Name: a new clarification method to visualize biliary degeneration during liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus)
Uploaded: 2014-06-06T14:15:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 3 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus at JoVE.com

저자는 해먼드 베이 생물 역, 그레이트 레이크스 과학 센터, 미국 지질 조사국 (US Geological Survey)의 기여를 인정합니다. 우리는 또한 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경에 그녀의 기술 지원을위한 미시간 주립 대학의 고급 현미경을위한 센터에서 박사 멜린다 프레임을 감사합니다. 이 연구는 YWCD 및 WML에 대호 어업위원회에서 교부금에 의해 지원됩니다.

1. 솔루션 준비 <ol><li> 1 L 만들기 10X 0.1 M 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS, pH 7.4의) : 26.2 g 인산 나트륨 (일 염기성), 115g의 인산 나트륨 (이염 기성) 및 87.66 g의 염화나트륨을 단다. 약 800 ml의 증류수에 용해 H 2 O, 산도를 조정하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L에 볼륨을 가져 <ol><li> 1 L 0.1 M 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (산도 7.4) 제조 업체 : 100 ML 10X PBS를 가지고, 900 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가 </li><li> 100 ㎖의 10 배 PBS를 타고, 1 ㎖ 트리톤 X-100을 추가하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L까지의 볼륨을 가지고 : 1 L 0.1 M 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (산도 7.4) 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100을 </li></ol></li><li> 26.2 g 인산 나트륨 (염기)과 115g 인산 나트륨 (이염을) 무게 : 1 L 배의 0.1M 인산 버퍼 (PB, 산도 7.4)을 확인합니다. 약 800 ml의 증류수에 용해 H 2 O, 산도를 조정하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L에 볼륨을 가져 <ol><li> 1 L 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 제조 업체 : 타고 100 ㎖의 10 배의 PB,와 H 2 O를 증류수 900 ㎖에 추가 </li><li> 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 1 L 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 제조 업체 : 100 ㎖의 10 배의 PB를 타고, 1 ㎖ 트리톤 X-100을 추가하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L까지의 볼륨을 일정하게 </li></ol></li><li> 400 ㎖의 하이드로 겔 단량체 용액 (4 % 아크릴 아미드, 0.25 % 비스 - 아크릴 아미드, 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 0.0075 %의 황산 암모늄, 0.1 M PBS에 0.​​0005 %의 사포닌을) 확인 : 0.3 g과 황산 암모늄 0.2 g 사포닌의 무게. 210 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가, 40 ㎖의 40 % 아크릴, 10 ㎖ 2 % 비스 - 아크릴 아미드, 40 ㎖의 10 배 PBS (산도 7.4), 100 ml의 16 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 잘 섞는다. </li><li> (0.2 M 붕산 4 % SDS) 4 L 청산 솔루션을 만들기 : SDS G 49.464 g 붕산 160의 무게를 측정. 약 3.5 L 소주 H 2 O에 용해 NaOH로 pH가 8.5가되도록 조정하고, 4 L.에 볼륨을 가져 </li><li> 1 L 80 % 글리세롤 솔루션을 만들 : 800 ml의 글리세롤을 측정 200 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가하고 잘 섞는다. </li></ol> 2. 조직 준비 <ol><li> 각 15 ㎖의 원심 분리기 튜브 하이드로 겔 단량체 용액과 나누어지는 10 ㎖를 준비합니다. </li><li> 전체 조직을 해부하고 4 ℃에서 2 일간 하이드로 겔 해결 하이드로 겔 솔루션은 적어도 10 배 조직의 볼륨이 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 흄 후드 (15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브) 하이드로 겔 고정 된 조직을 가지고. </li><li> , TEMED 5 μl를 추가하여 하이드로 겔 고정 된 조직을 중합 잘 섞어, 2 ~ 3 시간 동안 실온에서 흄 후드에 앉아 보자. </li><li> 철저하게 초과 젤을 제거합니다. 주의 : 여분 겔 염색시 정산 과정과 항체의 침투를 방해 할 것이다. </li><li> 조직이 투명하게 될 때까지 몇 일 동안 70 rpm으로 50 ° C로 설정 인큐베이터 통에 솔루션을 취소 10 ㎖에 고정 된 조직을 품어. 적어도 하루에 한 번 청소 솔루션을 변경하고 청소 솔루션을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 70 실온에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 10 ㎖ 0.1 M PB에서 조직을 헹구오후 37 ° C에서 하룻밤. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 2 일간 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100와 함께 PB의 기본 항체 솔루션 명확히 조직을 품어. 참고 : 전체 조직을 물속에 충분한 기본 항체 솔루션을합니다. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100과 10 ㎖의 PB의 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 어두운 실내 나 어두운 곳에서 다음 단계를 수행합니다. 사진 표백을 방지하기 위해 호일로 샘플을 커버. </li><li> 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100와 PB의 형광 차 항체 용액 1 일 동안 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 차단 혈청 정화 된 조직을 품어. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100과 10 ㎖의 PB의 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 과잉 젤 F를 제거완충액을 변경할 때 티슈 롬. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 10 ㎖ PBS에서 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 하룻밤에 80 % 글리세롤에 명확히 조직을 품어. </li><li> 이전의 공 초점 현미경에 4 ° C에서 형광 스테인드 조직을 저장합니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 나노 다공성 겔을 형성하기 위해 폴리 아크릴 아미드와 손상 조직을 가교 결합하고 광학 투명성 고분자 투과성을 달성하기 위해 조직의 세포막을 얻어 스트립 &quot;CLARITY&quot;(12)라고하는 새로운 방법에서 수정된다. &quot;CLARITY는&quot;장거리 투사와 신경계에있는 지역의 회로 배선의 손상 -​​ 조직 이미징을 할 수 있습니다. 이 새로운 방법은 변태 중에 바다 칠성 장어 간 ?...

