이 작품은 재정적으로 스위스 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation) (- 스마트 재료 NRP 62)에 의해 지원되었다. 또한 B. Hanselmann, K. 켈, U. 쉬츠와 B Leuthold의 지원이 있습니다 인정했다.

1. 플라즈마 개시 중합 <ol><li> 단량체 용액의 준비. <ol><li> 200 ml의 물과 분액 깔때기에 헥산 (100 ㎖)로 3 회 세척; HEMA (0.718 몰 100 ml)에 녹이고. 염화나트륨으로 포화 수성 상을 디 에틸 에테르 (50ml)로 HEMA를 추출한다. 황산 마그네슘, 유기 상을 건조하고, 진공에서 용매 (100 밀리바, 40 ° C)를 제거합니다. 감압 증류 HEMA (15 밀리바, 99 ° C). </li><li> 섹션 1.1.1에서 생성 억제제없는 HEMA의 0.62 M의 메탄올 용액을 준비합니다. 한 구 플라스크에 상기 용액 30 ㎖를 넣고 1 시간 동안 용액을 통해 아르곤을 버블 링하여 산소를 제거한다. </li></ol></li><li> 표면에 의한 중합. <ol><li> 포지션 서로 옆 플라즈마 챔버로이 폴리 카보네이트 막 (도 2). 기체 상태를 가리키는 멤브레인의 반짝이는면을 넣습니다. </li><li> 아 플라즈마 챔버를 연결5 분 동안 고등학교의 진공 (20 밀리바). 진공 밸브를 닫고 아르곤과 산소 가스에 연결하고 15 SCCM 아르곤 2.5 sccm의 산소와 2 시간 동안이 혼합물을 실을 제거하는 다른 밸브를 엽니 다. </li><li> 플라즈마를 시작하고 (폴리 카보네이트 멤브레인 : 12 W) 원하는 전원에 전력을 감소하고, 플라즈마와 4 분의 세포막을 취급합니다. 대응하는 밸브를 개방하여 챔버로 단량체 용액을 연결한다. 플라즈마 전원을 끄고 챔버 대피. </li><li> 해당 밸브를 개방하여 챔버와 단량체 용액을 연결하고 챔버에 솔루션을 붓는다. 막은 단량체 용액으로 덮여 있는지 확인합니다. 아르곤에 연결된 밸브를 열고 20 ° C (에어컨 룸)에서 12 시간 동안 반응 혼합물을 저장합니다. </li><li> 단량체 용액을 제거합니다. 5 분간 초음파 욕조에서 메탄올로 세포막을 씻으십시오. 물 세척 절차를 반복합니다. </li><li> 에서 멤브레인 건조진공 2 시간 동안 분 자체에. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 코팅 막의 Postmodification <ol><li> 급 - butylmetylether 및 디메틸 아미노 피리딘 (DMAP) (33 ㎎, 0.27 밀리몰), N, N-디시 클로 헥실 카르 보디이 미드 (DCC) (0.27 밀리몰 55 MG) 스피로 벤조 피란 하나의 용액 (도 1) (0.27 밀리몰 100 ㎎)을 준비 (TBME) (12 ㎖). </li><li> 둥근 바닥 플라스크에 보호 교반기 바 및 보호 그리드를 배치합니다. 플라스크를 건조 아르곤 플라스크 홍수. </li><li> 도막이어서 플라스크에 상기 용액을 붓는다. </li><li> 실온에서 12 시간 동안 온화하게 교반 하였다. </li><li> 솔루션을 제거하고 5 분간 초음파 욕조에 급 butylmetylether를 가진 막을 씻는다. 에탄올과 물로 세척 절차를 반복합니다. </li><li> 2 시간 동안 분 자체에 진공에서 막을 건조. </li></ol> 3. 표면 장력 측정 <ol><l난&gt; 금속 O-링의 표준 테이프로 막 수정. O-링과 접촉하지 막 표면의 일부에 nanopure 물 (3.3 μL)의 드롭 위치를 지정합니다. 멤브레인의 5 가지 지점에서 접촉각 (CA)를 측정한다. </li><li> 샘플의 장기간 안정성을 테스트하기 위해, 세 가지 다른 공 후의 막의 스폿, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 일에 접촉각을 측정한다. </li></ol> 4. 광 변색 막 투과성 시험 <ol><li> 물 프란츠 확산 셀 (12 ㎖)의 수용체 챔버를 입력합니다. </li><li> 프란츠 확산 셀 멤브레인을 고정합니다. 막 수용체 실의 물과의 접촉에 있는지 확인합니다. 수성 카페인 용액 (; 3.0 ㎖를 20 ㎜)와 기증자 실 (막 위에 챔버)를 입력합니다. 백색광으로 도너 챔버 (도 3)의 상부로부터 분리막을 조사. 수용체 세포에서 샘플 (200 μL)를 수집, FO200 ㎚의 공경 R 트랙 진 폴리 카보네이트 멤브레인은, 샘플마다 10 분을 모은다. </li><li> 4.2 단계에 설명 된대로 실험을 반복합니다. 하지만 전체 투과성 시험 중 UV 광 (366 nm의, 80 W / m 2)를 가진 막을 조사. </li><li> 수집 된 샘플의 카페인 농도의 결정. <ol><li> UV / 비스 분광계를 사용하여 (ML 0.05 ㎎ / 1.5 밀리미터 / L 사이의) 15 다른 카페인 농도 보정 곡선을 그린다. 293 nm에서 보정합니다. </li><li> 검량선을 사용하여 수집 된 각각의 샘플의 농도를 결정. </li><li> 대 결정 농도를 그린다. 수집 된 샘플의 시간. 점을 선형 적합을 확인하고 기울기 ΔC를 결정합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

