 1 ㎍ / ㎕의 농도에 1 ~ 5 ㎕의 5 % 포름산, 5 % ACN의 펩티드를 녹인다. 에서 ~ 1 μg 펩티드를 해결 100 μM × C18 반전 0.125 % 포름산에서 6~22% ACN의 구배로 위상 HPLC 컬럼 ~ 300 NL / 분의 유속으로 75 또는 100 분에 걸쳐 적용될 20cm. </li><li> LTQ Orbitrap VELOS (12) 또는 질량 분석계는 고해상도 및 높은 질량 정확도를 제공하는 것과 유사한 액체 크로마토 그래피 - 질량 분석 플랫폼을 사용하여 펩티드를 식별한다. Orbitrap 분석기에서 획득 한 전체 MS 스캔 (60,000의 해상도)과 데이터 종속 모드에서 질량 분석기를 사용하십시오. 전체 MS 스펙트럼에서 검출 된 20 가장 풍부한 이온 선형 이온 트랩 MS / MS 스펙트럼을 생성합니다. MS / MS에 1 × 10의 전체 MS 6 2,000에 자동 이득 제어 (AGC) 목표를 설정합니다. 1000 밀리 초에 최대 이온 축적 시간을 설정할MS 및 MS / MS 150 밀리 초에 대한. 20 ~ 60 초 동안 MS / MS에서 추가 선택에서 조각난 펩타이드 전구체 이온을 제외합니다. </li></ol> 11. MS / MS 데이터 수집 이러한 매개 변수 (표 1)를 사용하여 같은 SEQUEST 8과 같은 알고리즘을 이론적으로 데이터베이스에 MS / MS 스펙트럼 RAW 파일을 비교하여 펩티드를 확인합니다. 표 1. 펩타이드 데이터베이스 검색 매개 변수를. <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600"><tbody><tr height="19"><td height="19" rowspan="3" style="height:19px;" width="180"> 일반 매개 변수 </td><td> 최대 2와 완벽하게 트립신 소화 분열을 놓친 </td></tr><tr height="19"><td> 25 ppm의 전구체 이온 허용 </td></tr><tr height="19"><td> 1.0 다 조각 이온 허용 </td></tr><tr height="35"><td height="35" rowspan="2" style="height:36px;"> 정적 수정 </strong&gt; </td><td> 시스테인, carboxyamidomethylation에 57.02146 다 </td></tr><tr height="19"><td> 라이신과 펩타이드 N-말단에 28.03130 다, 빛 디메틸 화 라벨 </td></tr><tr height="19"><td height="19" rowspan="2" style="height:19px;"> 동적 수정 </td><td> 메티오닌, 산화에 15.99491 다 </td></tr><tr height="19"><td> 라이신과 펩타이드 N-말단, 무거운 디메틸 화 라벨 6.03766 다 </td></tr></tbody></table><ol><li> 실제와 반대 방향에서 오픈 리딩 프레임의 데이터베이스를 사용하여 이러한 목표 미끼 9 전략 등의 방법으로 1 %의 거짓 발견 속도에 필터 펩티드. </li></ol> 12. 펩티드 정량 계산 MS1의 중사 슬 및 경 쌍의 영역은 이온 크로마토 그램 (MS1의 피크 면적)을 추출하고, 펩티드 신호 대 잡음 (S / N) 비 10. 펩타이드 쌍을 포함하는 경우에만 자신의 평균 신호 - 대 - 노이SE 비율은 다섯 이상입니다. 동일한 펩티드 (MS1 피크 면적비)의 중사 슬 및 경 버전의 MS1의 피크 면적의 비율로서 두 개의 샘플에서 펩티드의 상대적인 풍부함을 계량화한다. 단백질의 모든 펩티드에 대한 평균 MS1의 피크 면적 비율로 상대적으로 단백질의 개체수를 계산합니다.

