This study was supported by NeuralStem, Inc., and Johns Hopkins Project RESTORE.

참고 : 모든 동물의 절차는 존스 홉킨스 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 마취 기계는 필요에 따라 매년 검사 및 교정을 필요로한다. 1. 마취 및 위치 <ol><li> 마취. <ol><li> 2~3% 이소 플루오 란과 마취하에 모든 수술 절차를 수행합니다. 발가락 핀치와 호흡 속도에 의해 마취의 적절한 수준을 확인합니다. 쥐가 발가락 핀치에 대한 응답으로 주저하지 않는 것을 확인합니다. 참고 : 움찔 너무 늦기 마취를 표시하고 시작하기 전에 더 이상 마취 또는 더 높은 이소 플루오 란 농도를 필요로 할 수있다. 매 2 초 마취를 나타내는 너무 느립니다 1 호흡보다 호흡 속도가 너무 높고, 이소 플루오 란 농도의 번개가 필요할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 절차 중에 머리의 움직임을 피하기 위해 필요한 동물을 고정. 수술 눈에 리도카인 한 방울을 놓습니다. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 인공 눈물마다 10 분을 사용합니다. 주기0.01 ㎎ / ㎏ SC 사전에 작동하고 모든 6 ~ 8 시간의 프레 노르 핀의 주입이 필요. </li></ol></li><li> 위치. <ol><li> 정위 프레임에 쥐를 넣고 가열 패드 따뜻한 유지. 눈에 노출을 피하기 위해 알코올 복용 케어 두피 모피 젖은. 수술 후 감염의 위험을 최소화하기 위해 멸균 도구 및 무균 기술을 사용합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 눈 관리 <ol><li> 측면 결막에 4-0 봉합사를 놓고 부드러운 견인을 허용하기에 충분한 봉합사로 묶어. </li></ol> 3. 해부 <ol><li> 초기 해부. <ol><li> .도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이, 크기 10 메스를 사용하여 궤도 릿지를 덮는 피부 ~ 1 인치 절개를 피부와 하부 근막 후퇴 신중 근막을 얻어 해부. 수술에 과도한 출혈을 방지하기 위해, 근막을 해부하면서 혈관을 절단하지 마십시오. PL 전략적으로 사용제압면 팁 지혈을 제공합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 깊은 해부. 참고 : 아래로 소켓에서 눈을 당겨 결막에 부드러운 견인과 함께, 우수한 궤도 근육이보기에 올 것이다. 시신경을 노출하기 위해 절단이 근육 및 레트로 안와 지방이 제거되어야한다. 지방은 폐기 할 수 있으며 주사 후 대체되어서는 안된다. 이 시점에서, 시신경 근막은 경질에 싸여 혈관 (그림 1)과 함께, 시신경 자체의 번들로 볼 수 있어야합니다. <ol><li> 적은 외상 피어싱 만들기 위해 메스 또는 31 게이지 경 바늘을 사용하여 경질의 작은 절개를합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 피펫 인젝터 <ol><li> 50 ~ 100 μm의 직경에 유리 마이크로 피펫을 당깁니다. 안정성을 제공하기 위해, 미세 조작기에 마이크로 피펫을 탑재하고 주입 펌프에 연결 해밀턴 주사기에 부착. </li><li> 구슬을 당겨 (또는 줄기 세포)전후 메틸 블루 용액 0.5 μL 부피와 함께 역행 마이크로 피펫으로 0.5-1.0 μL 부피 재구성. 주 : 분당 0.5 μL로 설정 주입 속도는 시신경에 외상을 방지한다. </li></ol> 5. 주입 <ol><li> 단지 흠 경질 위의 시신경 상에 마이크로 피펫의 팁을 낮 춥니 다. 참고 : 최소한의 피해 시신경 결과에 유리 팁의 작은, 그러나 활발한 움직임. 주입 펌프가 시작될 때, 메틸 청색 염료 주입 시신경의 영역을 강조한다. 염료는 지주막 하 공간에 누출하지 않고 시신경 내에서 현지화 된 상태로 유지해야한다. </li><li> 줄기 세포 주입이 완료되면 결정 및 메틸 블루 제를 주입 도즈로 주입 펌프를 끄지 메틸 청색의 제 2 대역을 따르. 높은 방지하기 위해 주입 각 1 μL 볼륨 2 분 동안 시신경 내에서 여전히 마이크로 피펫을 유지마이크로 피펫의 철수시 압력 방출. 참고 : 또 다른 방법은 수동으로 조작 할 수있는 공기 충전 주사기에 피펫 팁을 연결하는 것입니다. 어느 쪽이든, 시신경의 손상을 최소화하기 위해 과도한 힘을 피하십시오. 우리는 각각의 시신경에 볼륨 더 이상 2보다 μl를 주입하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol> 6. 후속 <ol><li> 즉시. <ol><li> 주입이 완료되면, 지혈을 제공하기 위해 사용되는 임의의면을 따라 팁을 마이크로 피펫을 제거한다. 3-0 실크 피부를 봉합하고 결막 봉합을 제거합니다. </li><li> 그들이 마취에서 나타날 때까지 가열 패드에 따뜻한 쥐를 유지합니다. 이 흉골 드러 누움을 유지하기 위해 충분한 의식을 회복 할 때까지 무인 동물을 두지 마십시오. 완전히 회복 될 때까지 다른 동물의 회사에 수술을 한 동물을 반환하지 않습니다. </li><li> 동물 과도한 혼수, 운동 실조, 또는 수고 숨쉬기를 포함하여 고통의 징후를 보이는 경우G는, 매일 세 번까지의 근육 부 프레 노르 핀 (0.05 ㎎ / ㎏)와 적절한 진통제를 관리 할 수​​ 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 장기간. <ol><li> 다음 24 ~ 48 시간 동안, 부종 또는 방전 상처에서 또는 가창, 구부리고 모양이 아닌 스타일리스트, 또는 식사를하지 고통의 징후를 포함하여 수술의 합병증 쥐를 관찰합니다. 필요에 따라 수의사 또는 윤리 안락사와의 협의를 생각해 보자. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Dahlmann-Noor, A., Vijay, S., Jayaram, H., Limb, A., Khaw, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+approaches+and+future+prospects+for+stem+cell+rescue+and+regeneration+of+the+retina+and+optic+nerve.">Current approaches and future prospects for stem cell rescue and regeneration of the retina and optic nerve.</a> Canadian journal of ophthalmology Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie. 45 (4), 333-341 (2010).</li><li>Quigley, H. A., Iglesia, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells+to+replace+the+optic+nerve.">Stem cells to replace the optic nerve.</a> Eye. 18 (11), 1085-1088 (2004).</li><li>Ghaffarieh, A., Levin, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+nerve+disease+and+axon+pathophysiology.">Optic nerve disease and axon pathophysiology.</a> International review of neurobiology. 105, 1-17 (2012).</li><li>Fukui, Y., Hayasaka, S., Bedi, K. S., Ozaki, H. S., Takeuchi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+study+of+the+development+of+the+optic+nerve+in+rats+reared+in+the+dark+during+early+postnatal+life.">Quantitative study of the development of the optic nerve in rats reared in the dark during early postnatal life.</a> Journal of anatomy. 174, 37-47 (1991).</li><li>Celestre, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimally+invasive+approaches+to+the+cervical+spine.">Minimally invasive approaches to the cervical spine.</a> The Orthopedic clinics of North America. 43 (1), 137-147 (2012).</li><li>Hallas, B. H., Wells, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Technique+for+Multiple+Injections+into+the+Mammalian+Optic+Nerve.">A Novel Technique for Multiple Injections into the Mammalian Optic Nerve.</a> Kopf Carrier. 54, (2001).</li><li>Harvey, A. R., Hellstrom, M., Rodger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+and+transplantation+in+the+retinofugal+pathway.">Gene therapy and transplantation in the retinofugal pathway.</a> Progress in brain research. 175, 151-161 (2009).</li><li>Adachi-Usami, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+neuritis--from+diagnosis+to+optic+nerve+transplantation.">Optic neuritis--from diagnosis to optic nerve transplantation.</a> Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi. 104 (12), 841-857 (2000).</li><li>Slater, B. J., Vilson, F. L., Guo, Y., Weinreich, D., Hwang, S., Bernstein, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+nerve+inflammation+and+demyelination+in+a+rodent+model+of+nonarteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy.">Optic nerve inflammation and demyelination in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.</a> Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 54 (13), 7952-7961 (2013).</li><li>Zarbin, M. A., Arlow, T., Ritch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+nanomedicine+for+vision+restoration.">Regenerative nanomedicine for vision restoration.</a> Mayo Clinic proceedings. 88 (12), 1480-1490 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have no meaningful disclosures to report.