플라즈마 공정은 이온화 된 아르곤에 의해 야기되는 퍼플 가스를 생성한다. 오렌지 컬러는 누출 원하지 않는 질소의 존재를 나타냅니다. 플라즈마 처리는 표면에 라디칼을 형성 할뿐만 아니라, 막 7,12 에칭하지 않는다. 너무 많으면 에칭 막의 투과성에 영향을 미칠 것이다 이는 상당히 세공 직경을 변경할 수있다. 표시 설정의 제어 된 반응 조건은 상기 플라즈마 - 개시 래프팅 공정의 재?...

재료의 플라즈마 변경은 많은 산업 분야에서 중요한 과정이되고있다. 물질의 대량 속성을 변경하지 않고 표면과 표면의 작용의 청소 플라즈마 처리 표면 과학 1-8에 필수적인 프로세스했다. 고분자의 플라즈마 처리 homolytic 채권 분열을 초래. 이 고분자 재료의 테두리에 라디칼이 풍부한 표면의 형성에 이르게한다. 산소 분자를 포함하는 플라즈마를 이용하여 표면이 산소 풍부되어, 9-11, 따라서 더 친수성. 그러나, 표면의 친수성 시간 ​​12 이상 안정되지 않습니다. 장기간 안정성을 향상시키기 위해, 플라즈마 처리 된 표면은 화학적으로 13-15 후 또는 플라즈마 공정 중에 수정 될 수있다. 이러한 처리는 일반적으로 플라즈마 처리시 기체 상으로 반응성 모노머 종을 첨가함으로써 수행된다, 이러한 단량체는 중합고분자 표면의 생성 라디칼로부터. 화학적 처리는 휘발성 단량체로 수행되는 경우, 중합체는 그라프 플라즈마 수정 후에 일어날 갖는다. 라디칼은 표면 상에 형성 한 후 그 래프팅 제어를 수행하기 위해, 플라즈마 셋업은 제어 된 조건 하에서 12,16 용액 표면에서 플라즈마 - 개시 표면 - 유도 중합을 허용하는 기술된다. 프리젠 테이션은 트랙 양날의 고분자막 12,17의 수정에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 이러한 멤브레인의 표면 장력을 수정하여 투과 속도는 12을 변화시킬 수있다. 이 깨끗하고 빠른 프로세스는 고분자막의 벌크 특성을 변경하지 않고 전체 막 표면을 덮 매우 얇은 층 (&lt;5 nm 정도)의 생성을 허용한다. 인하여 플라즈마 공정 동안 테두리에, 트랙 진 멤브레인의 기공 직경은 약간 12 보강. 테두리 비율은 dependi입니다폴리머에 겨와는 선형 동작을. 반응성 관능기를 가진 단량체를 사용하는 경우, 그래프트 폴리머는 추가로 작용 화 될 수있다. 이는 카복실산 작용 스피로 피란와 PHEMA 그래프트 막의 postmodification에 의해 증명된다. UV-광을 조사 할 때 스피로 피란은 메로시 아닌 종으로 변환하는 것으로 알려져 있기 때문에이, 광 변색 표면 초래한다. 스피로 피란 형태는 가시 광선 메로시 아닌 형태 (그림 1) (18, 19)를 조사하여 다시 설정 될 수있다. 메로시 아닌 포름 스피로 피란 상태보다 더 극성이기 때문에, 피막의 표면 장력은 광 (20)로 트리거 될 수있다. 표면 장력의 변화는 수용액쪽으로 막의 투과성 저항에 영향을 미친다. 방법이 빛에 반응 세포막의 투과성 시험을 수행하는 셋업이 표시됩니다 및 투자율 저항의 중요한 변화 (I가 감소97 %로 N 투과성 저항)를 보여줍니다. 이러한 멤브레인은 약물 전달 설정에서 또는 스마트 센싱 시스템에 통합 될 수있다. <img alt="그림 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51680/51680fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51680/51680fig1.jpg" /> 스피로 벤조 피란 화합물 1의 그림 1. 광 이성화.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 97%</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">128635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Hexane 99%</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Biosolve</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4, anhydrous)</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Methanol, 99%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14262</td>
			<td>dried over molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">N,N-Dicylcohexylcarbodiimide, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Dimethyl aminopyridine, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">107700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Tert-butylmethylether, 98%</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">306975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Polycarbonate membrane</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Nanopore