하드웨어 개발은​​ NASA SBIR 계약의 NNX09CA44C 및 NNX10CA97C에 의해 지원되었다. 광학 블록 및 샘플 로더 시위에 대한 데이터 분석은 NASA 단계 III 계약 NNC11CA04C에 의해 지원되었다. 인간 혈액 수집은 NASA IRB 프로토콜 # SA-10-008를 사용하여 수행 하였다. 내쇼날 인스트루먼트의 의료 기기 그랜트 프로그램을 통해 제공되는 제어 / 수집 소프트웨어. 마이크로 칩에 대한 금형은 존스 홉킨스 미세 시설 및 나노 시스템에 대한 하버드 센터에서 이루어졌다. 오토 J. Briner 복음과 누가 복음 제피 (DNA 의학 연구소) 비행 주 동안 2010 년 여름 NASA 비행 영상 직원이 제공하는 비디오 영상 중에 랙 어셈블리에 도움. 카를로스 바리 (DNA 의학 연구소) 사진과 그림 도움을 제공했다. 기술 2010 프로그램에 대한 공간 환경으로의 촉진 액세스, NASA 감소 중력 사무실, 인간의 적응 및 대책 부, NASA 글렌 연구 센터에 대한 특별 감사,ZIN 기술, 및 인간 연구 프로그램.

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유진 Y. 찬, 캔디스 배, 줄리아 Z. 샤프는 DNA 의학 연구소, 상업 기업을 통해 신청 관련 기술 특허에 발명자이다.

여기에 설명 된 방법은 지상 시험 비교 결과, 2010 FAST 포물선 항공편 중 주요 기술 구성 요소 (샘플 로딩, 미세 유체 혼합 및 광 검출)을 효과적으로 시연 가능. 여기에 기술 교육 및 SOP 방법은 특히 효과적이었고, 포물선 비행 온보드 사용할 수없는 것입니다 연습 시위에 의존 도구와 다른 &#39;목발&#39;의 존재를 조명하는 데 도움이. 개선을위한 지역 봉쇄와 레이아웃을 포함한?...

