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여기 첨부 된 동영상에서 설명하는 모든 절차는 보건 과학 센터의 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회 및 뉴 멕시코 대학의 메인 캠퍼스에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 태아 에탄올 노출 <ol><li> 필요한 모든 재료와 화학 물질을 얻 사카린 나트륨 염 수화물, 190 증거 에탄올 (부피 기준 95 % 알코올), 파란색 유리 마시는 튜브, 하나의 구멍, 1 &quot;굽힘 튜브 - 볼 포인트, 종이 통치자 WWW에서 인쇄 천연 고무 흰색 # 4 스토퍼 .vendian.org / mncharity / dir3 / paper_rulers /. </li><li> 공급 업체 나 다른 소스에서 입증 된 성인 증식 쥐를 얻습니다. 이 프로토콜에 제시된 방법과 대표적인 데이터에 대한 긴 에반스 브리더를 사용합니다. 여성은 125-150g 그들이 사육시 약 9~10주 나이가되도록 도착시 연령 6 ~ 7 주 (1.5 단계) 무게. 모든 미래의 댐은 처음 어머니 있는지 확인합니다. 남성 12 있는지 확인도착 연령의 주 및 번식 프로토콜의 시작 오래 15주. </li><li> 하우스 역 12 시간 조명 / 어두운 일정에 22 ° C에서 개별적으로 플라스틱 케이지의 동물 (09 시간으로 21:00에 점등). 모든 음주 세션 중에 포함, 연구를 통해 음식과 수돗물 임의로에 대한 액세스 권한을 제공합니다. 1.4 단계로 진행하기 전에 시설에 순응 적어도 일주를 허용합니다. </li><li> 각 여성 쥐의 기준 체중을 얻습니다. </li><li> 2 주간 암컷 쥐에서 임신 전 음주 수준을 평가합니다. 단계에 따라 1.5.1-1.5.6 위해. <ol><li> 일에 1과 2는 수돗물에 0.066 %의 사카린 용액 (없음 에탄올)를 포함하는 음주 튜브를 입력합니다. 소비를 작성하기 전에 마시는 튜브 mm의 정밀도로 종이 통치자를 부착 정량화합니다. 이 에탄올 소비를 정량화하는 튜브의 무게와 관련된 측정에 오류를 감소시키기 때문에이 방법을 사용합니다. 눈금자 20mm 마크에 튜브를 입력합니다. 4 시간 drinki 시작NG 세션 (1.5.1-1.5.6 1.7 단계) 활동 및 음주 수준이 가장 높다 어두운 단계 (10시 시간)의 발병 후 1 시간. </li><li> 각 회식의 단부에서 소비 된 사카린 용액의 부피를 정량화. 측정을 용이하게하기 위해, 미리 눈금자 mm 당 용액의 양을 결정하고 볼륨 mm로 변환한다. 여기에 추천 튜브를 들어 각 mm는 0.366 ml의에 해당합니다. </li><li> 일 3, 4 일 2.5 % 에탄올 (v / v)의 수돗물에서 0.066 % 사카린 용액으로 튜브를 입력합니다. 각 세션의 단부에서 소비 하였다 (체중 kg 당 중량)의 에탄올 용액의 양을 정량화. </li><li> 하루에 5 이후 5 % 에탄올 (v / v)의 수돗물에서 0.066 % 사카린 용액으로 튜브를 입력합니다. 각 세션의 단부에서 소비 하였다 (체중 kg 당 중량)의 에탄올 용액의 양을 정량화. </li><li> 임신 전 마시는 단계가 완료되면 쥐의 무게를 평균 에탄올 consum을 계산ption 전체 그룹에 대한 표준 편차. 소비가 1보다 큰 표준 편차 임신 중에 자발적 음주의 변동성을 줄이기 위해 연구에서 의미 위 또는 그룹 아래에 의미있는 쥐를 제거합니다. </li><li> 임신 전 음주 수준이 두 그룹에 대해 최대한 가깝게 일치하도록 사카린 제어 또는 PAE 조건 중 하나에 남아있는 쥐를 할당합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 1~14일 쌍 내에서 입증 된 남성 개종 각각 여성 쥐. 여성 쥐 사육 단계에서 에탄올을 소비하지 않습니다. , 질 플러그의 존재에 의해 임신을 확인 여성 쥐의 무게, 개별적으로 그녀의 집. 