Track Etched (TE) (1.0 &#956;m, 0.2 &#956;m, 0.1 &#956;m, 50 nm, 30 nm and 15 nm pore diameter; 47 mm or 25 mm membrane diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Caffeine (reagent plus)</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0750&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Franz diffusion cell (12 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">SES-Analysesysteme</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6C010015</td>
			<td>15mm unjacheted Franz Cell, 12 ml Receptor volume, Flat ground, clear glass, stirbat and clamp</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">UV-Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>UV irradiation (366 nm, 15 W/m2)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">White light lamp</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>White light irradiation (500 W bulb)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">UV/Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Varian 50Bio/50MPR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:373px;">Polyester membranes</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Sterlitech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PET0225100</td>
			<td>Polyester Membrane Filters, 0.2 &#956;m pore diameter, 25 mmm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Polyvinylidene fluoride membranes</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>PVDF Membranes Durapore (0.22 &#956;m pore diameter; 47 mm membrane diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Argon (99.9995%)</td>
			<td style="width:284px;">Alphagaz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Dressler Cesar RF Power Generator</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Plasma chamber setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">MKS Multi Gas Controller 647C</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Plasma chamber setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">MKS Mass-Flow controllers</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Plasma chamber setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Vacuubrand RE 2.5 rotary vane vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Plasma chamber setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Contact angle measurement device Kr&#252;ss G10</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Balances Mettler Toledo AB204-S and Mettler ME30</td>
			<td style="width:284px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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</table>

preparation of light-responsive membranes by a combined surface grafting and postmodification process