Direct injection into the optic nerve of stem cells or other products intended to facilitate regeneration provides a convenient model compared to other means of injections into the CNS. This technique takes less time, requires less total anesthesia, avoids drilling or removing skull or bone tissue, reduces complications rates and allows for more rapid recovery following surgery. 
The most critical steps in this protocol include: 1. Adequate hemostasis in the surgical field to allow clear visua...

시신경은 중추 신경계 (CNS) 등 시신경염, 녹내장 및 외상 등의 안과 조건을 포함 재생 연구를위한 이상적인 위치를 제공합니다. 줄기 세포의 다양한 주사 어느 축삭 카운트를 증가 및 / 또는 퇴행성 질환 예방 효능을 입증되거나 손실 미엘린 장착에 약속을 보여 주었다. 1,2 인간의 시신경이 약 3.0-3.5 mm의 직경 chiasm에 망막에서 여행 약 120 만 병렬 축삭이 포함되어 있습니다. (3) 실험실에서 인간의 질병을 모델링하기 위해, 쥐가 자주 사용되어왔다. 성인 쥐의 시신경은 약 0.5 mm의 직경 내에서 약 10 만 축삭이 포함되어 있습니다. 중추 신경계의 주요 제한 4 중 하나를 재생 연구 직접 뼈없는 액세스입니다. 동물에 합병증 및 수술 위험은 두개골이나 척추가 제거 될 때 더 높다. 의 장점과 유사척추 최소 침습 방법, 두개골의 서비스 감소 합병증과 더 빠른 회복을 열지 않고 5 직접 시신경 주사. 이 기법은 이전 연구에서 이용되고있다. (6)이 원고 및 첨부 영상에서는 쥐 시신경에 줄기 세포를 주입하는 최소 침습 절차를 보여준다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="851">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lewis rat</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Charles River</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:151px;">4</td>
			<td>Any rat strain will work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Anesthesia machine</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Surgivet</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">CDS9000</td>
			<td>CDS 9000 Small Animal Anesthesia Machine - Pole Mount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Infusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:151px;">53129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissection microscope</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">National Optical</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">409-411-1105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fiber-optic light source</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12-562-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dissection and Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:151px;">51400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Kopf</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:151px;">750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">18150-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disposable scalpel blades</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">810-15-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Iridectomy scissors</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Uniband LA-4XF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

minimally-invasive technique for injection into rat optic nerve

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central nervous system in a minimally-invasive surgery without bone removal. This technique describes an approach to visualization and direct injection of the optic nerve following minor fascial dissection from the orbital ridge, using a conjunctival traction suture to gently pull the eye down and out. Representative examples of an injected optic nerve show successful injection of dyed beads.