현재의 공간을 준비 건강 진단의 무능력은 깊은 유인 우주 탐사에 대한 제한 요소를 제공합니다. 진단, 종합 감소 중력에서 사용하기 쉬운, 그리고 발사 및 우주 비행 (예를 들어, 높은 G-힘, 진동, 방사선, 온도 변화 및 기내 압력 변화)의 스트레스에 의해 상대적으로 영향을받지 않을 필요가있다. 현장 진료 검사 (POCT)의 발전은 작은 환자 표본 (예를 들어, 손가락 찌르기), 단순하고 작은 유체 공학 (즉, 미세 유체)의 사용을 통해 효과적인 우주 비행 솔루션 번역 및 기타 중, 전력 요구 사항을 줄일 수 있습니다 장점. 하나 매력적인 방식은 셀 카운팅과 바이오 마커 정량뿐만 아니라 상당한 소형화 전위 향해 포함한 때문에 기술의 광범위한 효용의 공간 POC 대해 유동 세포 계측법이다. 이전 공간 관련 유동 세포 계측기는 &#39;핵 포장 effic 포함iency &#39;동시 아크 램프 유도 형광 및 전자 볼륨 (풀 베는 볼륨) 측정 1-4 사용 (NPE) 악기, 대표 사이토 상대적으로 작은 벤치 탑 흐름&#39;무중력 &#39;5시 데이터 세포 계측법 실시간 흐름의 1 세대, &#39;사이토 쉬스 마이크로 플로우&#39;는 4 - 5 부분으로 백혈구 (WBC) 차동 수있는 5 μL 전체 혈액 샘플 6-9를 전처리하고, 사용하는 &#39;광섬유 기반의&#39;최근 국제에 내장 된 테스트의 유동 세포 계측기 우주 정거장 10. 잠재적 인 공간 응용 프로그램에 대한 평가 진단 기술은 일반적으로 무중력 상태 (예를 들어, 무중력, 화성의 중력) (11)의 선택 수준을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 약 포물선 비행 궤도를 사용 감소 중력 항공기 수행됩니다. 비행의 기회가 제한되어 있기 때문에 평가가 도전, repet미세 중력의 짧은 창을 직관적으로 어려운 방법이나 일반적으로 20 ~ 40 초 이상 중단 기간을 필요로 프로세스를 평가하기 위해 할 수 있습니다, 시위 쉽게 기내 12-15 활용되지 않은 추가 장비가 필요할 수 있습니다. 또한, 체외 진단 (IVD) 기술의 사용, 또는 감소 중력을 위해 설계의 이전 시위는 제한되어 있으며 많은 작업이 게시되지 않은 남아있다. 상기 유동 세포 계측기에 더하여, 문헌에 기술 된 다른 공간 관련 IVD-기술은 자동화 12 사이토 카메라 기반 면역 표현형 애플리케이션 16 전혈 염색 장치, 통합 전위차, amperometry 및 conductometry위한 휴대용 임상 분석기를 포함 12,17, 진단 플랫폼 1 &#39;CD에 랩&#39;확산 기반 혼합 및 분리 (18), 및 회전에 의존하는 분석 정량 분석을위한 미세 유체 &#39;T-센서&#39;장치9,20. 장치 평가가 가능하도록 시도 (또는 가능한 무엇인지 파악) 할 때 감소 중력 테스트를 처음으로 사용하는 사람은, 또한 체외 진단 관련이없는 포물선 비행 시범을 보일 수 있습니다. 잘 문서화 비행 준비, 기내 전략, 비행 시험 장비와 다른 이전 의료 또는 생물학적 실험에서 데모 표 1 ~ 15, 21 ~ 35에 포함되어 있습니다. 이 때문에 수동 비행 작​​업, 전문 장비의 사용 및 실험 봉쇄의 포함에 유익 할 수있다. <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr height="17"><td height="17" style="height:17px;width:133px;"> 범주 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 예 </td></tr><tr height="40"><td height="40" style="height:40px;width:133px;"> 응급 의료 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 기관 삽관 (후두경 유도에 매닉21)에서, 심장 생활 지원 (마취 돼지) (22) </td></tr><tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height:20px;width:133px;"> 외과 치료 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 복강경 수술 (영상 (24, 25), 마취 된 돼지 23 시뮬레이션) </td></tr><tr height="41"><td height="41" style="height:41px;width:133px;"> 의학 화상 진찰 또는 생리 평가 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 하체 부압 실 (26), 도플러 유량계 (헤드 장착) (27), 중심 정맥압 모니터 (28)와 초음파 </td></tr><tr height="65"><td height="65" style="height:65px;width:133px;"> 전문 생물학적 장비 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 마이크로 플레이트 리더 (및 기내 글로브 박스) (29), 세포주기 실험 30, 현미경 용 온도 제어 시스템 (시야, 위상차, 및 멀티 채널 형광 능력) (15), 모세관전기 영동 장치는 비디오 현미경 (31)에 결합 </td></tr><tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height:20px;width:133px;"> 다른 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 관찰 집게 (32)와 공장 수확, 포함 된 쥐 33, 34 및 물고기 (35) </td></tr></tbody></table> 잘 설명 된 방법 / 실험을 표 1. 포물선 비행 데모 예제 앞의 예에서 확장하여 성공적인 비행 시위에 더 큰 통찰력을 제공하기 위해, 우리는 포물선 비행 시험 장비의 일부로서 관련 미세 유체 혼합 기술의 유동 세포 계측기 프로토 타입의 건설 및 운영을위한 모듈 형 및 적응 절차를 제시한다. 장비는 샘플 로딩, 미세 유체 혼합, 형광 입자 검출 시연을 가능하게하고, 공간 환경에 2010 년 NASA의 촉진 액세스 (FAST) 포물선 flig 온보드 테스트되었습니다9 월 29 일부터 10 월 1 일에 비행 HTS는 2010 년이 시위는 손가락 끝 크기의 혈액 샘플을로드 희석 또는 시약과 혼합되는 잠재적 인 장치 워크 플로우의 각각 시작, 중간 및 끝에서 끌어, 광학을 통해 분석 검출. 소형 장치에 흐름 cytometer 스케일링 혁신과주의 부품 선택이 필요합니다. 사용자 정의 및 기성 구성 요소는 마지막 구성 요소 선택의 가장 초기 근사치로 선정, 여기에 사용되며, 다른 혁신의 설계에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 프로토 성분 선택의 윤곽을 따라 설치가 감싸고 조립 골격로서의지지 구조체에 대하여 설명한다. 프로토 타입 구성 요소는 위치를 할당 확보, 성공적인 실험에 필요한 추가 구성 요소와 함께 제공됩니다. 주의는 표준 운영 절차 (SOP) 개발, 교육 및 기타 물류를 포함하는 더 추상적 인 절차에 이동합니다. 마지막으로, 데모 특정 절차는설명. 특정 프로토 타입 여기를 구현하지만 여기에 설명 된 전략과 장비 구성 요소 (예를 들어, 현미경, 아크릴 상자, 등) 지원의 선택, 감소 된 중력 환경에서 어떤 혈액 진단 장비를 테스트에 관련된 일반적인 문제와 도전 이야기 . 2010 년에 위치한 두 개의 달 중력은 (약 1/6 지구 중력을 달성) 궁극적으로이 3 일에 걸쳐 일정이 변경 되었더라도 두 개의 마이크로 중력 비행은 4 일에 걸쳐 예정되었다. 데모는 수정 개인적으로 운영, 좁은 바디 제트 여객기 36 내장 하였다. 각 비행은 각각 높은 중력이 감소 - 중력 상태의 20 ~ 25 초 다음에 (약 1.8 g)의 20 초를 산출, 30 ~ 40 포물선을 제공했다. 포물선의 절반이 실행 된 후, 비행기는 턴어라운드 비행기를 활성화하고 체육 동안 착륙 지점을 향해 다시 머리를 수평 비행에서 약 5 ~ 10 분 동안 일시 중지포물선의 나머지 부분을 rforming.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1933">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:1143px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Micro air pump</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Smart Products, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AP-2P02A</td>
			<td>Max pressure = 6.76 psi; 1.301&#8221; x 0.394&#8221; x 0.650&#8221; , 0.28 oz (8 g); available direct from Smart Products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Differential pressure sensor</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Honeywell International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ASDX015D44R</td>
			<td>Range&#160; of&#160; 0-15psi; 0.974&#34; x 0.550&#34; x 0.440&#34;, 0.09 oz (2.565 g); suppliers include Digi-Key and Mouser Electronics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Rigid plastic vial (small size)</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Loritz &#38; Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">55-05</td>
			<td>Polystyrene; ID 0.81&#34; (20.6 mm), IH 2.06&#34; (52.4 mm); available direct from LA Container Inc.; similar product available from Dynalab Corp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Rigid plastic vial (larger size)</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Loritz &#38; Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">55-140</td>
			<td>Polystyrene; ID 1.88&#34; (47.6 mm), IH 3.31&#34; (84.1 mm); available direct from LA Container Inc.; similar product available from Dynalab Corp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">latex examination gloves</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">dynarex corporation</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">2337</td>
			<td>Middle finger used for latex diaphragm in fluid source vial.&#160; Other brands (e.g., Aurelia &#174;&#160; Vibrant &#8482;) acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Optical glue</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Norland Products</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NOA 88</td>
			<td>Low outgassing adhesive; available direct from Norland; Also available from Edmund Optics Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">3-way solenoid valves</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">The LEE Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">LHDA0531115H</td>
			<td>Gas valves, but can function with liquid; 1.29 &#34; L, 0.28 &#34; D.&#160; Discontinued product.&#160; Similar products available from The LEE Company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Volumetric water flowmeter</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">OMEGA Engineering inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FLR-1602A</td>
			<td>Non-contacting flow rate meter strongly preferred.&#160; We recommend SENSIRION LG16 OEM Liquid Flow Sensor for flow rates from nl/min up to 5 ml/min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">PCD-mini photon detector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Sensl</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PCDMini-00100</td>
			<td style="width:1143px;">For fluorescence detection; available direct from Sensl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Accelerometer</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Crossbow Technology, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">CXL02LF3</td>
			<td>3-demensional force detection.&#160; Supplied to DMI by NASA.&#160; Similar product available from Vernier Software &#38; Technology, LLC.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">AmScope</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SE305R-AZ-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DCU223C</td>
			<td>1024 x 768 Resolution, Color, USB 2.0; available direct from Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">USB and Trigger Cable (In/Out) for CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">CAB-DCU-T1</td>
			<td>Available direct from Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Microbore tubing</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Saint-Gobain Corporation</td>
			<td>AAD04103</td>
			<td>Tygon&#174;; ID 0.02&#34;, OD 0.06&#34;, 500ft, 0.02&#34; wall. Suppliers: VWR, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Hollow steel pins</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">New England Small Tube</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">(Custom)</td>