상용 가능한 트랙 진 고분자막의 표면 장력을 수정하기 위해, 표면 개시 중합 절차가 제시된다. 막 표면에서 중합은 2 - 히드 록시 에틸 메타 크릴 레이트 (HEMA)의 메탄올 성 용액으로 막 표면을 반응시켜 다음 멤브레인의 플라즈마 처리에 의해 유도된다. 특별한주의 전에 표면에 중합에 플라즈마 처리를위한 처리 파라미터에 관련된다. 예를 들어, 멤브레인의 다른 유형 (예를 들면 폴리 에스텔, 폴리 카보네이트 (polycarbonate), 폴리 불화 비닐 리덴)의 플라즈마 처리의 영향이 연구된다. 또한, 표면 그래프트 막 시간 의존 안정성 접촉각 측정에 의해 도시된다. 이런 방식으로 폴리 (2 - 히드 록시 에틸 메타 크릴 레이트) (PHEMA)를 이식 할 때, 표면은 또한 원하는 물질 카복실산 기능을 가진 중합체의 알코올 잔기의 에스테르 화에 의해 변형 될 수있다.이들 반응 따라서 막 표면의 기능화를 위해 사용될 수있다. 예를 들어, 멤브레인의 표면 장력은 변화 될 수 있거나 제시 광 응답 성 등의 원하는 기능이 삽입 될 수있다. 이것은 광 반응성 막에 이르게 카복실산 작용 스피로 벤조 피란 유닛 PHEMA 반응에 의해 증명된다. 용매의 선택은 postmodification 단계에서 중요한 역할을하고이 글에서 자세히 설명합니다. 그러한 기능화 막의 투과도 측정은 외부 광원 프란츠 셀을 사용하여 수행된다. UV 범위에 가시에서 광의 파장을 변화시킴으로써 수성 카페인 해법의 투자율의 변화가 관찰된다.

에칭 속도는 시간의 다른 기간 후에 막을 계량 선행 될 수있다. 도 4로부터 알 수있는 바와 같이, 에칭 율은 폴리 에스테르, 폴리 불화 비닐 리덴에 대한 다음과 폴리 카보네이트 질량 손실 대 에칭 시간 선형 상관의 기울기로부터 결정될 수 선형 에칭 율을, 세포막. 도 4에 도시 된 바와 같이, 폴리 카보네이트 멤브레인은 모든 세 개의 폴리머 막의 낮은 에칭 속도를 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process at JoVE.com

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

플라즈마 유도 중합 조작은 고분자막의 표면에 중합 개시에 기술된다. 광 변색 물질과 이식 고분자의 추가 postmodification는 빛에 반응 세포막의 투과성 측정을 수행하는 프로토콜을 제시한다.

결합 표면의 접목 및 Postmodification 과정에 의한 빛의 응답 멤브레인의 제조

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is ...

preparation-light-responsive-membranes-combined-surface-grafting

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.7K 조회수.  Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.  플라즈마 유도 중합 조작은 고분자막의 표면에 중합 개시에 기술된다. 광 변색 물질과 이식 고분자의 추가 postmodification는 빛에 반응 세포막의 투과성 측정을 수행하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 

비디오: Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

Measurement of Aggregate Cohesion by Tissue Surface Tensiometry

Rigorous measurement of intercellular binding energy can only be made using methods grounded in thermodynamic principles in systems at equilibrium. We have developed tissue surface tensiometry (TST) specifically to measure the surface free energy of interaction between cells. The biophysical concepts underlying TST have been previously described in detail1,2. The method is based on the observation that mutually cohesive cells, if maintained in shaking culture, will spontaneously assemble into clusters. Over time, these clusters will round up to form spheres. This rounding-up behavior mimics the behavior characteristic of liquid systems. Intercellular binding energy is measured by compressing spherical aggregates between parallel plates in a custom-designed tissue surface tensiometer. The same mathematical equation used to measure the surface tension of a liquid droplet is used to measure surface tension of 3D tissue-like spherical aggregates. The cellular equivalent of liquid surface tension is intercellular binding energy, or more generally, tissue cohesivity. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that tissue surface tension (1) predicts how two groups of embryonic cells will interact with one another1-5, (2) can strongly influence the ability of tissues to interact with biomaterials6, (3) can be altered not only through direct manipulation of cadherin-based intercellular cohesion7, but also by manipulation of key ECM molecules such as FN8-11 and 4) correlates with invasive potential of lung cancer12, fibrosarcoma13, brain tumor14 and prostate tumor cell lines15. In this article we will describe the apparatus, detail the steps required to generate spheroids, to load the spheroids into the tensiometer chamber, to initiate aggregate compression, and to analyze and validate the tissue surface tension measurements generated.