이 연구에서 여성을 제거 후 최대 5 일에 대한 남성 개종 암컷 쥐를 떠나, 임신 일 1. 선택적으로 정의된다. 참고 : 임신 중 에탄올 소비가 질 플러그의 존재를 임신 1 일 검사 10:00 시간에 시작하기 때문에 수행해야이때 이전. </li><li> 임신 기간 동안 하루 4 시간 (1,000 1,400 시간) 에탄올 또는 사카린 솔루션을 제공합니다. <ol><li> 임신 1 일에 시작하는 0 % 또는 5 % 에탄올 및 그룹 할당에 따라 수돗물에서 0.066 % 사카린 솔루션 중 하나와 여성 쥐를 제공합니다. 사카린 대조군에 제공 0 % 에탄올 용액 부피의 에탄올 래트에 의해 소비 5 % 에탄올 용액의 평균 체적에 매칭되는지 확인. 각 세션의 단부에서 소비 된 또는 사카린 (체중 kg 당 중량)의 에탄올 용액의 양을 정량화. </li><li> 산모의 체중 증가를 평가하기 위해 매주 쥐 댐의 무게를. </li><li> 마시는 세션을 포함하여 항상 음식과 수돗물을 제공합니다. </li><li> 자손이 태어날 때 에탄올 노출 절차를 중단. 출생시 라이브 강아지와 강아지의 무게의 수를 기록한다. 출생 후의 일 0으로 출생의 날을 지정합니다. </li><li> 출생 후 하루 2 ~ 3 약 10 새끼에 새끼를 추려. t을 시도O 각 쓰레기 여성 동물 남성의 동등한 비율을 유지한다. 이것이 가능하지 않다면, 남성 및 여성의 개수가 다른 10 새끼로 추려. </li><li> 기록 강아지 무게 출생 후 2~3일. </li><li> 같은 산전 처리 조건에서 동물 동성 쌍 약 출생 후 하루 21 ~ 24과 집에서 동물을 유아. 잠재적 인 쓰레기 효과를 제한하는 실험 당 각 쓰레기에서 이상 1-2 쥐를 사용하지 마십시오. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 사회적 행동 <ol><li> 구하여 필요한 모든 재료와 장비를 준비합니다. <ol><li> 사회적 상호 작용을위한 장치를 얻습니다. 청소하고 소독하기 쉬운 물질로 구성 오픈 탑과 챔버를 사용합니다. 장치의 전면에는 촬영을하기 위해 경질 투명 플라스틱 (~ 2mm 두께)로 피복되어야한다. 라인은 투명 플라스틱 (~ 2mm 두께)와 내부 벽과 바닥은 청소 및 악취 제어에 도움이됩니다. 다시 내부 WA 따라 장소 거울LL 분석에 도움이됩니다. 참고 : 대표 데이터가 여기에 장치의 내부 측면과 바닥을 커버하는 사용자 정의 챔버 오픈 탑 단단한 투명 플라스틱 (2mm 두께)와 (× 43cm 키가 큰 폭 95cm 길이 × 47cm)를보고 사용 하였다. 미러는 후면 벽을 따라 배치했다. 특정 치수 및 재료가 사회적 행동의 측정을 위해 중요하지 않은, 그러나, 그 크기가 충분히 정품 사회적 상호 작용을 보장하기 위해 큰 다른 행위와 구별 될 수있는 것이 추천된다. 즉, 동물이 서로 가까이에 항상되지 않도록 장치는 충분히 커야한다. </li><li> 모든 촬영이 가시 스펙트럼 내에서 거의 또는 전혀 주변 조명으로 실시로 낮거나 빛이없는 조건에서 기록의 비디오 카메라가있는 얻습니다. 네이티브 어두운 조건에서, 카메라가 있지만, 적외선 스펙트럼 내에서 높은 해상도를 가지고, 기록 할 수있는 임의의 카메라를 확인추가 적외선 조명 장치와 야간 모드 또는 충분합니다. </li><li> 주변 장치에 위치 적외선 조명 장치는 영상 녹화 장치의 조명을 향상시킬 수있다. </li><li> 실험실 등급의 목재 칩 (미루 나무 칩)을 구합니다. </li><li> 세션 및 냄새 조절 장치 사이의 청소 브러시​​, 빗자루, 이산화 염소 및 이소 프로필 알콜 (70 %)을 얻었다. </li></ol></li><li> 장치의 적응과 사회적 행동 <ol><li> 실험이 단계를 들어, 나이가 최소 90 일입니다 성인 쥐에서 측정을합니다. </li><li> 이전에는 각 세션에, 어떤 숲 칩을 제거 세션 사이의 냄새를 제어하고 신선한 나무 칩을 제공하기 위해 이소 프로필 알코올로 청소 장치를 닦습니다. 