이러한 여러 프로토콜의 개선에 기여한 샘 규 김, 캐서린 Plichta 빅토리아 미란다 - 톰슨 : 저자는 증권 연구소의 과거 회원을 감사드립니다. 우리는 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)의 지원을 인정 SP 주식에 (보조금 IOS-0840932 및 IOS-0724978).

1. 토양 시료 채취 <ol><li> 각 샘플링 사이트에 4 평방 미터 - 2의 최소 면적을 고려. </li><li> 적어도 15 cm의 깊이 (그림 4)에서 토양 샘플을 수집합니다. </li><li> 이 영역에 적어도 5 무작위 샘플을 채취. </li><li> 샘플 당 3 서브 샘플을 가져 가라. 이 연구의 목적에 따라 서브 샘플을 결합하거나 구분하지 않고 하나. </li><li> 비닐 봉투에 각각의 샘플을 놓습니다. 시료의 누출 (그림 4)을 방지하기 위해 이중 자루에 넣기를 고려합니다. </li><li> 방수 마커 라벨 샘플. 등 (지방 / 지역 / 사이트 이름 및 GPS 좌표 정보를 포함) 사이트의 정보, 날짜, 서식지, 관련 식물, 온도, 고도, 각 샘플링 사이트에서 다음과 같은 정보를 포함 참고 : 해당되는 경우, 곤충 또는 이후의 식별을위한 샘플 수집 다른 무척추 동물의 존재를 수집 및 / 또는 기록한다. 그들은 잠재적 인 타고난를 나타낼 수있다알 EPN 호스트. </li><li> 물로 잘 세척 및 / 또는 70 % 에탄올 0.5 % 표백제 솔루션을 소독하여 샘플 사이 청소 수집 도구. </li><li> 실험실로 운송시 - (15 ° C에서 8) 쿨러에 샘플을 보관하십시오. </li><li> 토양 조성, 조직, 습기, 전기 전도성 또는 다른 원하는 토양 매개 변수에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 분석 토양 샘플의 일부를 가라. </li></ol> . 토양 샘플에서 2 선충 격리 : 곤충을 유혹 기술 <ol><li> 이물질을 제거합니다 (예., 바위, 등 나무 나 나무 껍질, 잎, 조각.) saprobic 미생물 오염을 방지하기 위해 샘플 수집. </li><li> 흙을 묻혀 선충의 이동을 용이하게하기 위해 물을 추가합니다. 참고 : 천천히 토양의 수분 레벨을 증가시키기 위해 스프레이 병을 사용합니다. </li><li> 뚜껑이있는 깨끗한 플라스틱 용기에 촉촉한 흙의 약 200-250 ㎖를 놓습니다. </li><li> 곤충 미끼 추가. 각 시료의 토양 표면 (그림 5)에 5 ~ 10 곤충을 고려하십시오. </li><li> 뚜껑이있는 용기를 덮고 거꾸로 컨테이너를 켭니다. </li><li> (- 25 ° C에서 보통 22) 어둠과 RT의 컨테이너를 유지합니다. </li><li> 3 일 죽은 벌레를 제거 - 매 2 컨테이너를 확인합니다. 참고 : 토양 샘플의 추가 탄압 각 컨테이너에 추가 건강한 곤충을 추가합니다. </li><li> 컨테이너에서 죽은 벌레를 제거합니다. 