			<td>&#160;0.025&#34; OD, 0.017&#34; ID, 0.500&#8221; L, stainless steel tube, type 304, cut, deburred, passivated; enable microbore tubing connections, chip tubing connections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Slide clamp</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14042</td>
			<td>Available direct from World Precision Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Leur adaptor pieces</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">14011</td>
			<td>Available direct from World Precision Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Silicon wafer</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Addison Engineering, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td>6&#34; diameter; for SU-8 mold fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:368px;">Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer base</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">3097366-1004</td>
			<td>Supplier: Global Industrial SLP, LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:368px;">Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer curing agent</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">3097358-1004</td>
			<td>Supplier: Global Industrial SLP, LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Needle (23 gauge), bevel tip</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Terumo Medical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NN-2338R</td>
			<td>Ultra thin wall; 23G x 1.5&#34;; 22G also usable; suppliers: Careforde, Inc.,&#160; Port City Medical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Dispensing needle (23 gauge), blunt tip</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">CML Supply</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">901-23-100</td>
			<td>23Gx 1&#34;;&#160; available from CML Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Rotary tool</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Robert Bosch Tool Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">1100-01</td>
			<td>Dremel&#174; 1100-01 Stylus&#8482;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">12-518-105E</td>
			<td>Gold Seal&#8482; noncorrosive borosilicate glass; for PDMS chip cover; 24x60 mm; available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Mountain</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MTN8407</td>
			<td>For degassing PDMS; supplier:&#160; Ryder System, Inc.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Vacuum chamber</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5311-0250</td>
			<td>Nalgene&#8482; Transparent Polycarbonate; available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PDC-32G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Hand magnifier</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">183-131</td>
			<td>Use in reverse direction to enable viewing at ~15&#34;.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">CAROLINA</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">861283</td>
			<td>For chip cleaning. Dilute to 70% using millipore water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Water purification system</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">D11901</td>
			<td>Available direct from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Optomechanical translation mounts</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">K6X</td>
			<td>6-Axis Kinematic Optic Mount; discontinued product; new product (K6XS) available direct from Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VP209AV</td>
			<td>HP Pavilion Laptop running Windows 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Laptop tray (spring loaded)</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">National Products, INC.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">RAM-234-3&#160;</td>
			<td>RAM Tough-Tray&#8482;. Can accommodate 10 to 16 inch wide laptops.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">USB splitter</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Connectland Technology Limited</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">3401167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:18px;width:368px;">USB Data Acquisition Cards (8 analog input, 12 digital I/O)</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NI USB-6008</td>
			<td>12-Bit, 10 kS/s Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:368px;">USB Data Acquisition Cards (16 analog input, 32 digital I/O)</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NI USB-6216</td>
			<td>16-Bit, 400 kS/s Isolated M Series MIO DAQ, Bus-Powered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Control/acquisition Software</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">LabVIEW 2009</td>
			<td>Custom coded National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:368px;">3D Solid Modeling Software</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Dassault Syst&#232;mes SolidWorks Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SolidWorks 2011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">2D Modeling Software</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">AUTODESK</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AutoCAD LT 2008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Vertical equipment rack</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">(NASA provided)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Solid aluminum optical breadboard</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MB2424</td>
			<td>24&#34; x 24&#34; x 1/2&#34;, 1/4&#34;-20 Taps; available direct from Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Industrial grade steel and hardener</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">The J-B Weld Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td>J-B Weld Steel Reinforced Epoxy Glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Micro-hematocrit capillary&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">22-362-574</td>
			<td>inner diamter 1.1 to 1.2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">1 mL syringes</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Henke-Sass, Wolf</td>
			<td>4010.200V0</td>
			<td>NORM-JECT&#174;; supplier: Grainger, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:81px;width:368px;">Human red blood cells</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Innovative Research</td>
			<td>IPLA-WB3</td>
			<td style="width:1143px;">Tested and found negative by supplier for: HBsAg, HCV, HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV-1Ag or HIV 1-NAT, ALT, and syphilis by FDA-Approved Methods.&#160; Because no test methods can guarantee with 100% certainty the absence of an infectious agent, human derived products should be handled as suggested in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Manual on BIOSAFETY IN MICROBIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL LABORATORIES, FOR POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS HUMAN SERUM OR BLOOD SPECIMENS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffered saline concentrate</td>
			<td>P5493</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td>10x; diluted to 1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween</td>
			<td>P9416</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td>TWEEN&#174; 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">LW Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">STRAIGHT8-5K</td>
			<td>Swing-Out 8-place Centrifuge.&#160; Available through authorized dealers.&#160; Other centrifuges available direct from LW Scientific.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">HD video recorder</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MHS-CM5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:53px;width:368px;">Orange fluorescent nucleic acid stain</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S-11364</td>
			<td style="width:1143px;">SYTO&#174; 83 Orange Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Stain.&#160; Stored in DMSO solvent. Always wear reccommended Personal Protective Equipment. No special handling 
			advice required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">Fluorescent counting beads</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MP 36950</td>
			<td>CountBright&#8482; Absolute Counting Beads.&#160; Always wear reccommended Personal Protective Equipment. No special handling advice required.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reduced-gravity environment hardware demonstrations of a prototype miniaturized flow cytometer and companion microfluidic mixing technology