실험의 결론에서, 래트를 희생시키고 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 관류. 시신경 조심스럽게 해부하고 저온 유지 절편에 마운트 하였다. 2 에반스 청색 염료 사이트를 시각화하기 위해 주입되는 저전력 쥐 전체 시신경의 일례를 도시한다. 화살표는 주사의 정확한 위치를 식별합니다. 신경 아래 염료의 확산에 의해 한정되는 바와 같이이 절개가 분사 몇 분 이내에 완료되었다. ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve at JoVE.com

Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve

Direct injection into the rat optic nerve is useful for regenerative research. We demonstrate a minimally-invasive technique for direct injection into a rat optic nerve that does not involve opening the skull. Using this method, surgical complications are minimized and recovery is more rapid.

쥐 시신경에 주입을위한 최소 침습 기술

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central ...

minimally-invasive-technique-for-injection-into-rat-optic-nerve

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.5K 조회수.  Johns Hopkins University. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve is useful for regenerative research. We demonstrate a minimally-invasive technique for direct injection into a rat optic nerve that does not involve opening the skull. Using this method, surgical complications are minimized and recovery is more rapid. 

비디오: Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic nerve. In vivo recordings of ganglion cell spike trains in several animal models have revealed much of what is known about how the early visual system processes and encodes visual information. However, such recordings have been rare in one of the most common animal models, the rat, possibly owing to difficulty in detecting spikes fired by small diameter axons. The many retinal disease models involving rats motivate a need for characterizing the functional properties of ganglion cells without disturbing the eye, as with intraocular or in vitro recordings. Here, we demonstrate a method for recording ganglion cell spike trains from the optic chiasm of the anesthetized rat. We first show how to fabricate tungsten-in-glass electrodes that can pick up electrical activity from single ganglion cell axons in rat. The electrodes outperform all commercial ones that we have tried. We then illustrate our custom-designed stereotaxic system for in vivo visual neurophysiology experiments and our procedures for animal preparation and reliable and stable electrode placement in the optic chiasm.

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retinal ganglion cells transmit visual information from the eye to the brain with sequences of action potentials. Here, we demonstrate how to record the action potentials of single ganglion cells in vivo from anesthetized rats.

단일 유닛 생체내에서</em암흑의 광학 Chiasm에서> 레코딩

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

연구

신경과학

Axoplasm Isolation from Rat Sciatic Nerve

Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we demonstrate and describe a protocol for axoplasm isolation from adult rat sciatic nerve based on the following steps: (1) dissection of nerve fascicles and separation of connective tissue; (2) incubation of short segments of nerve fascicles in hypotonic medium to release myelin and lyse non-axonal structures; and (3) extraction of the remaining axon-enriched material. Proteomic and biochemical characterization of this preparation has confirmed a high degree of enrichment for axonal components.

We demonstrate a protocol for axoplasm isolation from adult rat sciatic nerve based on dissection of nerve fascicles and incubation in hypotonic medium to release myelin and lyse non-axonal structures, followed by extraction of the remaining axon-enriched material.

쥐 좌골 신경에서 Axoplasm 격리

Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we ...

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve 
transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous
 chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals 
through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying short interfering RNAs 
(siRNAs), plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 5-7 or injecting vectors into their target, the superior colliculus 8. 
This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the desired neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. 
An additional benefit is the ease and accuracy with which cell survival can be quantified after injury. The retina is a flat, layered tissue and RGCs are localized in 
the innermost layer, the ganglion cell layer. The survival of RGCs can be tracked over time by applying a fluorescent tracer (3% Fluorogold) to the cut end of the 
optic nerve at the time of axotomy, or by injecting the tracer into the superior colliculus (RGC target) one week prior to axotomy. The tracer is retrogradely transported, labeling 
the entire RGC population. Because the ganglion cell layer is a monolayer (one cell thick), RGC densities can be quantified in flat-mounted tissue, without the need 
for stereology. Optic nerve transection leads to the apoptotic death of 90% of injured RGCs within 14 days postaxotomy 9-11. RGC apoptosis has a 
characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a time window for 
experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons are completely transected (axotomy) die within 14 days after axotomy. This model is easily amenable to experimental manipulations and highly reproducible.

시신경의 절개 : 중추 신경계에서 신경 세포의 Apoptosis 성인의 모델

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be ...