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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익 또는 그 밖의 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

높은 저렴한 라벨 시약 (시약은 샘플 당 1 달러 미만의 비용), 빠른 반응 속도 (~ 10 분), 부산물의 부재 : 몇 가지 점은 양적 proteomics의 매력적인 방법 환원 디메틸 화 (REDI 라벨)를 사용하여 펩티드의 안정 동위 원소 라벨링을 재현성 (도 3,도 4), 안정적인 반응 생성물, 임의의 단백질 분해 효소를 사용하는 능력 및 표지 된 펩티드의 높은 이온화 효율. 이 합성 중간에 특정 아미노산 auxotrop...

복잡한 시료 사이에 많은 단백질의 농도 차이를 측정하는 것은 단백질 체학의 중심 과제이다. 점점이 서로 다른 동위 원소의 태그를 각 샘플에서 단백질을 라벨 샘플을 결합하고, 농도의 차이를 정량화하기 위해 질량 분석기를 사용하여 수행되고있다. 몇 가지 방법은 단백질과 펩타이드의 안정 동위 원소 표지 존재한다. ICAT 3, iTRAQ 4, 환원 디메틸 화 5 단백질 추출 및 소화 후 안정 동위 원소의 태그를 추가하는 반면 15 N 표시 1 SILAC 2, 생체 내에서 대사 동위 원소 라벨을 소개합니다. 이러한 방법 중에서, 환원 디메틸 화 (REDI 라벨링)는 샘플의 거의 모든 종류의 단백질 농도 차이를 정량화 할 수있는 저렴하고 재현성있는 방법으로 인기를 얻고있다. REDI 라벨은 감소 쉬프 기반을 형성하는 포름 알데히드와 반응 펩티드를 포함노보로 하이드 라이드로. 이 반응은 N-말단 및 리신 측쇄 monomethylates 및 N-말단에 프롤린 자유 아미노기를 dimethylates. 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜은 중수 소화 포름 알데히드와 노보로 하이드 라이드 (그림 1)를 사용하여 &quot;무거운&quot;레이블이 자연 동위 원소 분포와 샘플 2의 수소 원자와 시약을 사용하여 &quot;빛&quot;라벨 샘플 1 펩티드를 methylates. 빛과 질량 분석기를 이용하여 두 형태를 구별하기 위해 사용되는 무거운 형태 사이 6.0377 다의 질량 차이로 펩티드 결과의 각 dimethylated 아미노기. 구체적으로는, 상대 펩티드 존재비는 광의 MS1 추출 이온 크로마토 영역 비율 (MS1 피크 면적비) 및 각 펩티드 이온 쌍 무거운 버전으로 정량화된다. 단백질의 상대적인 풍부함이 단백질에있는 펩티드들 중앙값 MS1 피크 면적의 비율로서 계산된다. 이 보고서에서, 우리는 행위에 대한 강력한 프로토콜을 설명역상 펩타이드 고체상 추출에 열 REDI 라벨링, 펩티드 분획 염기성 pH 기준 위상 (BPRP) 크로마토 그래피를 반전하고 StageTips를 이용 펩타이드 혼합물의 정제 (도 2)를 포함 LC-MS/MS에 의해 REDI 라벨링 실험을 보내고 . 우리는 정량 프로테오믹스에 대한 REDI 라벨 사용의 장점과 한계에 대해 설명합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Trichloroacetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9159</td><td>protein precipitation</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>650501</td><td>protein precipitation</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71736</td><td>denature, reduce protein</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8045</td><td>denature, reduce protein</td></tr><tr><td>DL-Dithiothreitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>43816</td><td>denature, reduce, alkylate protein</td></tr><tr><td>Protease Inhibitor Complete Mini Cocktail</td><td>Roche</td><td>4693124001</td><td>denature, reduce protein</td></tr><tr><td>Iodoacetamide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I6125</td><td>alkylate protein</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H7523</td><td>resuspend, extract, label protein</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5670</td><td>resuspend protein</td></tr><tr><td>Lysyl Endoprotease</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>129-02541</td><td>protein digestion</td></tr><tr><td>Sequencing grade trypsin</td><td>Promega</td><td>V5111</td><td>protein digestion</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320099</td><td>protein digestion</td></tr><tr><td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>299537</td><td>Reversed-phase peptide extraction</td></tr><tr><td>tC18 Sep-Pak C18 cartridges</td><td>Waters</td><td>WAT054960</td><td>Reversed-phase peptide extraction</td></tr><tr><td>Extraction manifold</td><td>Waters</td><td>WAT200609</td><td>Reversed-phase peptide extraction</td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>14261</td><td>various</td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>252549</td><td>&amp;ldquo;light&amp;rdquo; peptide labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Cyanoborohydride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71435</td><td>&amp;ldquo;light&amp;rdquo; peptide labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Deuterated formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>492620</td><td>&amp;ldquo;heavy&amp;rdquo; peptide labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium cyanoborodeuteride</td><td>CDN isotopes</td><td>D-1797</td><td>&amp;ldquo;heavy&amp;rdquo; peptide labeling</td></tr><tr><td>MES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M3671</td><td>peptide labeling</td></tr><tr><td>C18-HPLC column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 &amp;micro;m particle size)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>770450-902</td><td>basic pH reversed-phase chromatography</td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>399388</td><td>various</td></tr><tr><td>C18 Empore Disks</td><td>3M</td><td>14-386-3&amp;nbsp;</td><td>STAGE tips</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>494437</td><td>STAGE tips</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantitative proteomics using reductive dimethylation for stable isotope labeling