최근까지, 우주 비행사 혈액 샘플, 기내 수집 된 우주 왕복선에 지구로 전송하고, 지상 실험실에서 분석 하였다. 인간이 낮은 지구 궤도를 넘어 여행하는 경우, 공간 준비, 현장 진료으로 전환 (POC) 테스트가 필요합니다. 이러한 시험 발사 및 우주 비행의 스트레스에 의한 종합 감소 된 중력 환경에서 수행하기 쉽고, 영향을받지 할 필요가있다. 수많은 POC 장치는 실험실 규모 대응을 모방하기 위해 개발되었지만, 가장 좁은 애플리케이션을 가지고 거의 기내, 감소 된 중력 환경에서 사용이 입증. 사실, 감소 중력에서 생물 의학 진단의 시위는 새로운 기술을 테스트하고자 할 때 어려운 구성 요소의 선택과 특정 물류 도전에 접근 할 수있게, 모두 제한됩니다. 빈 공간을 채울 수 있도록하기 위해, 우리는 건설 및 운영 프로토 타입 혈액 진단 장치 및 그 관련 페이지에 대한 모듈 식 방법을 제시하고 있습니다포물선 비행 감소 중력 기내 비행 테스트를위한 기준을 충족 arabolic 비행 시험 장비입니다. 이 방법은 첫 번째 비행 감소 중력 유동 세포 계수기의 테스트 및 동반자 미세 유체 혼합 칩 장비의 조립에 초점을 맞추고있다. 구성 요소는 microvolume 샘플 로더로 다른 디자인 및 일부 사용자 지정 구성 요소에 적용 할 수 있으며 마이크로 믹서이 특히 관심의 대상이 될 수있다. 방법은 다음의 변화는 사용자 교육, 표준 운영 절차 (SOP)의 개발, 및 기타 문제와 관련하여 성공적인 비행 시험을 준비하기 위해 가이드 라인과 제안을 제공함으로써, 비행 준비에 초점을 맞추고있다. 마지막으로, 우리의 시위에 특정 비행 실험 절차가 설명되어 있습니다.