참고 : 어두운 자주색 시체에 붉​​은 벽돌이 heterorhabditids에 기생하는 반면 갈색 또는 황토 채색 함께 시신은 일반적으로 steine​​rnematids에 의해 기생됩니다. </li><li> 멸균 물에 시체를 씻어. </li><li> (아래 절차 참조) 선충 자손의 회복을위한 수정 된 화이트 함정에 시체를 놓습니다. </li></ol> . 감염된 시체에서 3 선충류 복구 : 수정 된 화이트 함정 <ol><li> 50 (60) mm의 DIAM의 상단을 놓으십시오. 큰 접시 (100mm) 내부 페트리 접시. </li><li> 하나의 죄를 설정작은 그릇 안에 GLE 원형 여과지 (와트 만 # 1). </li><li> 확실히 시체를 만드는 작은 접시의 필터 종이에 장소 사체는 오염을 방지하기 위해 서로 접촉하지 않습니다. </li><li> 캘리포니아와 외부 (큰) 페트리 접시를 채우십시오. 멸균 증류수 20 ㎖. 시체를 보유하고 접시에 물을 추가하지 마십시오. </li><li> 큰 페트리 접시와 뚜껑의 내용 (그림 6)을 포함한다. </li><li> 그에 따라 요리를 레이블. 선충류 이름 (종 / 분리), 감염 날짜 (날짜 감염이 설정된) 및 트랩 날짜 (이것은 트랩이 설정된 날짜입니다) : 다음과 같은 정보를 추가합니다. </li><li> 감염성 청소년 단계 (IJS)의 출현이 발생할 때까지 RT에서 트랩을 유지합니다. 선충 종 및 / 또는 고려 변형에 따라 25 일 -이 과정은 10 사이의 시간이 소요될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 트랩의 큰 접시를 제거하고 비커에 선충 물을 부어 IJS 수확 물. </li><li> 선충은 B의 바닥에 가만히 따르다 할 수 있도록 허용eaker. 이 과정은 몇 분 정도 걸릴 수 있습니다. </li><li> 확인 선충이 비커의 바닥에 남아하고, 조심스럽게 물을 부어. </li><li> 더 많은 물을 추가하고 선충은 가만히 따르다 할 수 있도록하여 선충을 씻어. 물이 깨끗해질 때까지 3 회 -이 단계 2를 반복 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 조직 배양 플라스크 (250 ㎖)에 선충 현탁액을 놓습니다. 3000 선충 / ㎖ - 현탁액의 농도를 1,000 보관하십시오. </li><li> C. ° 20 - 추운 방에서 또는 인큐베이터에있는 선충 서스펜션 스토어 플라스크 (10) 사이 참고 : EPN의 수명은 변수로 주기적으로 저장 플라스크를 확인합니다. heterorhabditids 더 정기적 인 검진을 필요로 할 수있는 반면, 계대 배양의 필요없이 12 개월 - 보통 steine​​rnematids 6 저장할 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 데모는 일반적으로 EPN과 공생 박테리아를 연구에 사용되는 다양한 기술을 설명하는 프레 젠 테이션의 첫 번째입니다. 이 기술은 실험실에서 EPN 문화의 성공적인 설립을위한 주요 단계를 대표하고 또한 연구를위한 모델 생물로 EPN을 채용 다른 생물 검정을위한 기초를 형성한다. EPN의 다양한 토양 조사는 자신의 풍요 로움과 유통이 계절, 서식지와 지리적 영역 (4), 5,9,1...