바다 칠성 장어 세 가지 생활을 통해 개발 1,2 단계입니다. 애벌레 바다 칠성 장어 (L)의 저서 필터 피더로 굴에서 대부분의 시간을 보낸다. 외부 형태와 내부 장기 3 개편에 극적인 변화의 일곱 변성 단계를 거쳐, 그 결과 청소년 (JV)는 질량 100 회 이상 몸을 증가, 그들이 호스트 물고기의 혈액과 조직 유체에 공급되는 동안의 기생 단계를 입력 . 바다 나 큰 호수에있는 호스트 물고기에 먹이 1.0-1.5 년 후, 성인은 이른 봄에 동안 수유를 중단하고 산란 하천으로 마이그레이션 한 후, 2 다이. 변형하는 동안, 바다 칠성 장어의 간은 담즙 방광 및 전체 담즙 나무, 인간의 유아 질환 담도 폐쇄증을 모방 진화 돌연변이 표현형을 잃는다. 유아 담도 폐쇄증은 4,5,6,7 심각한 의료 합병증이 드문 소아 간 질환입니다, 8,9,10 그러나 담도 폐쇄증의 발병 기전과 원인 4 대부분 알 수 있습니다. 외과 적 수술 (카사이 절차가) 5를 수행하지 않는 담도 폐쇄증 환자는 출생 후 2 년 이내에 사망합니다. 그 후,이 환자는 광범위한 임상 관리 및 자주 간 이식 6이 필요합니다. 담도 폐쇄증의 병인의 많은 이론은 바이러스 성 감염, 선천성 기형, 면역 질환, 독성 모욕으로 제안되었다. 그러나, 담도 폐쇄증의 발전에 각각의 기여는 7,8,9,10 결정적이 남아있다. 병적 인 담도 폐쇄증 고통을 유아는 달리, 바다 칠성 장어는 발달 광범위한 necroinflammation, 섬유증 또는 간경변 10 않고 담도 폐쇄증을 프로그램 받고있다. 동물이 과정 10시 과도 담즙을 경험하지만,이 발달 상태에 적응할 수있다를 통해 새로이 합성과 같은 간 11 담즙산 합성의 감소로 알려진 메커니즘뿐만 아니라 개발 담도 폐쇄증, 후 소장에서 담즙 소금의 분비. 바다 칠성 장어에서이 발달 과정은 담도 폐쇄증의 진행을 검토 할 수있는 유일한 알려져있는 기회를 제공합니다. &quot;CLARITY&quot;라는 새로 개발 된 방법은 광학적으로 투명한 나노 다공성 하이드로 겔 (12)로 그대로 조직을 변형하여 복잡한 포유 동물의 신경계에 높은 해상도의 영상을 가능하게합니다. 바다 칠성 장어의 간 및 수정 CLARITY 프로토콜을 사용하여, 담즙 변성 그대로 - 조직 영상은 간 변형을 통해 설명 할 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>40% acrylamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2% bis-acrylamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0142</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TEMED</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonium persulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A3678-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>boric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B7901-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>saponin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>47036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecyl sulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L337-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium phosphate (monobasic)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>04269-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium phosphate (dibasic)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5136-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>X100-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glycerol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G9012-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOH pellets&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0590-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml centrifuge tubes</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dissecting tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a new clarification method to visualize biliary degeneration during liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus)