실체 현미경에 장착 된 CCD 카메라로 볼 때 마이크로 믹서의 데모 대표 결과, 그림 7에 나타납니다. 혈액 / 식염수와 파란색 / 노란색 염료 : 혼합은 시각적으로뿐만 아니라 유체의 두 세트를 포함하는 실험 종료 채널에 나선 어느 지점에서 평가 될 수있다. 출판물 38-40에 나타낸 바와 같이 2 차원 화상의 정량 분석은, 서로 다른 영역에서의 채널 폭에 걸쳐 균일 그늘의 결정을 포?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology at JoVE.com

Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

우주 비행 혈액 진단은 혁신이 필요합니다. 몇몇 시위, 기내 감소 중력 건강 진단 기술을 설명하는 발표되었다. 여기에서 우리는 구성 요소와 다른 설정에 적용 할 준비 전략과 프로토 타입 현장 진료 흐름 세포 계측법 설계를위한 포물선 비행 시험 장비의 건설 및 운영을위한 방법을 제시한다.

프로토 타입 소형 흐름 사이토와 동반자 미세 유체 혼합 기술의 감소 - 중력 환경 하드웨어 데모

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If ...

reduced-gravity-environment-hardware-demonstrations-prototype

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.6K 조회수.  DNA Medicine Institute.  우주 비행 혈액 진단은 혁신이 필요합니다. 몇몇 시위, 기내 감소 중력 건강 진단 기술을 설명하는 발표되었다. 여기에서 우리는 구성 요소와 다른 설정에 적용 할 준비 전략과 프로토 타입 현장 진료 흐름 세포 계측법 설계를위한 포물선 비행 시험 장비의 건설 및 운영을위한 방법을 제시한다. 

비디오: Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior. This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel and a bottom microgrooved substrate. To fabricate the microgrooved channels, a top poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold containing the impression of the microfluidic channels was aligned and bonded to a microgrooved substrate. Using this device, mouse fibroblast cells were immobilized and patterned within microgrooved substrates (25, 50, 75, and 100 &mu;m wide). To study apoptosis in a microfluidic device, media containing hydrogen peroxide, Annexin V, and propidium iodide was perfused into the fluidic channel for 2 hours. We found that cells exposed to the oxidative stress became apoptotic. These apoptotic cells were confirmed by Annexin V that bound to phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the apoptosis process. Using this microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns, the apoptosis process was observed in real-time and analyzed by using an inverted microscope containing an incubation chamber (37&deg;C, 5% CO2). Therefore, this microfluidic device incorporated with microgrooved substrates could be useful for studying the cellular behavior and performing high-throughput drug screening.

We describe a protocol for the fabrication of microfluidic devices that can enable cell capture and culture. In this approach patterned microstructures such as grooves within microfluidic channels are used to create low shear stress regions within which cell can dock.

세포 행동 유학을위한 그루브 패턴 Microfluidic 장치

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior.  This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel ...

연구

생물학

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

 The fabrication and operation of a gradient-generating microfluidic device for studying cellular behavior is described.  A microfluidic platform is an enabling experimental tool, because it can precisely manipulate fluid flows, enable high-throughput experiments, and generate stable soluble concentration gradients.  Compared to conventional gradient generators, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based  microfluidic devices can generate stable concentration gradients of growth factors with well-defined profiles.  Here, we developed simple gradient-generating microfluidic devices with three separate inlets.  Three microchannels combined into one microchannel to generate concentration gradients.  The stability and shape of growth factor gradients were confirmed by fluorescein isothyiocyanate (FITC)-dextran with a molecular weight similar to epidermal growth factor (EGF).  Using this microfluidic device, we demonstrated that fibroblasts exposed to concentration gradients of EGF migrated toward higher concentrations.  The directional orientation of cell migration and motility of migrating cells were quantitatively assessed by cell tracking analysis.  Thus, this gradient-generating microfluidic device might be useful for studying and analyzing the behavior of migrating cells.

