저자는 해먼드 베이 생물 역, 그레이트 레이크스 과학 센터, 미국 지질 조사국 (US Geological Survey)의 기여를 인정합니다. 우리는 또한 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경에 그녀의 기술 지원을위한 미시간 주립 대학의 고급 현미경을위한 센터에서 박사 멜린다 프레임을 감사합니다. 이 연구는 YWCD 및 WML에 대호 어업위원회에서 교부금에 의해 지원됩니다.

1. 솔루션 준비 <ol><li> 1 L 만들기 10X 0.1 M 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS, pH 7.4의) : 26.2 g 인산 나트륨 (일 염기성), 115g의 인산 나트륨 (이염 기성) 및 87.66 g의 염화나트륨을 단다. 약 800 ml의 증류수에 용해 H 2 O, 산도를 조정하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L에 볼륨을 가져 <ol><li> 1 L 0.1 M 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (산도 7.4) 제조 업체 : 100 ML 10X PBS를 가지고, 900 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가 </li><li> 100 ㎖의 10 배 PBS를 타고, 1 ㎖ 트리톤 X-100을 추가하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L까지의 볼륨을 가지고 : 1 L 0.1 M 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (산도 7.4) 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100을 </li></ol></li><li> 26.2 g 인산 나트륨 (염기)과 115g 인산 나트륨 (이염을) 무게 : 1 L 배의 0.1M 인산 버퍼 (PB, 산도 7.4)을 확인합니다. 약 800 ml의 증류수에 용해 H 2 O, 산도를 조정하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L에 볼륨을 가져 <ol><li> 1 L 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 제조 업체 : 타고 100 ㎖의 10 배의 PB,와 H 2 O를 증류수 900 ㎖에 추가 </li><li> 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 1 L 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 제조 업체 : 100 ㎖의 10 배의 PB를 타고, 1 ㎖ 트리톤 X-100을 추가하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L까지의 볼륨을 일정하게 </li></ol></li><li> 400 ㎖의 하이드로 겔 단량체 용액 (4 % 아크릴 아미드, 0.25 % 비스 - 아크릴 아미드, 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 0.0075 %의 황산 암모늄, 0.1 M PBS에 0.​​0005 %의 사포닌을) 확인 : 0.3 g과 황산 암모늄 0.2 g 사포닌의 무게. 210 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가, 40 ㎖의 40 % 아크릴, 10 ㎖ 2 % 비스 - 아크릴 아미드, 40 ㎖의 10 배 PBS (산도 7.4), 100 ml의 16 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 잘 섞는다. </li><li> (0.2 M 붕산 4 % SDS) 4 L 청산 솔루션을 만들기 : SDS G 49.464 g 붕산 160의 무게를 측정. 약 3.5 L 소주 H 2 O에 용해 NaOH로 pH가 8.5가되도록 조정하고, 4 L.에 볼륨을 가져 </li><li> 1 L 80 % 글리세롤 솔루션을 만들 : 800 ml의 글리세롤을 측정 200 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가하고 잘 섞는다. </li></ol> 2. 조직 준비 <ol><li> 각 15 ㎖의 원심 분리기 튜브 하이드로 겔 단량체 용액과 나누어지는 10 ㎖를 준비합니다. </li><li> 전체 조직을 해부하고 4 ℃에서 2 일간 하이드로 겔 해결 하이드로 겔 솔루션은 적어도 10 배 조직의 볼륨이 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 흄 후드 (15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브) 하이드로 겔 고정 된 조직을 가지고. </li><li> , TEMED 5 μl를 추가하여 하이드로 겔 고정 된 조직을 중합 잘 섞어, 2 ~ 3 시간 동안 실온에서 흄 후드에 앉아 보자. </li><li> 철저하게 초과 젤을 제거합니다. 주의 : 여분 겔 염색시 정산 과정과 항체의 침투를 방해 할 것이다. </li><li> 조직이 투명하게 될 때까지 몇 일 동안 70 rpm으로 50 ° C로 설정 인큐베이터 통에 솔루션을 취소 10 ㎖에 고정 된 조직을 품어. 적어도 하루에 한 번 청소 솔루션을 변경하고 청소 솔루션을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 70 실온에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 10 ㎖ 0.1 M PB에서 조직을 헹구오후 37 ° C에서 하룻밤. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 2 일간 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100와 함께 PB의 기본 항체 솔루션 명확히 조직을 품어. 참고 : 전체 조직을 물속에 충분한 기본 항체 솔루션을합니다. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100과 10 ㎖의 PB의 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 어두운 실내 나 어두운 곳에서 다음 단계를 수행합니다. 사진 표백을 방지하기 위해 호일로 샘플을 커버. </li><li> 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100와 PB의 형광 차 항체 용액 1 일 동안 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 차단 혈청 정화 된 조직을 품어. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100과 10 ㎖의 PB의 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 과잉 젤 F를 제거완충액을 변경할 때 티슈 롬. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 10 ㎖ PBS에서 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 하룻밤에 80 % 글리세롤에 명확히 조직을 품어. </li><li> 이전의 공 초점 현미경에 4 ° C에서 형광 스테인드 조직을 저장합니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 나노 다공성 겔을 형성하기 위해 폴리 아크릴 아미드와 손상 조직을 가교 결합하고 광학 투명성 고분자 투과성을 달성하기 위해 조직의 세포막을 얻어 스트립 &quot;CLARITY&quot;(12)라고하는 새로운 방법에서 수정된다. &quot;CLARITY는&quot;장거리 투사와 신경계에있는 지역의 회로 배선의 손상 -​​ 조직 이미징을 할 수 있습니다. 이 새로운 방법은 변태 중에 바다 칠성 장어 간 ?...