담도 폐쇄증 대만에서 5000에있는보고 된 주파수 추정 1 15,000 미국 남동부에있는 주파수,하지만 동아시아 국가에서 일반적으로, 초기 단계의 희귀 질환이다. 많은 부분이 담도 폐쇄증의 관리에 대한 알려져 있지만, 그 기전은 아직 애매하다. 바다 칠성 장어 (Petromyzon의 스 marinus)는 담즙의 변성의 기전 및 진행 상황을 검사 할 수있는 독특한 기회를 제공합니다. 유충, 기생, 성인 : 바다 칠성 장어는 세 개의 서로 다른 삶의 단계를 통해 개발. 유충에서 기생 청소년으로 전환하는 동안, 바다 칠성 장어는 외부 형태와 내부 장기의 극적인 개편과 개조와 변형을 받고있다. 간, 전체 담즙의 시스템은 담낭과 담도 나무를 포함하여, 손실됩니다. &quot;CLARITY&quot;라는 새로 개발 된 방법은 변성 바다 칠성 장어의 장과 전체 간 접합을 명확히하기 위해 수정되었습니다.담즙의 변성의 과정은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 시각과 바다 칠성 장어 변태시 식별되었다. 이 방법은 고유 한 동물 모델에서 담도 폐쇄증을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다.

몇 가지 중요한 발달 이벤트는 바다 칠성 장어 변태 동안 간담에서 발생합니다. 담관 및 담낭 세포 사멸과 퇴화 (그림 1)를 받고있다. 및 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 항 세포 사멸 마커 Bcl2의 (cholangiocytes 및 간세포 이전과 변형 13 후 모두에 존재 CK19) 간 세포 마커 아세포 (19) 수정 된 설명 방법과 염색을 결합, 전체 담즙의 시스템은 Z 축 (함께 체포됐다 그림 2)와 3 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus at JoVE.com

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

바다 칠성 장어는 변태 동안 담낭 및 담관, 인간의 담도 폐쇄증과 유사한 과정을 잃게됩니다. 새로운 고정 및 정화 방법 (CLARITY)은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 전체 담도 트리를 시각화하기 위해 수정되었다. 이 방법은 담즙의 변성을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다.

바다 칠성 장어의 간 변태 동안 담즙의 퇴보를 시각화하는 새로운 방법 명확화 ( Petromyzon 스 marinus)

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

13.7K 조회수.  Michigan State University.  바다 칠성 장어는 변태 동안 담낭 및 담관, 인간의 담도 폐쇄증과 유사한 과정을 잃게됩니다. 새로운 고정 및 정화 방법 (CLARITY)은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 전체 담도 트리를 시각화하기 위해 수정되었다. 이 방법은 담즙의 변성을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다. 