We describe a protocol for the microfabrication of the gradient-generating microfluidic device that can generate spatial and temporal gradients in well-defined microenvironment. In this approach, the gradient-generating microfluidic device can be used to study directed cell migration, embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.

세포 생물학을위한 그라디언트 생성 Microfluidic 장치

 The fabrication and operation of a gradient-generating microfluidic device for studying cellular behavior is described.  A microfluidic platform is an ...

CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Capture Using a Disposable Microfluidic Chip for HIV

CD4 + HIV에 대한 일회용 Microfluidic 칩을 사용하여 T - 림프구 캡처

A Multi-compartment CNS Neuron-glia Co-culture Microfluidic Platform

We present a novel multi-compartment neuron co-culture microsystem platform for in vitro CNS axon-glia interaction research, capable of conducting up to six independent experiments in parallel for higher-throughput. We developed a new fabrication method to create microfluidic devices having both micro and macro scale structures within the same device through a single soft-lithography process, enabling mass fabrication with good repeatability.
The multi-compartment microfluidic co-culture platform is composed of one soma compartment for neurons and six axon/glia compartments for oligodendrocytes (OLs). The soma compartment and axon/glia compartments are connected by arrays of axon-guiding microchannels that function as physical barriers to confine neuronal soma in the soma compartment, while allowing axons to grow into axon/glia compartments. OLs loaded into axon/glia compartments can interact only with axons but not with neuronal soma or dendrites, enabling localized axon-glia interaction studies. The microchannels also enabled fluidic isolation between compartments, allowing six independent experiments to be conducted on a single device for higher throughput.
Soft-lithography using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a commonly used technique in biomedical microdevices. Reservoirs on these devices are commonly defined by manual punching. Although simple, poor alignment and time consuming nature of the process makes this process not suitable when large numbers of reservoirs have to be repeatedly created. The newly developed method did not require manual punching of reservoirs, overcoming such limitations. First, seven reservoirs (depth: 3.5 mm) were made on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) block using a micro-milling machine. Then, arrays of ridge microstructures, fabricated on a glass substrate, were hot-embossed against the PMMA block to define microchannels that connect the soma and axon/glia compartments. This process resulted in macro-scale reservoirs (3.5 mm) and micro-scale channels (2.5 &mu;m) to coincide within a single PMMA master. A PDMS replica that served as a mold master was obtained using soft-lithography and the final PDMS device was replicated from this master.
Primary neurons from E16-18 rats were loaded to the soma compartment and cultured for two weeks. After one week of cell culture, axons crossed microchannels and formed axonal only network layer inside axon/glia compartments. Axons grew uniformly throughout six axon/glia compartments and OLs from P1-2 rats were added to axon/glia compartments at 14 days in vitro for co-culture.

We developed a novel multi-compartment neuron co-culture microsystem platform for in vitro CNS axon-glia interaction research. The platform is capable of conducting up to six independent experiments in parallel and was fabricated using a newly developed macro/micro hybrid fabrication method.

다중 구획 CNS 뉴런 - glia 공동 문화 Microfluidic 플랫폼

We present a novel multi-compartment neuron co-culture microsystem platform for in vitro CNS axon-glia interaction research, capable of conducting up to ...

The Microfluidic Probe: Operation and Use for Localized Surface Processing

Microfluidic devices allow assays to be performed using minute amounts of sample and have recently been used to control the microenvironment of cells. Microfluidics is commonly associated with closed microchannels which limit their use to samples that can be introduced, and cultured in the case of cells, within a confined volume. On the other hand, micropipetting system have been used to locally perfuse cells and surfaces, notably using push-pull setups where one pipette acts as source and the other one as sink, but the confinement of the flow is difficult in three dimensions. Furthermore, pipettes are fragile and difficult to position and hence are used in static configuration only. 
The microfluidic probe (MFP) circumvents the constraints imposed by the construction of closed microfluidic channels and instead of enclosing the sample into the microfluidic system, the microfluidic flow can be directly delivered onto the sample, and scanned across the sample, using the MFP. . The injection and aspiration openings are located within a few tens of micrometers of one another so that a microjet injected into the gap is confined by the hydrodynamic forces of the surrounding liquid and entirely aspirated back into the other opening. The microjet can be flushed across the substrate surface and provides a precise tool for localized deposition/delivery of reagents which can be used over large areas by scanning the probe across the surface. 
In this video we present the microfluidic probe1 (MFP). We explain in detail how to assemble the MFP, mount it atop an inverted microscope, and align it relative to the substrate surface, and finally show how to use it to process a substrate surface immersed in a buffer.

In this video we present the microfluidic probe1 (MFP). We explain in detail how to assemble the MFP, mount it atop an inverted microscope, and align it relative to the substrate surface, and finally show how to use it to process a substrate surface immersed in a buffer solution.