많은 선충은 곤충과 관련된, 그리고 그들의 호스트 상호 작용으로부터 유리한 해로운 범위된다. 여기서, 우리는 또한 곤충 병원성 선충 (또는 EPN)로 알려진 곤충의 병원체이다 선충의 그룹에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. Steinernematidae 및 Heterorhabditidae 11,13 두 선충 가족이 선충이 그룹에 속한다. 그들의 병원성 효과는 통성 혐기성 장내 세균 (Xenorhabdus 박테리아 heterorhabditids와 연관 steinernematids 및 Photorhabdus 박테리아와 연관) 2과의 상호 작용에 의해 수여 사실이다. 박테리아는 토양에 살고있는 유일한 자유의 생활 선충 단계, (또한 영속 청소년, 감염성 청소년 또는 IJ라고도 함) 세 번째 단계 감염성 청소년에 의해 하나의 곤충 호스트에서 다른 벡터가된다. 일단 곤충 내부 선충 대규모 패혈증에 의한 곤충 호스트를 죽일 수있는 곤충의 체액에 박테리아를 놓습니다. 또한 박테리아곤충의 조직을 저하하고 성숙하고 번성 할 수 있도록, 선충 &#39;음식 소스가됩니다. 보통, 성인 선충의 하나 또는 두 세대는 곤충 사체 내에서 생산됩니다. 몇 박테리아 세포와 마지막으로 성인 세대 다시 연결합니다의 자손보다 이전의 영양 관계보다 방식을 전문으로하고, 그들이 기생하는 다른 곤충을 기다리고 것이다 토양에 곤충의 시체에서 이사로 자신의 창자에있는 세포를 육성 6,11,14 (그림 1). 그들은 농업 해충 3,4,5입니다 곤충의 다양한 기생 수있는 1927 년 자신의 발견 이후, EPN은 화학 농약에 가치있는 대안을 고려하고 있습니다. 그러나, 지난 20 년 동안,이 선충과 공생 박테리아는 호스트 미생물 자원 활용의 생물 생태와 진화의 양상을 연구 전성 모델 시스템으로 인식되고있다NS 14. 이 프레젠테이션의 목표는 방법과 가장 일반적으로 토양 샘플링 및 EPN의 분리를 위해 사용되는 기술을 보여주는 것입니다. 다양한 도구를 사용할 수 있으며 포함하여 토양 샘플을 수집하는 데 사용 할 수 있습니다 토양 corers, 흙손, 포스트 홀 굴착기, 오거, 샘플링 튜브, 손 삽, 다른 사람의 사이에서 (그림 2). 연구의 목적에 따라,이 샘플링 전략이 고려 될 수있다 : a) 성층, b) 무작위 추출 (도 3). 층화 샘플링은 보통 주어진 시간 동안 특정 또는 demarked 영역에서 집중적 인 연구의 일부로서 사용된다. 일반적으로, 횡단는 demarked하고 토양 샘플은 일정 기간 (그림 3A) 15 이상 횡단에 규정 된 간격으로 촬영하고 있습니다. 광범위한 영역에 초점을 때 무작위 표본 추출은 일반적으로 사용된다. 이 샘플링 전략 EPN F의 다양성을 연구를 위해 사용되어왔다광범위한 지역 또는 지역 (그림 3B) 12 롬. 요인의 숫자는 고도, 토양의 질감과 서식지 (예., 경작지, 삼림, 목초지, 공원, 해안 미, 수변 지역 등)의 다양한 범위를 포함하는 연구의 초점에 따라 고려 될 수있다. 우리는 원래 침구 및 Akhurst 1에 의해 설명과 토양 샘플에서 EPN를 복구하는 간단하고 선택적 대안을 나타냅니다 된 곤충을 유혹 기술을 보여줍니다. 이 선충 (IJ 스테이지) 곤충 숙주 유인 해 기생됨을 전제로 선택적 절차이다. 이 기술은 또한 다른 곤충, 균류 등의 병원균, 박테리아 및 8,10의 분리를 위해 고려 될 수있다. 우리는 또한 감염된 곤충 호스트 7,14에서 선충의 자손을 검색하는 데 사용되는 수정 된 화이트 트랩 기술을 보여줍니다. 이 충족 손쉽게입니다분해 곤충 사체 부스러기가 &#39;깨끗한&#39;선충 자손을 검색하는 이점을 제공 HOD. 마지막으로, 설명이 문서에 나와있는 기술은 임신 및 / 또는 우리의 실험실에서뿐만 아니라 여러 동료들과 공동으로 기술 된 실시하는에 해당합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1119">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:271px;">Galleria mellonella</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Timberline</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">http://www.timberlinefisheries.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=WAXLG</td>
			<td>for insect baiting technique</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:271px;">Filter Paper, 55mm Grade 1 Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Whatman/VWR</td>
			<td>28450-048</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">60 x 15 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25384-092</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">100 x 15 Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">25384-088</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:271px;">ZIPloc Plastic Bags</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:271px;">Mechanical Pipettor P1000, P200 ml</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td>89130-562; 89130-566&#160;</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">pippetor tips 1000ml, 200 ml</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">16466-004 ; 53510</td>
			<td>infection chamber and White trap assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling , desisnfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Sodium Hypochlorite</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling , desisnfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">70% Ethyl alochol</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">AAPER</td>
			<td>17212945</td>
			<td>soil sampling , desisnfecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:271px;">Shovels</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Tubular soil sampler</td>
			<td>Accuproducts</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Soil Probe, long handle</td>
			<td>Nupla&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">PRB4T 69401 Classic</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:271px;">Measuring tape</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Flagging tape, various colors</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Ace Hardware or local hardware store</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">N/A</td>
			<td>soil sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Falcon, 29185-304&#160;</td>
			<td>White trap, collection of EPN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:271px;">wash bottles, Polyethylene, Wide Mouth</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">VWR</td>
			<td>16650-107</td>
			<td>White trap, collection of EPN</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

