This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

참고 : 여기서의 모든 절차에 제출하여 승인을 IACUC (연구 준수 사무소)에 의해 NIH의 지침에 따라 실시 하였다되었다. 행동 테스트 패러다임에 사용 된 마우스는 순진하고 다른 시험에 사용되지 않았다. 이 프로토콜에 사용되는 C57BL / 6 야생형과 똑 마우스는 9 이전에 설명하고 여기에 제시된 데이터는 원고에서 있습니다. 테스트 룸과 오픈 필드 장치 1. 준비 <ol><li> 네 활동 챔버로 구성된 여러 단위 열기 필드 미로 (OFM)를 사용하는 것은 이러한 분석 (그림 1)에 사용되었다. 각 챔버 측정 50cm (길이) 50cm (폭) 38cm (높이) x 및 화이트 고밀도 및 비 - 다공성 플라스틱으로 제작 된 X. </li><li> 미로의 벽이 부드러운 동안 보행시 견인을위한 미로의 바닥 질감입니다. 미로 사분면이 시험의 목적을 위해 완전히 비어있다. 이 프로토 나머지 고려COL 상술 미로 단일 사분면 OFM을 설명하기 위해 이용 될 것이다. </li><li> 이전 주제 마우스로 남아있는 향기 단서를 제거하기 위해 사용하기 전에 95 %의 에탄올과 이후 테스트하기 전에 실을 닦습니다. </li><li> 에탄올은 쥐를 테스트에 전에 완전히 증발하도록 허용합니다. 이것은 각 테스트 세션 사이에 5 ~ 10 분 정도 걸릴 수 있습니다. </li><li> 이 분석을 위해, 기록 및 마우스 움직임을 평가 PanLab / 하버드 장치로부터 SMART 비디오 추적 소프트웨어를 사용한다. 주 : 모든 CM 영상 추적 카메라 및 소프트웨어는 오픈 필드 미로 결과를 시험 대상을 추적하고 평가할 수있다. 최종 사용자가 교정하는 방법을 이해하고 각 분석에 사용되는 소프트웨어를 실행하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 카메라와 소프트웨어가 제대로 제조업체의 지시에 따라 보정하는 경우에 상관없이 비디오 카메라 및 사용 추적 소프트웨어는 최상의 결과를 얻을 수있다. </li><li> 시험 I 수행NA 표준 미로 장치 및 소프트웨어를 실행하는 데 필요한 컴퓨터를 포함 할 수있는 공간을 조명. 천장에 부착 또는 카메라 렌즈가 미로 전체 영역 (도 2)을 참조 할 수있는 승강 지원 시스템을 이용하여 어느 미로 상기 비디오 카메라를 일시. </li><li> 시험 인간 관리자로서, 마우스의 행동에 영향을하지 않도록 미로에 피험자에 의해 완전히 관측 될 방에 공간이 충분해야. </li></ol> 2. 활동을 측정 할 수있는 소프트웨어를 준비 <ol><li> 비디오 추적 소프트웨어를 엽니 다. </li><li> 소프트웨어가 열린 후, &quot;데이터 수집&quot;탭이 옵션을 열려면 클릭 한 번 아래에있는 &quot;단일 주제 추적&quot;옵션에 커서를 이동합니다. </li><li> 화면 아래쪽에있는 &quot;정적 배경&quot;옵션을 선택합니다. </li><li> 선택 후 &quot;정적 배경&quot;를 선택이다N, 이는 앞서 피험자의 첨가로 미로의 이미지를 촬영하기 위해 소프트웨어를 사용하는 것이 필요하다. 이렇게하려면 스크린과 한 번의 클릭의 아래쪽에있는 &quot;사진&quot;버튼에 커서를 이동합니다. 주 : 소프트웨어 추적 처리 동안 촬영 화상으로부터 감산 될 것이다 시험 대상없이 시나리오의 사진을 찍을 것이다. 에만 피사체의 움직임이 소프트웨어에 의해 분석되는 경우가 빈번하게 발생한다. </li><li> 상기 촬영 배경 이미지가 완전히 화면 하단에있는 &quot;테스트&quot;버튼에 커서를 이동 한 번 클릭하여 추적 소프트웨어에 의해 제거되는 것을 확인한다. 배경 이미지가 완전히 추적 이미지에서 제거되면 백색 고체 필드는 도시한다. 조명 조건 변경하거나 미로 실수로 이동하는 경우, 당신은 두 개의 이미지가 완벽하게 일치하지 않는 나타내는이 분야에서 검은 &quot;그림자&quot;를 볼 수있을 것입니다. 이 상황을 해결하려면 인트를 반복P 2.4 이상. </li><li> 배경 설정을 확인한 후, 수집 시간 동안 제어되는 방식을 구성하는 타이밍 옵션을 사용. 이렇게하려면 &quot;구성&quot;탭으로 커서를 이동 한 후 &quot;타이밍&quot;제목을 클릭하면됩니다. 실험 매개 변수를 입력합니다 새로 열린 창을 사용합니다. </li><li> 이 프로토콜의 경우, 10 분 추적 기간으로 &quot;프로그램 된 시간&quot;옵션을 선택했다. 미로의 중앙에 위치시키고 마우스를 추적 개시전 멀어 사용자 시간을 허용하기 위해 5 초에 &quot;대기주기&quot;를 설정한다. 시험 기간 동안 10 분의 &quot;획득 시간&quot;을 입력한다. &quot;프로그램 시간 (10 분)이 끝나면&quot;자동 카메라와 소프트웨어의 추적 기능이 꺼집니다되는 설정 &quot;정지 제어&quot;를 설정합니다. </li><li> 모든 타이밍이 창을 닫습니다 설정 한 후 &quot;닫기&quot;버튼에 커서를 이동합니다. 