We describe a method of measuring binding energy, expressible as tissue surface tension, between cells within 3D tissue-like aggregates. Differences in tissue surface tension have been demonstrated to correlate with invasiveness of lung, muscle, and brain tumors, and are fundamental determinants of establishing spatial relationships between different cell types.

조직 표면 Tensiometry에 의해 집계 응집력의 측정

Rigorous measurement of intercellular binding energy can only be made using methods grounded in thermodynamic principles in systems at equilibrium.  We ...

연구

생체공학

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting 3D cellular construct can often be more relevant to studying the molecular events and cell-cell interactions than similar experiments studied in 2D. To create effective 3D cultures with high cell viability throughout the scaffold the culture conditions such as oxygen and pH need to be carefully controlled as gradients in analyte concentration can exist throughout the 3D construct. Here we describe the methods of preparing biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors and their incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds along with their subsequent preparation for the culture of mammalian cells. The pH responsive scaffolds can be used as tools to determine microenvironmental pH within a 3D cellular construct. Furthermore, we detail the delivery of pH responsive nanosensors to the intracellular environment of mammalian cells whose growth was supported by electrospun PLGA scaffolds. The cytoplasmic location of the pH responsive nanosensors can be utilized to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) during ongoing experimentation.

Biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors can be incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds. The produced self-reporting scaffolds can be used for in&#160;situ monitoring of microenvironmental conditions whilst culturing cells upon the scaffold. This is beneficial as the 3D cellular construct can be monitored in real-time without disturbing the experiment.

3 차원 세포 배양을위한 자기보고 발판

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. The current protocol presents an efficient and reproducible strategy in which functional tissue engineered vessel grafts can be generated using partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) from human fibroblasts. We designed a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor, which closely mimics the matrix protein structure and blood flow that exists within a native vessel, for seeding of PiPSC-endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells prior to grafting into mice. This approach was demonstrated to be advantageous because immune-deficient mice engrafted with the PiPSC-derived grafts presented with markedly increased survival rate 3 weeks after surgery. This protocol represents a valuable tool for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and potentially patient-specific cell-therapy in the near future.

Here, we present a protocol to generate tissue engineered vessel grafts that are functional for grafting into mice by double seeding partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) - derived smooth muscle cells and PiPSC - derived endothelial cells on a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor.

마우스 모델에서 조직 공학 혈관의 생성 및 손톱 확장

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. ...

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Electrospinning is a highly adaptable method producing porous 3D fibrous scaffolds that can be exploited in in vitro cell culture. Alterations to intrinsic parameters within the process allow a high degree of control over scaffold characteristics including fiber diameter, alignment and porosity. By developing scaffolds with similar dimensions and topographies to organ- or tissue-specific extracellular matrices (ECM), micro-environments representative to those that cells are exposed to in situ can be created. 
The airway bronchiole wall, comprised of three main micro-environments, was selected as a model tissue. Using decellularized airway ECM as a guide, we electrospun the non-degradable polymer, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), by three different protocols to produce three individual electrospun scaffolds optimized for epithelial, fibroblast or smooth muscle cell-culture. Using a commercially available bioreactor system, we stably co-cultured the three cell-types to provide an in vitro model of the airway wall over an extended time period.
This model highlights the potential for such methods being employed in in vitro diagnostic studies investigating important inter-cellular cross-talk mechanisms or assessing novel pharmaceutical targets, by providing a relevant platform to allow the culture of fully differentiated adult cells within 3D, tissue-specific environments.

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Advancements in biomaterial technologies enable the development of three-dimensional multi-cell-type constructs. We have developed electrospinning protocols to produce three individual scaffolds to culture the main structural cells of the airway to provide a 3D in vitro model of the airway bronchiole wall.