soil sampling and isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae)

곤충 병원성 선충 (일명 EPN)은 곤충의 광범위한 기생 토양 서식하는 선충의기를 나타낸다. Steine​​rnematidae 및 Heterorhabditidae :이 선충이 두 가족에 속한다. 지금까지 70 개 이상의 종은 Steine​​rnematidae에 설명 된 약 20 종은 Heterorhabditidae에 있습니다. 선충은 장내 세균과 공생 협력 관계를 가지고 함께 그들은 곤충 종의 넓은 범위를 죽이는 강력한 살충 복잡한 역할을합니다. 여기서, 우리는 토양에서 EPN를 수집하기 위해 고려하는 가장 일반적인 기술에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. 이 프레젠테이션의 두 번째 부분은 곤충 유혹의 기술, 토양 샘플에서 EPN의 분리를위한 널리 사용되는 방식, 감염 곤충에서이 선충의 복구에 사용되는 수정 된 화이트 트랩 기술에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 이러한 방법과 기술은 EPN 숭배의 성공적인 설립을위한 핵심 단계입니다실험실에서 또한 URES 다른 생물 분야의 연구를위한 모델 생물로이 선충을 고려해 다른 생물 검정을위한 기초를 형성한다. 이 프리젠 테이션에 표시하는 기술은 SP 재고 실험실의 구성원뿐만 아니라 다양한 작가에 의해 설명 된 수행 및 / 또는 설계된에 해당합니다.

토양 시료 채취 EPN의 세 번째 단계 감염성 청소년은 토양에 (그림 1) 상주 이러한 선충 &#39;라이프 사이클의 유일한 자유의 생활 단계입니다. 따라서, 토양 시료를 수집하는 것은이 선충 복구하는 매우 효율적인 방법이다. 4 샘플들이 이동해야하는 깊이를 나타내는 토양 프로파일을 보여준다. 샘플의 수분을 보존하는 것은 선충의 생존을?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae at JoVE.com

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

곤충 병원성 선충은 곤충의 다양한 기생 토양에 서식하는 회충 있습니다. 각각의 토양 샘플 및 감염된 곤충 사체에서 선충의 복구를 위해 곤충 유혹하고 수정 된 화이트 트랩, 우리는 두 가지 기술을 사용하여 토양 선충의 분리에 사용되는 샘플링 방법을 보여줍니다.

토양 샘플링과 곤충 병원성 선충의 분리 (Steine​​rnematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to ...

soil-sampling-isolation-entomopathogenic-nematodes-steinernematidae

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JoVE Journal

Environment

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

24.7K 조회수.  University of Arizona.  곤충 병원성 선충은 곤충의 다양한 기생 토양에 서식하는 회충 있습니다. 각각의 토양 샘플 및 감염된 곤충 사체에서 선충의 복구를 위해 곤충 유혹하고 수정 된 화이트 트랩, 우리는 두 가지 기술을 사용하여 토양 선충의 분리에 사용되는 샘플링 방법을 보여줍니다. 