이제 테스트를 시작할 준비가절차를 보내고. </li></ol> 열기 필드 테스트 3. 관리 주 :이 프로토콜에서 사용되는 소프트웨어 패키지는 한 번에 최대 16 개의 개별 마우스의 추적을 허용한다. 완성의 편의를 위해 위에서 언급 한 바와 같이, 여기에서 논의 된 프로토콜은 OFM의 하나의 사분면을 사용하여 하나의 마우스입니다. 이 프로토콜을 사용하고있는 기기의 경우, 4 개인 마우스의 최대 미로의 각 사분면을 사용하여 추적 할 수 있습니다. 멀티 인클로저 미로를 사용하는 경우, 그 정의 사분면의 첫 번째 주제 마우스를 배치 한 후, 분석을 추적하는 각각의 미로 사분면에 남아있는 마우스를 놓습니다. 이 프로토콜의 목적을 위해, 상기 명령은 미로의 사분면에 고유 한 것이다. <ol><li> 시험장에 자신의 주택 방에서 자신의 홈 케이지에 마우스를 가져. 쥐 실험을 시작하기 전에 30 분 이상 동안 절차 방에 적응하도록 허용. </li><li> 단일 m를 제거부드럽게 꼬리를 잡고 홈 케이지에서 여러개 동시에 마우스의 움직임을 추적 시작하기 위해 시작 버튼 하나 클릭하여 SMART 소프트웨어를 활성화하는 동안 열기 필드 미로의 중앙에 마우스를 놓습니다. 마우스가 미로의 주변 벽과 릴리스의 타이밍 즉시 이동하고 마우스 캡처를 추적하는 것은이 운동을 기록 일치해야하는 것은 정상입니다. </li><li> , 추적 소프트웨어는 움직임을 기록되는 시간 동안 하나의 10 분 기간 (그림 3)의 미로의 각 사분면에 걸쳐 주제 마우스의 무료 및 중단 운동을 허용합니다. </li><li> 시험 기간이 끝나면, 부드럽게 피사체 마우스 픽업 미로에서 제거하고 그의 홈 케이지로 복귀. </li><li> 미로를 청소하기 전에, 시각적으로 미로에 존재하는 배설물 boli 알약을 계산하고 수동으로 추가 분석을 위해 번호를 기록한다. </li><li> 모든 분변 알약을 제거하고 소변의 모든 관광 명소를 닦아. 바닥과 95 % 에탄올로 미로 사분면의 벽을 뿌려 깨끗한 종이 타월로 닦아냅니다. 허용 에탄올 용액 이전에 다른 마우스를 테스트에 완전히 건조. </li><li> 다음 마우스로 절차를 반복합니다. </li></ol> 4. 측정 및 시험 절차를 수행하는 동안 행동 분석 참고 : 측정을 위해, 오픈 필드 동작의 세 가지 측면 쉽게 (설명 참조)이 프로토콜을 사용하여 특징이다. 비디오 추적 소프트웨어에서 이러한 측정을 액세스하는 방법에 대한 간단한 명령어는 다음과 같다. <ol><li> SMART 소프트웨어의 주 화면에서, 존 편집기를 엽니 다 &quot;영역&quot;탭을 클릭 한 번으로 &quot;정의&quot;에 커서를 이동합니다. </li><li> SMART 소프트웨어 사용자 설명서의 자세한 설명은 추적 경로에 오버레이 영역 또는 그리드를 정의 하는가에 따라. 여기서, 소프트웨어는 미로의 바닥을 덮는 10cm 정사각형의 5 × 5 그리드 (정의하는 데 사용 된 <strong&gt; 그림 4). 앞서 존 편집기를 종료하기 위해 만든 영역 파일을 저장해야합니다. </li><li> SMART 소프트웨어의 메인 화면에서 &quot;분석&quot;탭으로 커서를 이동 한 데이터 분석 창을여십시오. </li><li> &quot;파일&quot;탭으로 커서를 이동하고 위에서 만든 영역 파일을 엽니 다. </li><li> &quot;구성&quot;탭으로 커서를 이동하고 &quot;트랙 분석&quot;옵션을 엽니 다. 이것은 &quot;단일 주제 분석 구성&quot;창이 열립니다. <ol><li> &quot;표준&quot;탭으로 커서를 이동시키고 포함 된 매개 변수 상자 (오른쪽)에 사용 가능한 매개 변수 상자 (왼쪽)에서 &quot;여행하고 거리&quot;매개 변수를 이동합니다. </li><li> &quot;영역 전환&quot;탭으로 커서를 이동하고 위의 포함 된 매개 변수 상자에 모든 적절한 매개 변수를 이동합니다. </li><li> &quot;전체 트랙&quot;상자가 창 하단에 선택되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 모OK 버튼에 커서를했습니다 및 단일 주제 분석 구성 창을 닫습니다. 참고 : 수행하고자하는 분석에 따라, 많은 다른 옵션은 분석에서 내 데이터에이 창에서 선택 될 수있다. 매개 변수 데이터의 분석을위한 가장 중요한 결정하기 위해 특정 프로그램의 자세한 사용 설명서를 읽어 보시기 바랍니다. </li></ol></li><li> 프로그램 창의 왼쪽 상단의 파일 탭에서 단일 주제 트랙 창을 열고 모든 트랙이 분석되고 옆에 체크 표시를합니다. 창 상단에있는 확인 표시 버튼에 커서를 이동하고 트랙 Explorer 창을 닫습니다. </li><li> 데이터 분석 창에서 &quot;이동&quot;버튼에 커서를 이동하고 하나의 트랙 데이터의 분석을 시작합니다. </li><li> 분석 데이터 중 하나를 ASCII 텍스트 파일로 출력 할 수 있습니다 또는 직접 엑셀 스프레드 시트로 내보낼 수 있습니다. 