환원 디메틸 화 (REDI 라벨)에 의해 펩티드의 안정 동위 원소 표지 정확하게 질량 분석기를 사용하여 샘​​플 간의 단백질 발현 차이를 정량화하는 방법입니다. REDI 라벨은 각각의 유리 아민에 두 개의 메틸 그룹을 추가하기 위해 정기적 (빛) 또는 포름 알데히드와 나트륨 시아 노보로 하이드 라이드의 중수 (무거운) 양식을 사용하여 수행됩니다. 여기에서 우리는 REDI 표시와 복잡한 단백질 혼합물의 정량 비교를위한 강력한 프로토콜을 보여줍니다. 비교를 위해 단백질 시료는 빛 또는 무거운 메틸 태그, 혼합하고, LC-MS/MS 공동 분석 중 하나를 수행하는 레이블 펩타이드로 분해된다. 상대 단백질의 개체수는 전체 MS 스펙트럼에서 추출 된 성분 펩타이드의 무겁고 가벼운 표시된 버전의 이온 크로마토 그램의 피크 면적을 비교하여 정량화. 여기에서 설명하는 방법은 샘플 역상 고상 추출에 의한 제조, 펩타이드에 열 REDI 라벨, 기본 산도 회전에 의해 펩타이드 분획을 포함ersed 상 (BPRP) 크로마토 그래피 StageTip 펩티드 정제. 우리는 안정 동위 원소의 설립을위한 다른 방법에 대한 REDI 라벨의 장점과 한계에 대해 설명합니다. 우리는 샘플의 거의 모든 종류의 단백질의 개체수를 비교하는 빠르고, 저렴하고 정확한 방법으로 REDI 라벨을 사용하여 새로운 응용 프로그램을 강조 표시합니다.