비디오: Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

연속의 설계 및 운영<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C 및<sup&gt; 15</sup통일 또는 차등을위한&gt; N 레이블 상공 회의소, 대사 및 구조, 식물 동위 원소 라벨링

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

연구

환경과학

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

통합 필드 Lysimetry 및 Porewater 샘플링 토양에서 화학 이동성의 평가 및 설립 식물

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of phages infecting Arthrobacter hosts has been limited, perhaps due to the low success rate of many previous isolation techniques, resulting in an underrepresented group of Arthrobacter phages available for study. The enrichment technique described here, unlike many others, uses a filtered extract free of contaminating bacteria as the base for indicator bacteria growth, Arthrobactersp. KY3901, specifically. By first removing soil bacteria the target phages are not hindered by competition with native soil bacteria present in initial soil samples. This enrichment method has resulted in dozens of unique phages from several different soil types and even produced different types of phages from the same enriched soil sample isolate. The use of this procedure can be expanded to most nutrient rich aerobic media for the isolation of phages in a vast diversity of interesting host bacteria.

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

We present an enrichment protocol for the isolation of bacteriophages infecting bacteria in the Arthrobacter genus. This enrichment protocol produces fast and reproducible results for the isolation and amplification of Arthrobacter phages from soil isolates.

의 분리를위한 최적화 된 농축 기법<em&gt; 박터</em&gt; 박테리오파지 생물 종 토양 샘플에서 격리 된 것

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including Pristionchus pacificus display complex behaviors, the most striking of which is the predation of other nematode larvae. However, as these behaviors are absent in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, they have thus far only recently been described in detail along with the development of reliable behavioral assays 1. These predatory behaviors are dependent upon phenotypically plastic but fixed mouth morphs making the correct identification and categorization of these animals essential. In P. pacificus there are two mouth types, the stenostomatous and eurystomatous morphs 2, with only the wide mouthed eurystomatous containing an extra tooth and being capable of killing other nematode larvae. Through the isolation of an abundance of size matched prey larvae and subsequent exposure to predatory nematodes, assays including both "corpse assays" and "bite assays" on correctly identified mouth morph nematodes are possible. These assays provide a means to rapidly quantify predation success rates and provide a detailed behavioral analysis of individual nematodes engaged in predatory feeding activities. In addition, with the use of a high-speed camera, visualization of changes in pharyngeal activity including tooth and pumping dynamics are also possible.

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

Behavioral assays provide powerful tools for understanding neuronal function. Here we present several protocols for quantifying predatory feeding behavior found in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus and its relatives. Additionally, we provide methods for analyzing predatory feeding adaptations including mouth structures and teeth.

에서 약탈 먹이 행동을 분석<em&gt; Pristionchus</em&gt; 및 기타 선충

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

거싯 Thermogradient 표는 토양 프로세스 식물 성장 평가 및 모니터링을위한 토양 온도를 제어하는

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

측정 및 토양 침식과 토양 탄산 농도 농업 관리에 관련 된 증 착 패턴 매핑

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

토양의 유압 전도도에 폐수 관개 영향: 필드 샘플링 고 포화 된 유압 전도도의 실험실 결정

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Isolation and Analysis of Microbial Communities in Soil, Rhizosphere, and Roots in Perennial Grass Experiments

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide detail on how to rapidly sample soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere of replicated field trials and analyze changes that may occur in the microbial communities due to sample type, treatment, and plant genotype. The experiment used to demonstrate these methods consists of replicated field plots containing two, pure, warm-season grasses (Panicum virgatum and Andropogon gerardii) and a low-diversity grass mixture (A. gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Bouteloua curtipendula). Briefly, plants are excavated, a variety of roots are cut and placed in phosphate buffer, and then shaken to collect the rhizosphere. Roots are brought to the laboratory on ice and surface sterilized with bleach and ethanol (EtOH). The rhizosphere is filtered and concentrated by centrifugation. Excavated soil from around the root ball is placed into plastic bags and brought to the lab where a small amount of soil is taken for DNA extractions. DNA is extracted from roots, soil, and rhizosphere and then amplified with primers for the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Amplicons are sequenced, then analyzed with open access bioinformatics tools. These methods allow researchers to test how the microbial community diversity and composition varies due to sample type, treatment, and plant genotype. Using these methods along with statistical models, the representative results demonstrate there are significant differences in microbial communities of roots, rhizosphere, and soil. Methods presented here provide a complete set of steps for how to collect field samples, isolate, extract, quantify, amplify, and sequence DNA, and analyze microbial community diversity and composition in replicated field trials.