바다 칠성 장어 세 가지 생활을 통해 개발 1,2 단계입니다. 애벌레 바다 칠성 장어 (L)의 저서 필터 피더로 굴에서 대부분의 시간을 보낸다. 외부 형태와 내부 장기 3 개편에 극적인 변화의 일곱 변성 단계를 거쳐, 그 결과 청소년 (JV)는 질량 100 회 이상 몸을 증가, 그들이 호스트 물고기의 혈액과 조직 유체에 공급되는 동안의 기생 단계를 입력 . 바다 나 큰 호수에있는 호스트 물고기에 먹이 1.0-1.5 년 후, 성인은 이른 봄에 동안 수유를 중단하고 산란 하천으로 마이그레이션 한 후, 2 다이. 변형하는 동안, 바다 칠성 장어의 간은 담즙 방광 및 전체 담즙 나무, 인간의 유아 질환 담도 폐쇄증을 모방 진화 돌연변이 표현형을 잃는다. 유아 담도 폐쇄증은 4,5,6,7 심각한 의료 합병증이 드문 소아 간 질환입니다, 8,9,10 그러나 담도 폐쇄증의 발병 기전과 원인 4 대부분 알 수 있습니다. 외과 적 수술 (카사이 절차가) 5를 수행하지 않는 담도 폐쇄증 환자는 출생 후 2 년 이내에 사망합니다. 그 후,이 환자는 광범위한 임상 관리 및 자주 간 이식 6이 필요합니다. 담도 폐쇄증의 병인의 많은 이론은 바이러스 성 감염, 선천성 기형, 면역 질환, 독성 모욕으로 제안되었다. 그러나, 담도 폐쇄증의 발전에 각각의 기여는 7,8,9,10 결정적이 남아있다. 병적 인 담도 폐쇄증 고통을 유아는 달리, 바다 칠성 장어는 발달 광범위한 necroinflammation, 섬유증 또는 간경변 10 않고 담도 폐쇄증을 프로그램 받고있다. 동물이 과정 10시 과도 담즙을 경험하지만,이 발달 상태에 적응할 수있다를 통해 새로이 합성과 같은 간 11 담즙산 합성의 감소로 알려진 메커니즘뿐만 아니라 개발 담도 폐쇄증, 후 소장에서 담즙 소금의 분비. 바다 칠성 장어에서이 발달 과정은 담도 폐쇄증의 진행을 검토 할 수있는 유일한 알려져있는 기회를 제공합니다. &quot;CLARITY&quot;라는 새로 개발 된 방법은 광학적으로 투명한 나노 다공성 하이드로 겔 (12)로 그대로 조직을 변형하여 복잡한 포유 동물의 신경계에 높은 해상도의 영상을 가능하게합니다. 바다 칠성 장어의 간 및 수정 CLARITY 프로토콜을 사용하여, 담즙 변성 그대로 - 조직 영상은 간 변형을 통해 설명 할 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="702">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">40% acrylamide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0140</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2% bis-acrylamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ammonium persulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3678-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B7901-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">saponin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium dodecyl sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L337-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium phosphate (monobasic)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>04269-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium phosphate (dibasic)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5136-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glycerol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G9012-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">16% paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH pellets&#160;</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>SX0590-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Any brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting tools&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Any brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a new clarification method to visualize biliary degeneration during liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus)