Microfluidic 프로브 : 운영 및 현지화된 표면 처리에 사용

Microfluidic devices allow assays to be performed using minute amounts of sample and have recently been used to control the microenvironment of cells. ...

Platelet Adhesion and Aggregation Under Flow using Microfluidic Flow Cells

Platelet aggregation occurs in response to vascular injury where the extracellular matrix below the endothelium has been exposed. The platelet adhesion cascade takes place in the presence of shear flow, a factor not accounted for in conventional (static) well-plate assays. This article reports on a platelet-aggregation assay utilizing a microfluidic well-plate format to emulate physiological shear flow conditions. Extracellular proteins, collagen I or von Willebrand factor are deposited within the microfluidic channel using active perfusion with a pneumatic pump. The matrix proteins are then washed with buffer and blocked to prepare the microfluidic channel for platelet interactions. Whole blood labeled with fluorescent dye is perfused through the channel at various flow rates in order to achieve platelet activation and aggregation. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation can be added prior to the flow cell experiment to generate IC50 dose response data.

The platelet adhesion cascade takes place in the presence of shear flow, a factor not accounted for in conventional (static) well-plate assays. This article reports on a platelet-aggregation assay utilizing a microfluidic well-plate format to emulate physiological shear flow conditions.

Microfluidic 흐름 전지를 사용하여 흐름에서 혈소판 접착 및 집계

Platelet aggregation occurs in response to vascular injury where the extracellular matrix below the endothelium has been exposed. The platelet adhesion ...

Microfluidic Co-culture of Epithelial Cells and Bacteria for Investigating Soluble Signal-mediated Interactions

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a unique environment in which intestinal epithelial cells and non-pathogenic (commensal) bacteria coexist. It has been proposed that the microenvironment that the pathogen encounters in the commensal layer is important in determining the extent of colonization. Current culture methods for investigating pathogen colonization are not well suited for investigating this hypothesis as they do not enable co-culture of bacteria and epithelial cells in a manner that mimics the GI tract microenvironment. Here we describe a microfluidic co-culture model that enables independent culture of eukaryotic cells and bacteria, and testing the effect of the commensal microenvironment on pathogen colonization. The co-culture model is demonstrated by developing a commensal Escherichia coli biofilm among HeLa cells, followed by introduction of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) into the commensal island, in a sequence that mimics the sequence of events in GI tract infection.

This protocol describes a microfluidic co-culture model for simultaneous and localized culture of epithelial cells and bacteria. This model can be used for investigating the role of different soluble molecular signals on pathogenesis as well as screen the effectiveness of putative probiotic bacterial strains.

Microfluidic 가용성식이 중재 신호의 상호 작용을 조사하는 상피 세포 박테리아의 공동 문화

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a unique environment in which intestinal epithelial cells and non-pathogenic (commensal) bacteria coexist. It has ...

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Mixing is a unit operation that combines two or more components into a homogeneous mixture. This work involves mixing two viscous liquid streams using an in-line static mixer. The mixer is a split-and-recombine design that employs shear and extensional flow to increase the interfacial contact between the components. A prototype split-and-recombine (SAR) mixer was constructed by aligning a series of thin laser-cut Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plates held in place in a PVC pipe. Mixing in this device is illustrated in the photograph in Fig. 1. Red dye was added to a portion of the test fluid and used as the minor component being mixed into the major (undyed) component. At the inlet of the mixer, the injected layer of tracer fluid is split into two layers as it flows through the mixing section. On each subsequent mixing section, the number of horizontal layers is duplicated. Ultimately, the single stream of dye is uniformly dispersed throughout the cross section of the device.
 Using a non-Newtonian test fluid of 0.2% Carbopol and a doped tracer fluid of similar composition, mixing in the unit is visualized using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a very powerful experimental probe of molecular chemical and physical environment as well as sample structure on the length scales from microns to centimeters. This sensitivity has resulted in broad application of these techniques to characterize physical, chemical and/or biological properties of materials ranging from humans to foods to porous media 1, 2. The equipment and conditions used here are suitable for imaging liquids containing substantial amounts of NMR mobile 1H such as ordinary water and organic liquids including oils. Traditionally MRI has utilized super conducting magnets which are not suitable for industrial environments and not portable within a laboratory (Fig. 2). Recent advances in magnet technology have permitted the construction of large volume industrially compatible magnets suitable for imaging process flows. Here, MRI provides spatially resolved component concentrations at different axial locations during the mixing process. This work documents real-time mixing of highly viscous fluids via distributive mixing with an application to personal care products.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a powerful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of process equipment during operation. We discuss the use of MRI to visualize mixing in a static mixer. The application is relevant to personal care products, but can be applied to a broad range of food, chemical, biomass and biological fluids.

자기 공명 영상을 사용하여 혼합 Quantifying

Mixing is a unit operation that combines two or more components into a homogeneous mixture.  This work involves mixing two viscous liquid streams using an ...