우리는 사카로 마이 세스 세레 비시 애를 사용하여 정확도, 정밀도 및 REDI 라벨의 재현성을 평가하고 클로 스트 리듐 속의 세균은 전체 세포 용 해물을 phytofermentans. 우리는 먼저 C의 혼합의 REDI 라벨의 효율성을 정량화 셀룰로오스 (무거운 표시, H)과 포도당 (빛 라벨, L) 문화에서 단백질 해물을 phytofermentans. 1 %의 펩타이드 거짓 발견의 속도로 여과 할 때,이 샘플은 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Proteomics Using Reductive Dimethylation for Stable Isotope Labeling at JoVE.com

Quantitative Proteomics Using Reductive Dimethylation for Stable Isotope Labeling

환원 디메틸 화 (REDI 라벨)에 의해 펩티드의 안정 동위 원소 표지 정확한 질량 분석 기반의 정량 프로테오믹스에 대한 신속하고 저렴한 전략이다. 여기에서 우리는 거의 모든 샘플 유형에 적용 할 수있는 한 Redi 방식을 사용하여 단백질의 혼합물의 제조 및 분석을위한 강력한 방법을 보여준다.

안정 동위 원소 라벨링 환원성 디메틸 화를 사용하여 정량 프로테오믹스

Stable isotope labeling of peptides by reductive dimethylation (ReDi labeling) is a method to accurately quantify protein expression differences between ...

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16.1K 조회수.  Genoscope.  환원 디메틸 화 (REDI 라벨)에 의해 펩티드의 안정 동위 원소 표지 정확한 질량 분석 기반의 정량 프로테오믹스에 대한 신속하고 저렴한 전략이다. 여기에서 우리는 거의 모든 샘플 유형에 적용 할 수있는 한 Redi 방식을 사용하여 단백질의 혼합물의 제조 및 분석을위한 강력한 방법을 보여준다. 

비디오: Quantitative Proteomics Using Reductive Dimethylation for Stable Isotope Labeling

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a proven technique for protein structure and dynamic studies. To study proteins with NMR, stable magnetic isotopes are typically incorporated metabolically to improve the sensitivity and allow for sequential resonance assignment. Reductive 13C-methylation is an alternative labeling method for proteins that are not amenable to bacterial host over-expression, the most common method of isotope incorporation. Reductive 13C-methylation is a chemical reaction performed under mild conditions that modifies a protein&#39;s primary amino groups (lysine &#949;-amino groups and the N-terminal &#945;-amino group) to 13C-dimethylamino groups. The structure and function of most proteins are not altered by the modification, making it a viable alternative to metabolic labeling. Because reductive 13C-methylation adds sparse, isotopic labels, traditional methods of assigning the NMR signals are not applicable. An alternative assignment method using mass spectrometry (MS) to aid in the assignment of protein 13C-dimethylamine NMR signals has been developed. The method relies on partial and different amounts of 13C-labeling at each primary amino group. One limitation of the method arises when the protein&#39;s N-terminal residue is a lysine because the &#945;- and &#949;-dimethylamino groups of Lys1 cannot be individually measured with MS. To circumvent this limitation, two methods are described to identify the NMR resonance of the 13C-dimethylamines associated with both the N-terminal &#945;-amine and the side chain &#949;-amine. The NMR signals of the N-terminal &#945;-dimethylamine and the side chain &#949;-dimethylamine of hen egg white lysozyme, Lys1, are identified in 1H-13C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectra.

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Two methods for assigning the &#945;- and &#949;-dimethylamine nuclear magnetic resonance signals of a reductively 13C-methylated N-terminal lysine are described. One method utilizes the pH-induced selectivity of the reductive methylation reaction, and the other uses aminopeptidase to selectively remove the N-terminal lysine.

의 NMR 공명 확인하는 방법<sup&gt; 13</sup환원 메틸을 단백질에&gt; C-디메틸 N-말단 아민

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a proven technique for protein structure and dynamic studies. To study proteins with NMR, stable magnetic ...