Excavation of plant roots from the field as well as processing of samples into endosphere, rhizosphere, and soil are described in detail, including DNA extraction and data analysis methods. This paper is designed to enable other laboratories to use these techniques for the study of soil, endosphere, and rhizosphere microbiomes.

절연 및 토양, Rhizosphere, 및 다년생 잔디 실험에 뿌리에서 미생물 커뮤니티의 분석

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The ...

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it regulates the gravity-driven soil movement induced by runoff and tillage activities. The recent application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data holds promise for generating high spatial resolution topographic metrics that can be used to investigate soil property variability. In this study, fifteen topographic metrics derived from LiDAR data were used to investigate topographic impacts on redistribution of soil and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC). Specifically, we explored the use of topographic principal components (TPCs) for characterizing topography metrics and stepwise principal component regression (SPCR) to develop topography-based soil erosion and SOC models at site and watershed scales. Performance of SPCR models was evaluated against stepwise ordinary least square regression (SOLSR) models. Results showed that SPCR models outperformed SOLSR models in predicting soil redistribution rates and SOC density at different spatial scales. Use of TPCs removes potential collinearity between individual input variables, and dimensionality reduction by principal component analysis (PCA) diminishes the risk of overfitting the prediction models. This study proposes a new approach for modeling soil redistribution across various spatial scales. For one application, access to private lands is often limited, and the need to extrapolate findings from representative study sites to larger settings that include private lands can be important.

Landscape processes are critical components of soil formation and play important roles in determining soil properties and spatial structure in landscapes. We propose a new approach using stepwise principal component regression to predict soil redistribution and soil organic carbon across various spatial scales.

토양 재배포 및 토양 유기 탄소를 매핑할 지형 모델 확장에 대 한 주요 부품의 사용

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it ...

Estimation of Crystalline Cellulose Content of Plant Biomass using the Updegraff Method

Cellulose is the most abundant polymer on Earth generated by photosynthesis and the main load-bearing component of cell walls. The cell wall plays a significant role in plant growth and development by providing strength, rigidity, rate and direction of cell growth, cell shape maintenance, and protection from biotic and abiotic stressors. The cell wall is primarily composed of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose and pectin. Recently plant cell walls have been targeted for the second-generation biofuel and bioenergy production. Specifically, the cellulose component of the plant cell wall is used for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Estimation of cellulose content of biomass is critical for fundamental and applied cell wall research. The Updegraff method is simple, robust, and the most widely used method for the estimation of crystalline cellulose content of plant biomass. The alcohol insoluble crude cell wall fraction upon treatment with Updegraff reagent eliminates the hemicellulose and lignin fractions. Later, the Updegraff reagent resistant cellulose fraction is subjected to sulfuric acid treatment to hydrolyze the cellulose homopolymer into monomeric glucose units. A regression line is developed using various concentrations of glucose and used to estimate the amount of the glucose released upon cellulose hydrolysis in the experimental samples. Finally, the cellulose content is estimated based on the amount of glucose monomers by colorimetric anthrone assay.

The Updegraff method is the most widely used method for the cellulose estimation. The main purpose of this demonstration is to provide a detailed Updegraff protocol for estimation of cellulose content in plant biomass samples.

Updegraff 방법을 사용하여 식물 바이오매스의 크리스탈 셀룰로오스 함량 추정

Cellulose is the most abundant polymer on Earth generated by photosynthesis and the main load-bearing component of cell walls. The cell wall plays a ...

토양 샘플링과 곤충 병원성 선충의 분리 (Steine​​rnematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

토양 샘플링과 곤충 병원성 선충의 분리 (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)