나무 조각이 완전히 장치의 바닥을 커버 있는지 확인합니다. 깨끗하고 필요에 따라, 예컨대 이산화 염소 같은 적절한 제로 살균 장치. </li><li> 세 일 연속으로 동물과 케이지 동료를 배치30 분 동안 챔버는 장치에 동물을 적응. 적응 세션 동안 모든 실내 조명이 꺼집니다. </li><li> 동물 개별적으로 24 시간 동안 신선한 침구, 음식, 물과 새 케이지에서 세 번째로 적응 세션 집의 끝에서 사회적 상호 작용 동기를 부여합니다. </li><li> 동물 후 다음 날 24 시간에 기록 사회적 상호 작용을 분리 하였다. <ol><li> 청소 장치로부터 목재 칩을 제거하고 이산화 염소 소독, 악취 제어, 이소 프로필 알코올로 닦아, 세션 이전 목재 칩을 대체. </li><li> 상호 작용을 기록하기 위해 하나 이상의 카메라를 배치. 위치에 적어도 하나의 카메라 장치의 전면에있어서의 뒤쪽 벽에 거울들은 분석을위한 부가적인 관점을 제공 할 수 있도록. </li><li> 동물을 한 번에 하나씩 검색하고 모피 패턴의 고유 한 특징이 주목 될 수 있도록 카메라 앞에 동물을 잡아. 이러한 식별 기능모피는 분석보다는 인위적 동물 마킹 동안 래트를 구별하는데 사용될 수있다. 참고 : 설치류 사회적 상호 작용의 여러 측면이 후각 신호와 가능 도입 외국 냄새는 피해야한다 어디든지 파트너, 냄새를 포함하기 때문에. 롱 - 에반스 래트는 전형적으로 동물의 임의의 주어진 쌍들을 구별하기 위해 사용될 수 모피 패턴의 일부 기능을 가지고있다. 다른 균주 (예, 흰쥐)의 경우와 같은 향료 색소와 같은 꼬리를 마킹 대안 적 방법이 사용될 수있다. 그것은 관심의 많은 행동이 특정 목표에 관한 것이다 것을 인식하는 것이 중요하다 (예., anogenital가 꼬리의 기지 근처에 지시 스니핑, 목, 또는 측면 또는 배를 향해 적극적인 공격의 목덜미에 지시 장난 공격). 지금까지의 관심이 대상에서 꼬리의 끝 부분에 가까운 동물을 표시하는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> 적어도 12 분 동안 사회적 상호 작용의 기록 영상.</li><li> 세션 전체 싸움을 위해 동물을 모니터링합니다. 가능하면 실험이 세션 동안 방에되지 않도록, 모니터 또는 창을 통해 동물을 볼. 참고 : 격투가 드물게 성인 쥐 연구에서 관찰되지 않은, 그러나, 동물 세션에 걸쳐 모니터링해야한다. 이 세션은 과도한 싸움이있을 경우 중단해야 또는 동물에 상해 나 부상의 흔적이있다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 행동 코딩 및 분석. <ol><li> PAE 1,18로 이전 작업에 따라 관심의 다음 동작을 확인합니다. 다음 문제 중 첫 번째 발생에 지속 시간, 빈도 및 대기 시간을 정량화; 나무 조각에 파고 /, anogenital 스니핑, 파트너 아래 / 위로 (교차) 파트너의 몸 (몸 냄새)의 다른 스니핑을 크롤링 (파트너의 정리)를 allogrooming, 양육하고, 스니핑, 권투, (피닝 포함) 레슬링 . 각 동작의 예는 예시 아르이 문서의 비디오 구성 요소의 개발. </li><li> 비디오에서 관심의 사회적 행동을 정량화. 관심의 각 동작에 대한 첫 번째 인스턴스에 주파수, 총 시간 및 대기 시간을 가져옵니다. 참고 : 이러한 조치를 얻기 수동으로 달성 될 수있다, 그러나, 디지털화 된 비디오의 컴퓨터 분석을 사용하여 이러한 조치를 정량화하는 것이 좋습니다. 비디오 및 행동의 정량의 재생을위한 매트랩 (www.mathworks.com) 스크립트는이 기사에 대한 보충으로 제공됩니다. </li><li> 모든 쥐 완료 코딩 한 후 그 결과 지속 시간, 빈도 및 대기 시간 데이터는 통계 패키지로 분석된다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