연구

화학

Enhanced Sample Multiplexing of Tissues Using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging (cPILOT)

There is an increasing demand to analyze many biological samples for disease understanding and biomarker discovery. Quantitative proteomics strategies that allow simultaneous measurement of multiple samples have become widespread and greatly reduce experimental costs and times. Our laboratory developed a technique called combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT), which enhances sample multiplexing of traditional isotopic labeling or isobaric tagging approaches. Global cPILOT can be applied to samples originating from cells, tissues, bodily fluids, or whole organisms and gives information on relative protein abundances across different sample conditions. cPILOT works by 1) using low pH buffer conditions to selectively dimethylate peptide N-termini and 2) using high pH buffer conditions to label primary amines of lysine residues with commercially-available isobaric reagents (see Table of Materials/Reagents). The degree of sample multiplexing available is dependent on the number of precursor labels used and the isobaric tagging reagent. Here, we present a 12-plex analysis using light and heavy dimethylation combined with six-plex isobaric reagents to analyze 12 samples from mouse tissues in a single analysis. Enhanced multiplexing is helpful for reducing experimental time and cost and more importantly, allowing comparison across many sample conditions (biological replicates, disease stage, drug treatments, genotypes, or longitudinal time-points) with less experimental bias and error. In this work, the global cPILOT approach is used to analyze brain, heart, and liver tissues across biological replicates from an Alzheimer&#39;s disease mouse model and wild-type controls. Global cPILOT can be applied to study other biological processes and adapted to increase sample multiplexing to greater than 20 samples.

Enhanced Sample Multiplexing of Tissues Using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging cPILOT

Combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) is a quantitative proteomics strategy that enhances sample multiplexing capabilities of isobaric tags. This protocol describes the application of cPILOT to tissues from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and wild-type controls.

향상된 샘플 복합 전구체 동위 원소 표지 및 동중 태그를 사용하여 조직의 다중 (cPILOT)

There is an increasing demand to analyze many biological samples for disease understanding and biomarker discovery. Quantitative proteomics strategies ...

생화학

Lipid Droplet Isolation for Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Lipid droplets are vital to the replication of a variety of different pathogens, most prominently the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), as the putative site of virion morphogenesis. Quantitative lipid droplet proteome analysis can be used to identify proteins that localize to or are displaced from lipid droplets under conditions such as virus infections. Here, we describe a protocol that has been successfully used to characterize the changes in the lipid droplet proteome following infection with HCV. We use Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) and thus label the complete proteome of one population of cells with &#34;heavy&#34; amino acids to quantitate the proteins by mass spectrometry. For lipid droplet isolation, the two cell populations (i.e.&#160;HCV-infected/&#34;light&#34; amino acids and uninfected control/&#34;heavy&#34; amino acids) are mixed 1:1 and lysed mechanically in hypotonic buffer. After removing the nuclei and cell debris by low speed centrifugation, lipid droplet-associated proteins are enriched by two subsequent ultracentrifugation steps followed by three washing steps in isotonic buffer. The purity of the lipid droplet fractions is analyzed by western blotting with antibodies recognizing different subcellular compartments. Lipid droplet-associated proteins are then separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie staining. After tryptic digest, the peptides are quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Using this method, we identified proteins recruited to lipid droplets upon HCV infection that might represent pro- or antiviral host factors. Our method can be applied to a variety of different cells and culture conditions, such as infection with pathogens, environmental stress, or drug treatment.

Lipid droplets are important organelles for the replication of several pathogens, including the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). We describe a method to isolate lipid droplets for quantitative mass spectrometry of associated proteins; it can be used under a variety of conditions, such as virus infection, environmental stress, or drug treatment.

양적 질량 분광법 분석을위한 지질 물방울 절연

Lipid droplets are vital to the replication of a variety of different pathogens, most prominently the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), as the putative site of ...

Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

Many exceptional advances have been made in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, with particular technical progress in liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and isobaric labeling multiplexing capacity. Here, we introduce a deep-proteomics profiling protocol that combines 10-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling with an extensive LC/LC-MS/MS platform, and post-MS computational interference correction to accurately quantitate whole proteomes. This protocol includes the following main steps: protein extraction and digestion, TMT labeling, 2-dimensional (2D) LC, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and computational data processing. Quality control steps are included for troubleshooting and evaluating experimental variation. More than 10,000 proteins in mammalian samples can be confidently quantitated with this protocol. This protocol can also be applied to the quantitation of post translational modifications with minor changes. This multiplexed, robust method provides a powerful tool for proteomic analysis in a variety of complex samples, including cell culture, animal tissues, and human clinical specimens.

We present a protocol to accurately quantitate proteins with isobaric labelling, extensive fractionation, bioinformatics tools, and quality control steps in combination with liquid chromatography interfaced to a high-resolution mass spectrometer.

깊은 프로테옴 Isobaric 라벨, 광범위 한 액체 크로마토그래피, 질량 분석 및 소프트웨어 기반 정량화 하 여 프로 파일링

Many exceptional advances have been made in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, with particular technical progress in liquid chromatography (LC) ...

A Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Approach for Global and High-Confidence Protein R-Methylation Analysis

Protein Arginine (R)-methylation is a widespread protein post-translational modification (PTM) involved in the regulation of several cellular pathways, including RNA processing, signal transduction, DNA damage response, miRNA biogenesis, and translation.
In recent years, thanks to biochemical and analytical developments, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as the most effective strategy to characterize the cellular methyl-proteome with single-site resolution. However, identifying and profiling in vivo protein R-methylation by MS remains challenging and error-prone, mainly due to the substoichiometric nature of this modification and the presence of various amino acid substitutions and chemical methyl-esterification of acidic residues that are isobaric to methylation. Thus, enrichment methods to enhance the identification of R-methyl-peptides and orthogonal validation strategies to reduce False Discovery Rates (FDR) in methyl-proteomics studies are required.
Here, a protocol specifically designed for high-confidence R-methyl-peptides identification and quantitation from cellular samples is described, which couples metabolic labeling of cells with heavy isotope-encoded Methionine (hmSILAC) and dual protease in-solution digestion of whole cell extract, followed by off-line High-pH Reversed Phase (HpH-RP) chromatography fractionation and affinity enrichment of R-methyl-peptides using anti-pan-R-methyl antibodies. Upon high-resolution MS analysis, raw data are first processed with the MaxQuant software package and the results are then analyzed by hmSEEKER, a software designed for the in-depth search of MS peak pairs corresponding to light and heavy methyl-peptide within the MaxQuant output files.

Protein Arginine (R)-methylation is a wide-spread post-translational modification regulating multiple biological pathways. Mass spectrometry is the best technology to globally profile the R-methyl-proteome, when coupled to biochemical approaches for modified peptide enrichment. The workflow designed for the high confidence identification of global R-methylation in human cells is described here.

글로벌 및 신뢰도가 높은 단백질 R-메틸화 분석을 위한 질량분석법 기반 단백질체학 접근법

Protein Arginine (R)-methylation is a widespread protein post-translational modification (PTM) involved in the regulation of several cellular pathways, ...

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

Reversible oxidative modifications on protein thiols have recently emerged as important mediators of cellular function. Herein we describe the detailed procedure of a quantitative redox proteomics method that utilizes resin-assisted capture (RAC) in combination with tandem mass tag (TMT) isobaric labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to allow multiplexed stochiometric quantification of oxidized protein thiols at the proteome level. The site-specific quantitative information on oxidized cysteine residues provides additional insight into the functional impacts of such modifications. 
The workflow is adaptable across many sample types, including cultured cells (e.g., mammalian, prokaryotic) and whole tissues (e.g., heart, lung, muscle), which are initially lysed/homogenized and with free thiols being alkylated to prevent artificial oxidation. The oxidized protein thiols are then reduced and captured by a thiol-affinity resin, which streamlines and simplifies the workflow steps by allowing the proceeding digestion, labeling, and washing procedures to be performed without additional transfer of proteins/peptides. Finally, the labeled peptides are eluted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to reveal comprehensive stoichiometric changes related to thiol oxidation across the entire proteome. This method greatly improves the understanding of the role of redox-dependent regulation under physiological and pathophysiological states related to protein thiol oxidation.