비디오: A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or biliary-driven liver regeneration. In hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from preexisting hepatocytes, whereas, in biliary-driven regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs). For hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, there are excellent rodent models that have significantly contributed to the current understanding of liver regeneration. However, no such rodent model exists for biliary-driven liver regeneration. We recently reported on a zebrafish liver injury model in which BECs extensively give rise to hepatocytes upon severe hepatocyte loss. In this model, hepatocytes are specifically ablated by a pharmacogenetic means. Here we present in detail the methods to ablate hepatocytes and to analyze the BEC-driven liver regeneration process. This hepatocyte-specific ablation model can be further used to discover the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of biliary-driven liver regeneration. Moreover, these methods can be applied to chemical screens to identify small molecules that augment or suppress liver regeneration.

To help assess the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish biliary-driven liver regeneration, we established a liver injury model in which the nitroreductase-expressing hepatocytes are genetically ablated upon metronidazole treatment. In this protocol, we describe how to adeptly manipulate, monitor and analyze hepatocyte ablation and biliary-driven liver regeneration.

담즙 중심의 간 재생을 연구하는 Zebrafish의에서 간세포 특이 절제

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or ...

연구

발생학

Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Image Zebrafish Eye Development

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is gaining more and more popularity as a method to image embryonic development. The main advantages of LSFM compared to confocal systems are its low phototoxicity, gentle mounting strategies, fast acquisition with high signal to noise ratio and the possibility of imaging samples from various angles (views) for long periods of time. Imaging from multiple views unleashes the full potential of LSFM, but at the same time it can create terabyte-sized datasets. Processing such datasets is the biggest challenge of using LSFM. In this protocol we outline some solutions to this problem. Until recently, LSFM was mostly performed in laboratories that had the expertise to build and operate their own light sheet microscopes. However, in the last three years several commercial implementations of LSFM became available, which are multipurpose and easy to use for any developmental biologist. This article is primarily directed to those researchers, who are not LSFM technology developers, but want to employ LSFM as a tool to answer specific developmental biology questions. 
Here, we use imaging of zebrafish eye development as an example to introduce the reader to LSFM technology and we demonstrate applications of LSFM across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This article describes a complete experimental protocol starting with the mounting of zebrafish embryos for LSFM. We then outline the options for imaging using the commercially available light sheet microscope. Importantly, we also explain a pipeline for subsequent registration and fusion of multiview datasets using an open source solution implemented as a Fiji plugin. While this protocol focuses on imaging the developing zebrafish eye and processing data from a particular imaging setup, most of the insights and troubleshooting suggestions presented here are of general use and the protocol can be adapted to a variety of light sheet microscopy experiments.

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy is an excellent tool for imaging embryonic development. It allows recording of long time-lapse movies of live embryos in near physiological conditions. We demonstrate its application for imaging zebrafish eye development across wide spatio-temporal scales and present a pipeline for fusion and deconvolution of multiview datasets.

이미지 Zebrafish의 눈 개발에 가벼운 시트 형광 현미경을 사용하여

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is gaining more and more popularity as a method to image embryonic development. The main advantages of LSFM ...

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

Liver cancer is currently the third&#160;leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-90% of all liver cancer cases. With the introduction of effective treatments to prevent and treat hepatitis B/C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the more aggressive form know as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are quickly becoming the number one risk factors to develop HCC in modern societies. To better understand the role NASH has on the development of HCC we designed a NASH-associated HCC zebrafish. The optical clarity and genetic tractability of the zebrafish larvae make them an appealing and powerful model to study the liver microenvironment and immune cell composition using non-invasive fluorescent live imaging. This protocol describes how to use a NASH-associated HCC zebrafish model to investigate the effect of cholesterol surplus in the liver microenvironment and its impact on immune cell composition at early stages of the disease. First, we feed HCC larvae (s704Tg), which express hepatocyte-specific activated beta-catenin, with a 10% high cholesterol diet for 8 days to develop a NASH-associated HCC model. Here we describe how to make use of different transgenic lines to evaluate several early malignancy features in the liver by non-invasive confocal microscopy, such as liver area, cell, and nuclear morphology (hepatocytes area, nuclear area, nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio), nuclear circularity, micronuclei/nuclear herniation scoring) and angiogenesis. Then, using transgenic lines with tagged immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells) we show how to analyze liver immune cell composition in NASH-associated HCC larvae. The described techniques are useful to evaluate liver microenvironment and immune cell composition at early hepatocarcinogenesis stages, but they can also be modified to study such features in other liver disease models.