전기 방사를 적응하는 것은 트라이 계층에 대한 세 가지 독특한 환경을 제공하기 위해<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;기도 벽의 모델

Electrospinning is a highly adaptable method producing porous 3D fibrous scaffolds that can be exploited in in vitro cell culture. Alterations to ...

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

비행 시간 형 질량 분석과 2D 가스 크로마토 그래피를 사용하여 조류의 열수 액화에서 수성 분수의 질적 특성

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

Automated Robotic Dispensing Technique for Surface Guidance and Bioprinting of Cells

This manuscript describes the introduction of cell guidance features followed by the direct delivery of cells to these features in a hydrogel bioink using an automated robotic dispensing system. The particular bioink was selected as it allows cells to sediment towards and sense the features. The dispensing system bioprints viable cells in hydrogel bioinks using a backpressure assisted print head. However, by replacing the print head with a sharpened stylus or scalpel, the dispensing system can also be employed to create topographical cues through surface etching. The stylus movement can be programmed in steps of 10 &#181;m in the X, Y and Z directions. The patterned grooves were able to orientate mesenchymal stem cells, influencing them to adopt an elongated morphology in alignment with the grooves&#39; direction. The patterning could be designed using plotting software in straight lines, concentric circles, and sinusoidal waves. In a subsequent procedure, fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells were suspended in a 2% gelatin bioink, for bioprinting in a backpressure driven extrusion printhead. The cell bearing bioink was then printed using the same programmed coordinates used for the etching. The bioprinted cells were able to sense and react to the etched features as demonstrated by their elongated orientation along the direction of the etched grooves.

This protocol describes a bioprinting methodology using an automated robotic depositing system that incorporates etched topographical guidance cues with the precision deposition of a cell bearing hydrogel bioink. The printed cells are directly delivered to the etched features and are able to sense and orientate with them.

세포의 표면지도 및 Bioprinting에 대한 자동화 된 로봇 분배 기법

This manuscript describes the introduction of cell guidance features followed by the direct delivery of cells to these features in a hydrogel bioink using ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause inflammation, fever, hypo- or hypertension, and, in extreme cases, can lead to tissue and organ damage that may become fatal. The amounts of endotoxin in pharmaceutical products, therefore, are strictly regulated. Among the methods available for endotoxin detection and quantification, the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is commonly used worldwide. While any pharmaceutical product can interfere with the LAL assay, nano-formulations represent a particular challenge due to their complexity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical guide to researchers inexperienced in estimating endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticle-formulated drugs. Herein, practical recommendations for performing three LAL formats including turbidity, chromogenic and gel-clot assays are discussed. These assays can be used to determine endotoxin contamination in nanotechnology-based drug products, vaccines, and adjuvants.

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

Detection of endotoxins in engineered nanomaterials represents one of the grand challenges in the field of nanomedicine. Here, we present a case study that describes the framework composed of three different LAL formats to estimate potential endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles.

나노 제형에도 Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) 분석 실험을 사용 하 여

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes

The ability to recreate synaptic functionalities in synthetic circuit elements is essential for neuromorphic computing systems that seek to emulate the cognitive powers of the brain with comparable efficiency and density. To date, silicon-based three-terminal transistors and two-terminal memristors have been widely used in neuromorphic circuits, in large part due to their ability to co-locate information processing and memory. Yet these devices cannot achieve the interconnectivity and complexity of the brain because they are power-hungry, fail to mimic key synaptic functionalities, and suffer from high noise and high switching voltages. To overcome these limitations, we have developed and characterized a biomolecular memristor that mimics the composition, structure, and switching characteristics of biological synapses. Here, we describe the process of assembling and characterizing biomolecular memristors consisting of a 5 nm-thick lipid bilayer formed between lipid-functionalized water droplets in oil and doped with voltage-activated alamethicin peptides. While similar assembly protocols have been used to investigate biophysical properties of droplet-supported lipid membranes and membrane-bound ion channels, this article focuses on key modifications of the droplet interface bilayer method essential for achieving consistent memristor performance. Specifically, we describe the liposome preparation process and the incorporation of alamethicin peptides in lipid bilayer membranes, and the appropriate concentrations of each constituent as well as their impact on the overall response of the memristors. We also detail the characterization process of biomolecular memristors, including measurement and analysis of memristive current-voltage relationships obtained via cyclic voltammetry, as well as short-term plasticity and learning in response to step-wise voltage pulse trains.