Protein thiol oxidation has significant implications under normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We describe the details of a quantitative redox proteomics method, which utilizes resin-assisted capture, isobaric labeling, and mass spectrometry, enabling site-specific identification and quantification of reversibly oxidized cysteine residues of proteins.

단백질 티올 산화의 다중화 정량화를 위한 등압 탠덤 질량 태그 라벨링과 결합된 수지 보조 포획

Reversible oxidative modifications on protein thiols have recently emerged as important mediators of cellular function. Herein we describe the detailed ...

Sample Preparation and Relative Quantitation using Reductive Methylation of Amines for Peptidomics Studies

Peptidomics can be defined as the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptides in a biological sample. Its main applications include identifying the peptide biomarkers of disease or environmental stress, identifying neuropeptides, hormones, and bioactive intracellular peptides, discovering antimicrobial and nutraceutical peptides from protein hydrolysates, and can be used in studies to understand the proteolytic processes. The recent advance in sample preparation, separation methods, mass spectrometry techniques, and computational tools related to protein sequencing has contributed to the increase of the identified peptides number and peptidomes characterized. Peptidomic studies frequently analyze peptides that are naturally generated in cells. Here, a sample preparation protocol based on heat-inactivation is described, which eliminates protease activity, and extraction with mild conditions, so there is no peptide bonds cleavage. In addition, the relative quantitation of peptides using stable isotope labeling by reductive methylation of amines is also shown. This labeling method has some advantages as the reagents are commercially available, inexpensive compared to others, chemically stable, and allows the analysis of up to five samples in a single LC-MS run.

This article describes a sample preparation method based on heat-inactivation to preserve endogenous peptides avoiding degradation post-mortem, followed by relative quantitation using isotopic labeling plus LC-MS.

펩티도믹스 연구를 위한 아민의 환원 메틸화를 이용한 샘플 준비 및 상대적 수량

Peptidomics can be defined as the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptides in a biological sample. Its main applications include identifying the ...

Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetically tractable host plant1,2. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons inoculated with DC3000 indicates a role of ROS in modulating necrotic cell death during bacterial speck disease of tomato3. Hydrogen peroxide, a component of ROS, is produced after inoculation of tomato plants with Pseudomonas3. Hydrogen peroxide can be detected using a histochemical stain 3'-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB)4. DAB staining reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce a brown stain on the leaf tissue4. ROS has a regulatory role of the cellular redox environment, which can change the redox status of certain proteins5. Cysteine is an important amino acid sensitive to redox changes. Under mild oxidation, reversible oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups serves as redox sensors and signal transducers that regulate a variety of physiological processes6,7. Tandem mass tag (TMT) reagents enable concurrent identification and multiplexed quantitation of proteins in different samples using tandem mass spectrometry8,9. The cysteine-reactive TMT (cysTMT) reagents enable selective labeling and relative quantitation of cysteine-containing peptides from up to six biological samples. Each isobaric cysTMT tag has the same nominal parent mass and is composed of a sulfhydryl-reactive group, a MS-neutral spacer arm and an MS/MS reporter10. After labeling, the samples were subject to protease digestion. The cysteine-labeled peptides were enriched using a resin containing anti-TMT antibody. During MS/MS analysis, a series of reporter ions (i.e., 126-131 Da) emerge in the low mass region, providing information on relative quantitation. The workflow is effective for reducing sample complexity, improving dynamic range and studying cysteine modifications. Here we present redox proteomic analysis of the Pst DC3000 treated tomato (Rio Grande) leaves using cysTMT technology. This high-throughput method has the potential to be applied to studying other redox-regulated physiological processes.