담도 폐쇄증 대만에서 5000에있는보고 된 주파수 추정 1 15,000 미국 남동부에있는 주파수,하지만 동아시아 국가에서 일반적으로, 초기 단계의 희귀 질환이다. 많은 부분이 담도 폐쇄증의 관리에 대한 알려져 있지만, 그 기전은 아직 애매하다. 바다 칠성 장어 (Petromyzon의 스 marinus)는 담즙의 변성의 기전 및 진행 상황을 검사 할 수있는 독특한 기회를 제공합니다. 유충, 기생, 성인 : 바다 칠성 장어는 세 개의 서로 다른 삶의 단계를 통해 개발. 유충에서 기생 청소년으로 전환하는 동안, 바다 칠성 장어는 외부 형태와 내부 장기의 극적인 개편과 개조와 변형을 받고있다. 간, 전체 담즙의 시스템은 담낭과 담도 나무를 포함하여, 손실됩니다. &quot;CLARITY&quot;라는 새로 개발 된 방법은 변성 바다 칠성 장어의 장과 전체 간 접합을 명확히하기 위해 수정되었습니다.담즙의 변성의 과정은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 시각과 바다 칠성 장어 변태시 식별되었다. 이 방법은 고유 한 동물 모델에서 담도 폐쇄증을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다.

몇 가지 중요한 발달 이벤트는 바다 칠성 장어 변태 동안 간담에서 발생합니다. 담관 및 담낭 세포 사멸과 퇴화 (그림 1)를 받고있다. 및 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 항 세포 사멸 마커 Bcl2의 (cholangiocytes 및 간세포 이전과 변형 13 후 모두에 존재 CK19) 간 세포 마커 아세포 (19) 수정 된 설명 방법과 염색을 결합, 전체 담즙의 시스템은 Z 축 (함께 체포됐다 그림 2)와 3 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus at JoVE.com

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

바다 칠성 장어는 변태 동안 담낭 및 담관, 인간의 담도 폐쇄증과 유사한 과정을 잃게됩니다. 새로운 고정 및 정화 방법 (CLARITY)은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 전체 담도 트리를 시각화하기 위해 수정되었다. 이 방법은 담즙의 변성을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다.

바다 칠성 장어의 간 변태 동안 담즙의 퇴보를 시각화하는 새로운 방법 명확화 ( Petromyzon 스 marinus)

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

13.7K 조회수.  Michigan State University.  바다 칠성 장어는 변태 동안 담낭 및 담관, 인간의 담도 폐쇄증과 유사한 과정을 잃게됩니다. 새로운 고정 및 정화 방법 (CLARITY)은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 전체 담도 트리를 시각화하기 위해 수정되었다. 이 방법은 담즙의 변성을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다. 