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that allows specific DNA sequences to be detected on metaphase or interphase chromosomes in cell nuclei1. The technique uses DNA probes with unique sequences that hybridize to whole chromosomes or specific chromosomal regions, and serves as a powerful adjunct to classic cytogenetics. For instance, many earlier studies reported the frequent detection of increased chromosome aberrations in leukemia patients related with benzene exposure, benzene-poisoning patients, and healthy workers exposed to benzene, using classic cytogenetic analysis2. Using FISH, leukemia-specific chromosomal alterations have been observed to be elevated in apparently healthy workers exposed to benzene3-6, indicating the critical roles of cytogentic changes in benzene-induced leukemogenesis. 
Generally, a single FISH assay examines only one or a few whole chromosomes or specific loci per slide, so multiple hybridizations need to be conducted on multiple slides to cover all of the human chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) allows visualization of the whole genome simultaneously, but the requirement for special software and equipment limits its application7. Here, we describe a novel FISH assay, OctoChrome-FISH, which can be applied for Chromosomics, which we define here as the simultaneous analysis of all 24 human chromosomes on one slide in human studies, such as chromosome-wide aneuploidy study (CWAS)8. The basis of the method, marketed by Cytocell as the Chromoprobe Multiprobe System, is an OctoChrome device that is divided into 8 squares, each of which carries three different whole chromosome painting probes (Figure 1). Each of the three probes is directly labeled with a different colored fluorophore, green (FITC), red (Texas Red), and blue (Coumarin). The arrangement of chromosome combinations on the OctoChrome device has been designed to facilitate the identification of the non-random structural chromosome alterations (translocations) found in the most common leukemias and lymphomas, for instance t(9;22), t(15;17), t(8;21), t(14;18)9. Moreover, numerical changes (aneuploidy) in chromosomes can be detected concurrently. The corresponding template slide is also divided into 8 squares onto which metaphase spreads are bound (Figure 2), and is positioned over the OctoChrome device. The probes and target DNA are denatured at high-temperature and hybridized in a humid chamber, and then all 24 human chromosomes can be visualized simultaneously. 
OctoChrome FISH is a promising technique for the clinical diagnosis of leukemia and lymphoma and for detection of aneuploidies in all chromosomes. We have applied this new Chromosomic approach in a CWAS study of benzene-exposed Chinese workers8,10.

A novel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method that simultaneously examines both numerical and structural chromosome alterations, particularly the specific chromosomal translocations associated with leukemia and lymphoma, of all 24 human chromosomes on a single device in one hybridization, is described.

Chromosomics : 수치과 구조 변경의 탐지는 모두 24 인간의 염색체로 동시에 소설 OctoChrome 생선 분석을 사용

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that allows specific DNA sequences to be detected on metaphase or interphase chromosomes in cell ...

Assessment of GFP Expression and Viability Using the Tali Image-Based Cytometer

Single-cell and population information are commonly obtained either by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. However, these two methods provide different information. Flow cytometry gives quantitative multi-parametric information about physical characteristics and staining or expression, but doesn't allow for visualization. Stand-alone fluorescence microscopy provides visual data, but doesn't allow for straightforward quantitative measurements1.
Image-based cytometry bridges the gap between these two methods, enabling the quick visualization and simultaneous quantitative analysis of thousands of cells in heterogeneous populations2. Here, we present a method for performing cell viability and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression assays using the Tali Image-Based Cytometer3. The Tali instrument is a 3-channel (bright field, green fluorescence, red fluorescence) benchtop assay platform that offers several advantages over flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The Tali cytometer is less expensive, takes up less bench space, requires less maintenance, and the work flow has been simplified so that the operation and analysis is much simpler and quicker. The Tali cytometer is capable of performing a range of suspension cell-based assays, including GFP and red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression, apoptosis4-6 and cell viability analysis with propidium iodide (PI)7-11.
Here, we demonstrate the use of the Tali instrument in performing a cell viability assay in cells expressing GFP. GFP-transduced cells are stained using the Tali Viability Kit - Dead Cell Red. The cells are then pipetted into a Tali Cellular Analysis Slide and loaded into the cytometer. Bright field, red fluorescence and green fluorescence images are captured and analyzed using assay specific algorithms. Histograms are then generated to display cell size, PI fluorescence intensity, and GFP fluorescence intensity. These parameters can then be thresholded to home in on a specific cell population.
A side-by side comparison of the Tali Image-Based Cytometer and traditional flow cytometry demonstrates that the two methods provide comparable data regarding cell viability and protein expression. However, the Tali instrument provides additional visual information about the cell population that cannot be obtained using a flow cytometer.

This protocol describes how to perform cell viability and fluorescence expression assays using the Tali Image-Based Cytometer.

Tali 이미지 기반 Cytometer를 사용하여 GFP의 표현과 생존 능력의 평가

Single-cell and population information are commonly obtained either by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. However, these two methods provide ...