여기에 설명 된 태아 알코올 노출 패러다임은 임신 중 쥐 댐에 의한 에탄올의 자발적인 소비 (5 % v / v)로 포함한다. 타이밍, 도즈, 기간 및 노선 에탄올 투여뿐만 아니라, 조사중인 종에 대하여 다를 문헌에서 표현 뇌 발달 동안 에탄올 비인간 동물을 노출시키기위한 수많은 프로토콜들이있다. 노광 다양한 프로토콜의 장점의 완전한 치료가 여기에 제공되지 않지만, PAE에 대한 자발적인 마시는 방?...

어린이의 추정 1~5%는 태아 알코올 증후군 (FAS), 부분 FAS (PFAS), 및 알코올 관련 신경 발달 장애 (ARNDs)를 3 등 태아 알코올 스펙트럼 장애 (FASDs) 2, 진단된다. 사회적 행동과인지의 적자는 FASDs 4-7 소아에서 관찰 된 가장 흔한 부작용 중입니다. 부정적인 결과가 FASDs 8-10과 인간, 비교적 미묘한하지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 지속적으로 발생할 수 FAS의 눈에 띄는, 형태 학적 행동 및인지 적자 특성으로 이어질하지 않는 적당한 PAE 무거운 태아 알코올 노출 (PAE)에 적자를 국한되지 않습니다 및 비 - 인간 동물 뇌 발달 11시 에탄올에 노출. 적당한 PAE의 행동 및 해당 신경 생물학적 결과를 이해의 중요성은 FASD 케이스의 대다수가 덜들 내에 있음을 나타내는 현재의 추정에 의해 강조된다스펙트럼 (12)의 evere 범위. 여러 독립적 인 실험실을 포함, 두뇌 발달하는 동안 노출을 에탄올 관련 설치류 사회적 행동의 변화를보고 플레이 14,16,17를 변경 조사와 상호 작용 1,13-15을, 감소, 사회적 자극에 응답에 적극적인 상호 작용 17, 18, ​​변경을 증가 사회적으로 획득 한 식품 환경 및 사회적 인식 메모리 (22)에 19 ~ 21, 및 적자. 사회 행동 적자는 무거운 (혈중 에탄올 농도 (BECS) ~ 300mg의 / DL) 22, 23 또는 에탄올의 더 온건 한 수준 (BECS ~ 80 ㎎ / DL) 1, 및 기타 중요한 매개 변수의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 노출 이후에 관찰되었다 행동 측정시 노광 타이밍, 노출 기간,​​ 연령 등 다양한 요인. 이전 연구는 사회 INT의 특정 측면에 그 변경을 증명했다성인이 eraction는 1,18 사카린에 노출 제어 동물에서 적당한 알코올에 노출 쥐를 구별. 특히, 중간 PAE는 지속적으로 공격적인 행동의 증가, 그리고 성인이 (파트너의 스니핑 예) 사회 조사의 낮은 수준을 제시 레슬링의 강력한 증가와 관련이있다. 사회적 행동의 변화가 PAE의 신뢰할 수있는 결과이기 때문에, PAE 다음과 같은 사회적 행동의 정량은 사회적 행동에 PAE 관련 변경의 신경 기지의보다 완전한 이해와 중재 방법의 개발을 향해 진행에 대한 중요성을 보유 할 수있다. 이 논문과 관련 비디오의 목표는이 성인 자손의 사회적 행동의 정량 중간 PAE 프로토콜 및 방법에 대한 교육을 제공하는 것입니다 확실하게 구별 태아 알코올에 노출 된 비에 노출 된 쥐의 자손에서.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharin sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>190 proof ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>493538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaded glass drinking tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural rubber white #4 stopper one hole</td>
			<td>Plasticoid</td>
			<td>LSG4M181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; bend tubes-ball point</td>
			<td>Ancare</td>
			<td>TD-199-3&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper rulers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers">www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apparatus for social interaction</td>
			<td>Custom built</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>95 cm X 47 cm X 43 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video cameras</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Capable of recording low/no light conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared illuminators</td>
			<td>Vitek</td>
			<td>VT-IR1-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teklad laboratory grade sani-chips</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush and dustpan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W292907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorine Dioxide (1.5 mg Tablets)</td>
			<td>Quiplabs</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Prepare per manufacturer&#39;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and quantification of social behavior in adult rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