비디오: A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

Pyrosequencing : 정확한 Genotyping을위한 간단한 방법

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

연구

생물학

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

조기 칙 태아 예 생체내 (새로운 문화)의 문화에 대한 방법

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages as well as by the availability of genetic mutants and transgenic strains expressing a myriad of fusion proteins1-4. In addition, dynamic processes such as cell division can be viewed using fluorescently labeled reporter proteins. The study of mitosis can be facilitated through the use of time-lapse experiments in various systems including intact organisms; thus the early C. elegans embryo is well suited for this study. Presented here is a technique by which in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in response to anoxic (99.999% N2; &lt;2 ppm O2) stress is possible using a simple gas flow through setup on a high-powered microscope. A microincubation chamber is used in conjunction with nitrogen gas flow through and a spinning disc confocal microscope to create a controlled environment in which animals can be imaged in vivo. Using GFP-tagged gamma tubulin and histone, the dynamics and arrest of cell division can be monitored before, during and after exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment. The results of this technique are high resolution, detailed videos and images of cellular structures within blastomeres of embryos exposed to oxygen deprivation.

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.

에 산소 결핍 유도 일시 중지 된 애니메이션을 시각화하기 위해 시간 경과에 현미경을 사용<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; 태아

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages ...

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA FISH) represents the most direct way to visualize the location of gene loci, chromosomal sub-regions or entire territories in individual cells. This type of analysis provides insight into the global architecture of the nucleus as well as the behavior of specific genomic loci and regions within the nuclear space. Immunofluorescence, on the other hand, permits the detection of nuclear proteins (modified histones, histone variants and modifiers, transcription machinery and factors, nuclear sub-compartments, etc). The major challenge in combining immunofluorescence and 3D DNA FISH is, on the one hand to preserve the epitope detected by the antibody as well as the 3D architecture of the nucleus, and on the other hand, to allow the penetration of the DNA probe to detect gene loci or chromosome territories 1-5. Here we provide a protocol that combines visualization of chromatin modifications with genomic loci in 3D preserved nuclei.

Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous detection of histone modifications by immunofluorescence and DNA sequences by DNA FISH followed by 3D microscopy and analyses (3D immuno-DNA FISH).

3D 원자력기구의 변화를 공부하기 위해 3D 보존 된 계면 핵에 결합 Immunofluorescence와 DNA의 물고기

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes  on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA  FISH) represents the ...

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of treatment solution is loaded into a microinjection needle that is used to physically inject individual immobilized cells or embryos. Despite the need for initial training to perform this procedure for high-throughput delivery, microinjection offers maximum efficiency and reproducible delivery of a wide variety of treatment solutions (including complex mixtures of samples) into cells, eggs or embryos. Applications to microinjections include delivery of DNA constructs, mRNAs, recombinant proteins, gain of function, and loss of function reagents. Fluorescent or colorimetric dye is added to the injected solution to enable instant visualization of efficient delivery as well as a tool for reliable normalization of the amount of the delivered solution. The described method enables microinjection of 100-400 sea urchin zygotes within 10-15 min.

Microinjection is a common technique used to deliver DNA constructs, mRNAs, morpholino antisense oligonucleotides or other treatments into eggs, embryos, and cells of various species.

성게 접합자의 높은 처리량 Microinjections

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of ...

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities are supported in part by the areal expansion and retraction of pigmented organs known as chromatophores. While it is known that the chromatophores contain a tethered network of pigmented granules, their structure-function properties have not been fully detailed. We describe a method for isolating the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores and demonstrate how their associated pigments can be extracted in acidic solvents. To accomplish this, the chromatophore containing dermal layer is first manually isolated using a superficial dissection, and the pigment granules are removed using sonication, centrifugation, and washing cycles. Pigments confined within the purified granules are then extracted via acidic methanol solutions, leaving nanostructures with smaller diameters that are void of visible color. This extraction procedure produces a 58% yield of soluble pigments isolated from granules. Using this method, the composition of the chromatophore pigments can be determined and used to provide insight into the mechanism of adaptive coloration in cephalopods.

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

A protocol for the extraction of pigments from the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores is presented.

오징어로부터 색소를 추출하는 방법<em&gt; Doryteuthis의 pealeii</em

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities ...

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in Suncus murinus (S. murinus&#160;). First, the specimen was dissected from S. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. The specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. It was then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The color reaction was revealed by reacting the specimen with a 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate. This method can be applied to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs. Furthermore, this protocol can also be adapted to test other neuronal antibodies, but optimization of the antibodies should be done first. This method was originally introduced by Kuratani and Tanaka1,2,3.