Reactive oxygen species level is elevated when cells encounter stress conditions. Here we show the example of 3'-3' diaminobenzidine staining as well as cysTMT labeling and mass spectrometry to profile the redox proteome in Pseudomonas syringae treated tomato leaves.

동위 원소 태그 질량 분광법을 사용하여 Thiol 산화 환원 프로테옴 프로 파일링

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on ...

생물학

Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification

Absolute quantification of target proteins within complex biological samples is critical to a wide range of research and clinical applications. This protocol provides step-by-step instructions for the development and application of quantitative assays using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry (MS). First, likely quantotypic target peptides are identified based on numerous criteria. This includes identifying proteotypic peptides, avoiding sites of posttranslational modification, and analyzing the uniqueness of the target peptide to the target protein. Next, crude external peptide standards are synthesized and used to develop SRM assays, and the resulting assays are used to perform qualitative analyses of the biological samples. Finally, purified, quantified, heavy isotope labeled internal peptide standards are prepared and used to perform isotope dilution series SRM assays. Analysis of all of the resulting MS data is presented. This protocol was used to accurately assay the absolute abundance of proteins of the chemotaxis signaling pathway within RAW 264.7 cells (a mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line). The quantification of Gi2 (a heterotrimeric G-protein &#945;-subunit) is described in detail.

This protocol describes how to perform absolute quantification assays of target proteins within complex biological samples using selected reaction monitoring. It was used to accurately quantify proteins of the mouse macrophage chemotaxis signaling pathway. Target peptide selection, assay development, and qualitative and quantitative assays are described in detail.

절대 단백질 정량 질량 분석을 모니터링 선정 반응

Absolute quantification of target proteins within complex biological samples is critical to a wide range of research and clinical applications. This ...

Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry

Post-translational modification (PTM) of protein lysine residues by N&#400;-acylation induces structural changes that can dynamically regulate protein functions, for example, by changing enzymatic activity or by mediating interactions. Precise quantification of site-specific protein acylation occupancy, or stoichiometry, is essential for understanding the functional consequences of both global low-level stoichiometry and individual high-level acylation stoichiometry of specific lysine residues. Other groups have reported measurement of lysine acetylation stoichiometry by comparing the ratio of peptide precursor isotopes from endogenous, natural abundance acylation and exogenous, heavy isotope-labeled acylation introduced after quantitative chemical acetylation of proteins using stable isotope-labeled acetic anhydride. This protocol describes an optimized approach featuring several improvements, including: (1) increased chemical acylation efficiency, (2) the ability to measure protein succinylation in addition to acetylation, and (3) improved quantitative accuracy due to reduced interferences using fragment ion quantification from data-independent acquisitions (DIA) instead of precursor ion signal from data-dependent acquisition (DDA). The use of extracted peak areas from fragment ions for quantification also uniquely enables differentiation of site-level acylation stoichiometry from proteolytic peptides containing more than one lysine residue, which is not possible using precursor ion signals for quantification. Data visualization in Skyline, an open source quantitative proteomics environment, allows for convenient data inspection and review. Together, this workflow offers unbiased, precise, and accurate quantification of site-specific lysine acetylation and succinylation occupancy of an entire proteome, which may reveal and prioritize biologically relevant acylation sites.

Here, we present unbiased quantification of site-specific protein acetylation and/or succinylation occupancy (stoichiometry) of an entire proteome through a ratiometric analysis of endogenous modifications to modifications introduced after quantitative chemical acylation using stable isotope-labeled anhydrides. In combination with sensitive data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry, accurate site occupancy measurements are obtained.

사이트별 단백질 Lysine Acetylation 및 Succinylation 산출할 데이터 독립적인 수집 질량 분석을 사용 하 여 정량화

Post-translational modification (PTM) of protein lysine residues by N&#400;-acylation induces structural changes that can dynamically regulate protein ...