Methods for Experimental Manipulations after Optic Nerve Transection in the Mammalian CNS

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Viral vectors, plasmids or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can also be delivered to the vitreous chamber in order to infect or transfect retinal cells 5-12. The high tropism of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors is beneficial to target RGCs, with an infection rate approaching 90% of cells near the injection site 6, 7, 13-15. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying siRNAs, plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 16-19 or injecting vectors into their target the superior colliculus 10. This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the injured neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. RGC apoptosis has a characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a window for experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis. Manipulations that directly target RGCs from the transected optic nerve stump are performed at the time of axotomy, immediately after cutting the nerve. In contrast, when substances are delivered via an intraocular route, they can be injected prior to surgery or within the first 3 days after surgery, preceding the initiation of apoptosis in axotomized RGCs. In the present article, we demonstrate several methods for experimental manipulations after optic nerve transection.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. This model is ideal for performing a number of experimental manipulations that target the retina globally or directly target the injured neuronal population of retinal ganglion cells.

포유류의 CNS에서 시신경의 절개 후 실험에 대한 노는 방법

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be ...

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible vision loss. Examples of such diseases in human include traumatic optic neuropathy and optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. It is characterized by typical changes in the optic nerve head, progressive optic nerve degeneration, and loss of retinal ganglion cells, if uncontrolled, leading to vision loss and blindness.
The optic nerve crush (ONC) injury mouse model is an important experimental disease model for traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, etc. In this model, the crush injury to the optic nerve leads to gradual retinal ganglion cells apoptosis. This disease model can be used to study the general processes and mechanisms of neuronal death and survival, which is essential for the development of therapeutic measures. In addition, pharmacological and molecular approaches can be used in this model to identify and test potential therapeutic reagents to treat different types of optic neuropathy.
Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of (I) Baseline retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at day 1, (II) Optic nerve crush injury at day 4, (III) Harvest the retinae and analyze RGC survival at day 11, and (IV) Representative result.

This protocol shows how to retrogradely label retinal ganglion cells, and how to subsequently make an optic nerve crush injury in order to analyze retinal ganglion cell survival and apoptosis. It is an experimental disease model for different types of optic neuropathy, including glaucoma.

망막 신경절 세포의 생존을 공부 시신경의 호감 상해 Murine 모델

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and postsynaptic projections to the visual cortex. Based on its distinct anatomical structure and convenient accessibility, it has become the favored structure for studies on neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advancements in MR imaging have enabled the in vivo visualization of the retino-tectal part of this projection using manganese mediated contrast enhancement (MEMRI). Here, we present a MEMRI protocol for illustration of the visual projection in mice, by which resolutions of (200 &#181;m)3 can be achieved using common 3 Tesla scanners. We demonstrate how intravitreal injection of a single dosage of 15 nmol MnCl2 leads to a saturated enhancement of the intact projection within 24 hr. With exception of the retina, changes in signal intensity are independent of coincided visual stimulation or physiological aging. We further apply this technique to longitudinally monitor axonal degeneration in response to acute optic nerve injury, a paradigm by which Mn2+ transport completely arrests at the lesion site. Conversely, active Mn2+ transport is quantitatively proportionate to the viability, number, and electrical activity of axon fibers. For such an analysis, we exemplify Mn2+ transport kinetics along the visual path in a transgenic mouse model (NF-&#954;B p50KO) displaying spontaneous atrophy of sensory, including visual, projections. In these mice, MEMRI indicates reduced but not delayed Mn2+ transport as compared to wild type mice, thus revealing signs of structural and/or functional impairments by NF-&#954;B mutations.
In summary, MEMRI conveniently bridges in vivo assays and post mortem histology for the characterization of nerve fiber integrity and activity. It is highly useful for longitudinal studies on axonal degeneration and regeneration, and investigations of mutant mice for genuine or inducible phenotypes.