출력 다에 사용하는 소프트웨어 프로그램의 출력 도구를 사용하여자신의 사용에 따. 참고 : 총 이동 거리 및 표시 영역에서 보낸 시간은 위에 설명 된 데이터 분석 단계에 따라 출력됩니다. 다시, 단계 사용한 사용자 소프트웨어 등에 따라 다르고, 여기에 나타낸 이들 측정에 도달하도록 강조된다. 그러나 데이터 자체와 결과의 해석은 소프트웨어 프로그램의 유사한 독립적이어야한다. 그것은 그 테스트 관리자 바이어스 소프트웨어가 아닌 관리자에 의해 측정 된 데이터를 정량화 수집 된 모든 데이터와이 프로토콜에서 제거도 주목할 필요가있다. 따라서 기술 된 바와 같이 수집 된 데이터에 더 qualifiable 요소는 없다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hall, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotional+behavior+in+the+rat:+defecation+and+urination+as+measures+of+individual+differences+in+emotionality.">Emotional behavior in the rat: defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality.</a> J. Comp. Psychol. 18, 385-403 (1934).</li><li>Walsh, R. N., Cummins, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+a+critical+review.">The open field test: a critical review.</a> Psychol. Bull. 83, 482-504 (1976).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors:+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.</a> Eur. J. of Pharm. 463, 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Choleris, E., Thomas, A. W., Kavaliers, M., Prato, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+detailed+ethological+analysis+of+the+mouse+open+field+test:+effects+of+diazepam,+chlordiazpoxide+and+an+extremely+low+frequency+pulsed+magnetic+field.">A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazpoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 235-260 (2001).</li><li>Ramos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+anxiety:+do+I+need+multiple+tests.">Animal Models of anxiety: do I need multiple tests.</a> TIPS. 29, 493-498 (2008).</li><li>Archer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+for+emotionality+in+rats+and+mice:+a+review.">Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: a review.</a> Anim. Behav. 21, 205-235 (1973).</li><li>Gray, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotionality+in+male+and+female+rodents:+a+reply+to+Archer.">Emotionality in male and female rodents: a reply to Archer.</a> Brit. J. Psych. 70, 425-440 (1979).</li><li>Carola, V., D&#8217;Olimpio, F., Brunamonti, E., Mangia, F., Renzi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+elevated+plus-maze+and+open-field+tests+for+the+assessment+of+anxiety-related+behavior+in+inbred+mice.">Evaluation of the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests for the assessment of anxiety-related behavior in inbred mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 134, 49-57 (2002).