Soft, low-power, biomolecular memristors leverage similar composition, structure, and switching mechanisms of bio-synapses. Presented here is a protocol to assemble and characterize biomolecular memristors obtained from insulating lipid bilayers formed between water droplets in oil. The incorporation of voltage-activated alamethicin peptides results in memristive ionic conductance across the membrane.

The ability to recreate synaptic functionalities in synthetic circuit elements is essential for neuromorphic computing systems that seek to emulate the ...

Growth of Human and Sheep Corneal Endothelial Cell Layers on Biomaterial Membranes

Corneal endothelial cell cultures have a tendency to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after loss of cell-to-cell contact. EMT is deleterious for the cells as it reduces their ability to form a mature and functional layer. Here, we present a method for establishing and subculturing human and sheep corneal endothelial cell cultures that minimizes the loss of cell-to-cell contact. Explants of corneal endothelium/Descemet&#39;s membrane are taken from donor corneas and placed into tissue culture under conditions that allow the cells to collectively migrate onto the culture surface. Once a culture has been established, the explants are transferred to fresh plates to initiate new cultures. Dispase II is used to gently lift clumps of cells off tissue culture plates for subculturing. Corneal endothelial cell cultures that have been established using this protocol are suitable for transferring to biomaterial membranes to produce tissue-engineered cell layers for transplantation in animal trials. A custom-made device for supporting biomaterial membranes during tissue culture is described and an example of a tissue-engineered graft composed of a layer of corneal endothelial cells and a layer of corneal stromal cells on either side of a collagen type I membrane is presented.

This protocol describes the critical steps required to establish and grow corneal endothelial cell cultures from explants of human or sheep tissue. A method for subculturing corneal endothelial cells on membranous biomaterials is also presented.

생체 재료 멤브레인에 인간과 양 각막 내피 세포 층의 성장

Corneal endothelial cell cultures have a tendency to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after loss of cell-to-cell contact. EMT is ...

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Genetic code expansion is a powerful tool to introduce unnatural amino acids (UAAs) into proteins to modify their characteristics, to study or create new protein functions or to have access to protein conjugates. Stop codon suppression, in particular amber codon suppression, has emerged as the most popular method to genetically introduce UAAs at defined positions. This methodology is herein applied to the preparation of a carrier protein containing an UAA harboring a bioorthogonal functional group. This reactive handle can next be used to specifically and efficiently graft a synthetic oligosaccharide hapten to provide a homogeneous glycoconjugate vaccine. The protocol is limited to the synthesis of glycoconjugates in a 1:1 carbohydrate hapten/carrier protein ratio but amenable to numerous pairs of biorthogonal functional groups. Glycococonjugate vaccine homogeneity is an important criterion to ensure complete physico-chemical characterization, thereby, satisfying more and more demanding drug regulatory agency recommendations, a criterion which is unmet by classical conjugation strategies. Moreover, this protocol makes it possible to finely tune the structure of the actual conjugate vaccine, giving rise to tools to address structure-immunogenicity relationships.

Genetic code expansion is applied for the introduction of an unnatural amino acid bearing a biorthogonal functional group on a carrier protein at a defined site. The biorthogonal function is further used for the site-selective coupling of a carbohydrate antigen to provide a homogeneous glycoconjugate vaccine.

백신 목적을 위해 결합된 부자연스러운 아미노산 통합 및 클릭 화학에 의해 생성된 균일한 글리코콘주게이트

Genetic code expansion is a powerful tool to introduce unnatural amino acids (UAAs) into proteins to modify their characteristics, to study or create new ...