Here, we present how to generate a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) zebrafish model to study the impact of cholesterol surplus on liver microenvironment and immune cell landscape.

제브라피쉬에서 비알코올성 지방간 질환 관련 간세포암의 초기 진행 중 간 미세환경 분석

Liver cancer is currently the third&#160;leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-90% of all ...

암 연구학

Visualization of Cellular Electrical Activity in Zebrafish Early Embryos and Tumors

Bioelectricity, endogenous electrical signaling mediated by ion channels and pumps located on the cell membrane, plays important roles in signaling processes of excitable neuronal and muscular cells and many other biological processes, such as embryonic developmental patterning. However, there is a need for in vivo electrical activity monitoring in vertebrate embryogenesis. The advances of genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators (GEVIs) have made it possible to provide a solution for this challenge. Here, we describe how to create a transgenic voltage indicator zebrafish using the established voltage indicator, ASAP1 (Accelerated Sensor of Action Potentials 1), as an example. The Tol2 kit and a ubiquitous zebrafish promoter, ubi, were chosen in this study. We also explain&#160;the processes of Gateway site-specific cloning, Tol2 transposon-based zebrafish transgenesis, and the imaging process for early-stage fish embryos and fish tumors using regular epifluorescent microscopes. Using this fish line, we found that there are cellular electric voltage changes during zebrafish embryogenesis, and fish larval movement. Furthermore, it was observed that in a few zebrafish malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, the tumor cells were generally polarized compared to the surrounding normal tissues.

Here, we show the process of creating a cellular electric voltage reporter zebrafish line to visualize embryonic development, movement, and fish tumor cells in vivo.

Zebrafish 초기 배아에 종양 세포 전기 활동의 시각화

Bioelectricity, endogenous electrical signaling mediated by ion channels and pumps located on the cell membrane, plays important roles in signaling ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

노드 및 스캐닝 전자 현미경 검사 법, 면역 형광 산 전체를 사용 하 여 Gastrulating 마우스 배아에서 Notochordal 접시를 시각화

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

이후 Wholemount을위한 완벽한 척수 손상 및 뇌 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 제자리에서</em&gt; 애벌레 바다 장어의 하이브리드

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

신경과학

Quantifying Liver Size in Larval Zebrafish Using Brightfield Microscopy

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval liver size in zebrafish HCC models provides a means to rapidly assess the effects of drugs and other manipulations on an oncogene-related phenotype. Here we show how to fix zebrafish larvae, dissect the tissues surrounding the liver, photograph livers using bright-field microscopy, measure liver area, and analyze results. This protocol enables rapid, precise quantification of liver size. As this method involves measuring liver area, it may underestimate differences in liver volume, and complementary methodologies are required to differentiate between changes in cell size and changes in cell number. The dissection technique described herein is an excellent tool to visualize the liver, gut, and pancreas in their natural positions for myriad downstream applications including immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization. The described strategy for quantifying larval liver size is applicable to many aspects of liver development and regeneration.

Here we demonstrate a method for quantifying liver size in larval zebrafish, providing a way to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacologic manipulations on liver growth and development.

브라이트필드 현미경을 사용하여 애벌레 제브라피시의 간 크기 정량화

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval ...