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

A whole-mount immunohistochemical approach, to visualize neurofilament protein expression in the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. is presented here. This protocol can be used to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs in S. murinus or other species.

담관의 보행을 연구하기위한 Whole-mount Immunohistochemical method의 사용<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Fungal infections have become an important medical condition in the last decades, but the number of available antifungal drugs is limited. In this scenario, the search for new antifungal drugs is necessary. The protocol reported here details a method to screen peptides for their antifungal properties. It is based on the broth microdilution susceptibility test from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 guidelines with modifications to suit the research of antimicrobial peptides as potential new antifungals. This protocol describes a functional assay to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds and may be easily modified to suit any particular class of molecules under investigation. Since the assays are performed in 96-well plates using small volumes, a large-scale screening can be completed in a short amount of time, especially if carried out in an automation setting. This procedure illustrates how a standardized and adjustable clinical protocol can help the bench-work pursuit of new molecules to improve the therapy of fungal diseases.

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

An easy and adaptable broth microdilution method for screening antifungal compounds and extracts.

심사에 생체 외에서 국물 Microdilution: 새로운 항진균 성 화합물을 감지 하는 쉽고 빠른 방법

Fungal infections have become an important medical condition in the last decades, but the number of available antifungal drugs is limited. In this ...

Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the plant immune system. During infection cytoplasmic effectors are delivered to the host cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS). After delivery into the plant cell, the effector(s) targets the specific compartment(s) to modulate host cell processes for survival and replication of the pathogen. Although there has been some research on the subcellular localization of effector proteins in the host cells to understand their function in pathogenicity by using fluorescent proteins, investigation of the dynamics of effectors directly injected from bacteria has been challenging due to the incompatibility between the T3SS and fluorescent proteins.
Here, we describe our recent method of an optimized split superfolder green fluorescent protein system (sfGFPOPT) to visualize the localization of effectors delivered via the bacterial T3SS in the host cell. The sfGFP11 (11th &#946;-strand of sfGFP)-tagged effector secreted through the T3SS can be assembled with a specific organelle targeted sfGFP1-10OPT (1-10th &#946;-strand of sfGFP) leading to fluorescence emission at the site. This protocol provides a procedure to visualize the reconstituted sfGFP fluorescence signal with an effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae in a particular organelle in the Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

Fluorescent protein-based approaches to monitor effectors secreted by bacteria into host cells are challenging. This is due to the incompatibility between fluorescent proteins and the type-III secretion system. Here, an optimized split superfolder GFP system is used for visualization of effectors secreted by bacteria into the host plant cell.

녹색 형광 단백질 박테리아에서 감염 하는 동안 전달 하는 이펙터를 시각화 하기 위해 시스템을 분하시오

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the ...

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells

Primary cultured cells are used in a variety of scientific disciplines as exceptionally important tools for the functional evaluation of biological substances or characterization of specific biological activities. However, due to the lack of universally applicable cell culture media and protocols, well described cell culture methods for marine organisms are still limited. Meanwhile, the commonly occurring microbial contamination and polytropic properties of marine invertebrate cells further impede the establishment of an effective cell culture strategy for marine invertebrates. Here, we describe an easy-to-handle method for culturing intestinal cells from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus; additionally, we provide an example of in vitro apoptosis induction and detection in primary cultured intestinal cells. Moreover, this experiment provides details about the appropriate culture medium and cell collection method. The described protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available tissue samples from marine organisms including Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Crustacea, and it can provide sufficient cells for multiple in vitro experimental applications. This technique would enable researchers to efficiently manipulate primary cell cultures from marine invertebrates and to facilitate the functional evaluation of targeted biological materials on cells.

This protocol provides an easy-to-handle method to culture the intestinal cells from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and is compatible with a variety of widely available tissue samples from marine organisms including Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Crustacea.

해삼 장 세포의 1 차적인 배양에 있는 세포자멸 유도 그리고 탐지

Primary cultured cells are used in a variety of scientific disciplines as exceptionally important tools for the functional evaluation of biological ...