많은 번식 라운드의 과정을 통해 에탄올 상태에서 암컷 쥐가 지속적으로 4 시간 마시는 세션 당 에탄올의 약 2.1 g / kg의 평균을 마신다. 쥐 댐 45 분 시점에서 측정 된 약 60 ㎎ / DL의 피크 모체 혈청 에탄올 농도 결과 술 튜브를 도입 한 후의 제 15 ~ 30 분 동안 네 시간 합계의 약 절반을 소비한다. 마시는 기간의 나머지에서 3.5 시간 동안, 그들은 0.4 g / kg 체중 / 시간 이하, 비교적 안정된 속도로 5 % 에?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats at JoVE.com

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

보통 태아 알코올 노출과 성인 쥐의 사회적 행동의 정량화

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

moderate-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-quantification-social-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K 조회수.  University of New Mexico. The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood. 

비디오: Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

절차 흰쥐의 파블로프 에어컨 알코올 추구 행동의 상황에 의한 갱신을 준수합니다

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

연구

행동분석학

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

수정 된 구멍 보드 - 마우스 및 쥐의 행동,인지 및 사회적 상호 작용을 측정

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

스트레스의 사회적 차원 : 트리어 사회에서 사회적지지와 사회적 정체성의 실험 노는 시험 스트레스

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

물 박탈, 사카린 페이딩 또는 확장 액세스 교육을받지 않은 쥐에 에탄올의 강화 속성을 평가하는 방법

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

설치류 심리 운동 경계 시험 (rPVT) : 쥐에서 신경 행동 학적 성능을 평가하는 방법

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

공부 하는 병원 체에 행동 방어 위한 비주얼 가이드 잎-절단 개미에 공격

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

자발적으로 감 금 소를 변경 하는 쥐 가르치는 식자 교육 및 사회적 관찰을 사용 하 여

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

전산화된 언어 및 소셜 네트워크 분석을 통합하여 온라인 커뮤니티에서 중독 회복 자본 을 포착

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...