Eye Removal in Living Zebrafish Larvae to Examine Innervation-dependent Growth and Development of the Visual System

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable life-long growth and regenerative abilities. For example, specialized stem cell niches established during embryogenesis support continuous growth of the entire visual system, both in the eye and the brain. Coordinated growth between the retinae and the optic tectum ensures accurate retinotopic mapping as new neurons are added in the eyes and brain. To address whether retinal axons provide crucial information for regulating tectal stem and progenitor cell behaviors such as survival, proliferation, and/or differentiation, it is necessary to be able to compare innervated and denervated tectal lobes within the same animal and across animals. 
Surgical removal of one eye from living larval zebrafish followed by observation of the optic tectum achieves this goal. The accompanying video demonstrates how to anesthetize larvae, electrolytically sharpen tungsten needles, and use them to remove one eye. It next shows how to dissect brains from fixed zebrafish larvae. Finally, the video provides an overview of the protocol for immunohistochemistry and a demonstration of how to mount stained embryos in low-melting-point agarose for microscopy.

The article explains how to surgically remove eyes from living zebrafish larvae as the first step toward investigating how retinal input influences optic tectum growth and development. In addition, the article provides information about larval anesthetization, fixation, and brain dissection, followed by immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging.

살아있는 제브라 피쉬 유충의 눈 제거는 시각 시스템의 신경 의존적 인 성장과 발달을 조사합니다.

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable life-long growth and regenerative abilities. For example, specialized stem cell niches established during embryogenesis ...

DUCT: Double Resin Casting followed by Micro-Computed Tomography for 3D Liver Analysis

The liver is the biggest internal organ in humans and mice, and high auto-fluorescence presents a significant challenge for assessing the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the organ at the whole-organ level. Liver architecture is characterized by multiple branching lumenized structures, which can be filled with resin, including vascular and biliary trees, establishing a highly stereotyped pattern in the otherwise hepatocyte-rich parenchyma. This protocol describes the pipeline for performing double resin casting micro-computed tomography, or &#34;DUCT&#34;. DUCT entails injecting the portal vein and common bile duct with two different radiopaque synthetic resins, followed by tissue fixation. Quality control by clearing one lobe, or the entire liver, with an optical clearing agent, allows for pre-screening of suitably injected samples. In the second part of the DUCT pipeline, a lobe or the whole liver can be used for micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanning, (semi-)automated segmentation, and 3D rendering of the portal venous and biliary networks. MicroCT results in 3D coordinate data for the two resins allowing for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the two systems and their spatial relationship. DUCT can be applied to postnatal and adult mouse liver and can be further extended to other tubular networks, for example, vascular networks and airways in the lungs.

Double resin casting micro-computed tomography, or DUCT, enables visualization, digitalization, and segmentation of two tubular systems simultaneously to facilitate 3D analysis of organ architecture. DUCT combines ex vivo injection of two radiopaque resins followed by micro-computed tomography scanning and segmentation of the tomographic data.

덕트: 3D 간 분석을 위한 마이크로 컴퓨팅 단층 촬영 다음에 이중 수지 주조

The liver is the biggest internal organ in humans and mice, and high auto-fluorescence presents a significant challenge for assessing the ...

의학

Partial Hepatectomy in Adult Zebrafish

Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy livers are capable of regenerating from toxic damage, but in advanced liver disease, the natural ability of the liver to regenerate is impaired. Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful experimental system for studying regeneration. They are an ideal model for studying liver regeneration from partial hepatectomy, a procedure with direct clinical relevance in which part of the liver is surgically removed, leaving the rest intact. There is no standard protocol for partial hepatectomy; previous studies using this model have used slightly different protocols and reported disparate results. Described here is an efficient, reproducible protocol for performing a partial hepatectomy in adult zebrafish. We use this technique to demonstrate that zebrafish are capable of epimorphic regeneration of the resected lobe. This protocol can be used to further interrogate the mechanisms required for liver regeneration in zebrafish.

This protocol describes the procedure for removing the ventral lobe of the liver in adult zebrafish to enable the study of liver regeneration.

성인 얼룩말 피시의 부분 간 절제술

Liver failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and mortality from chronic liver disease is rising sharply in the United States. Healthy ...