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

This video illustrates a method, using a clinical 3 T scanner, for contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the na&#239;ve mouse visual projection and for repetitive and longitudinal in vivo studies of optic nerve degeneration associated with acute optic nerve crush injury and chronic optic nerve degeneration in knock-out mice (p50KO).

마우스의 조영 증강 MRI에 의한 시신경 섬유 무결성의 생체 내 이미징

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and ...

Intramuscular Injections Along the Motor End Plates: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Shuttle Tracers Directly into Motor Neurons

Diseases affecting the integrity of spinal cord motor neurons are amongst the most debilitating neurological conditions. Over the last decades, the development of several animal models of these neuromuscular disorders has provided the scientific community with different therapeutic scenarios aimed at delaying or reversing the progression of these conditions. By taking advantage of the retrograde machinery of neurons, one of these approaches has been to target skeletal muscles in order to shuttle therapeutic genes into corresponding spinal cord motor neurons. Although once promising, the success of such gene delivery approach has been hampered by the sub-optimal number of transduced motor neurons it has so far shown to yield. Motor end plates (MEPs) are highly specialized regions on the skeletal musculature that are in direct synaptic contact to the spinal cord &#945; motor neurons. In this regard, it is important to note that, so far, the efforts to retrogradely transfer genes into motor neurons were made without reference to the location of the MEP region in the targeted muscles. Here, we describe a simple protocol 1) to reveal the exact location of the MEPs on the surface of skeletal muscles and 2) to use this information to guide the intramuscular delivery and subsequent optimal retrograde transport of retrograde tracers into motor neurons. We hope to utilize the results from these tracing experiments in further studies into investigating retrograde transport of therapeutic genes to spinal cord motor neurons through the targeting of MEPs.

The efficacy of intramuscular uptake and retrograde transport of molecules to corresponding motor neurons depends on the location of the injection sites with respect to the motor end plates (MEPs). Here, we describe how to locate MEPs on skeletal muscles to optimise retrograde transport of tracers into motor neurons.

모터 엔드 플레이트 함께 근육 주사 : 직접 모터 뉴런에 셔틀 트레이서에 대한 최소 침습 접근

Diseases affecting the integrity of spinal cord motor neurons are amongst the most debilitating neurological conditions. Over the last decades, the ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

실험 시신경의 탈수 초화의 쥐 모델에서 시각 유발 전위 기록

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary lesions. Refinements in surgical techniques, technological advancements, and incorporation of neuronavigation have rendered this surgery minimally invasive. The complication rates of this surgery are very low while excellent results are consistently obtained through this approach.
This paper focuses on the step-by-step surgical approach to pituitary adenomas, which is based on personal experience, and details the results obtained with this minimally invasive surgery.

The aim of this paper is to describe the different steps of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the sella turcica.

내 시경 비 트랜스-sphenoidal 접근법: 뇌 하 수 체 Adenomas에 대 한 최소 침 습 수술

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary ...

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based treatment options for this devastating disease process. In the past decade, a number of minimally invasive surgeries have emerged to address this issue, one of which is endoscopic evacuation. Stereotactic ICH Underwater Blood Aspiration (SCUBA) is a novel endoscopic evacuation technique performed in a fluid-filled cavity using an aspiration system to provide an additional degree of freedom during the procedure. The SCUBA procedure utilizes a suction device, endoscope, and sheath and is divided into two phases. The first phase involves maximal aspiration and minimal irrigation to decrease clot burden. The second phase involves increasing irrigation for visibility, decreasing aspiration strength for targeted aspiration without disturbing the cavity wall, and cauterizing any bleeding vessels. Using the endoscope and aspiration wand, this technique aims to maximize hematoma evacuation while minimizing collateral damage to the surrounding brain. Advantages of the SCUBA technique include the use of a low-profile endoscopic sheath minimizing brain disruption and improved visualization with a fluid-filled cavity rather than an air-filled one.

This paper details the surgical protocol for minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation using the SCUBA technique.

최소 침습적 내시경 출혈 대피

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based ...