</li><li>Ramesh Babu, J., Seibenhener, M. L., Peng, J., Strom, A. L., Kemppainen, R., Cox, N., Zhu, H., Wooten, M. C., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Moscat, J., Wooten, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+inactivation+of+p62+leads+to+accumulation+of+hyperphosphorylated+tau+and+neurodegeneration.">Genetic inactivation of p62 leads to accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and neurodegeneration.</a> J. Neurochem. 106, 107-120 (2008).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice:+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice: influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Denenberg, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-field+behavior+in+the+rat:+what+does+it+mean.">Open-field behavior in the rat: what does it mean.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 159, 852-859 (1969).</li><li>Stanford, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+reinventing+the+wheel.">The open field test: reinventing the wheel.</a> J. Psychopharm. 21, 134-135 (2007).</li><li>Ennaceur, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+of+unconditional+anxiety+&#8211;+pitfalls+and+disappointments.">Tests of unconditional anxiety &#8211; pitfalls and disappointments.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 135, 55-71 (2014).</li><li>Borta, A., Schwarting, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+avoidance,+pain+reactivity,+and+plus-maze+behavior+in+Wistar+rats+with+high+versus+low+rearing+activity.">Inhibitory avoidance, pain reactivity, and plus-maze behavior in Wistar rats with high versus low rearing activity.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 84, 387-396 (2005).</li><li>Costall, B., Jones, B. J., Kelly, M. E., Naylor, R. J., Tomkins, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+mice+in+a+black+and+white+test+box:+validation+as+a+model+of+anxiety.">Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety.</a> Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 777-785 (1989).</li><li>Bouwknecht, J. A., Paylor, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+in+the+interpretation+of+genetic+and+pharmacological+effects+on+anxiety-like+behavior+in+rodents.">Pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic and pharmacological effects on anxiety-like behavior in rodents.</a> Behav. Pharm. 19, 385-402 (2008).</li><li>Webster, D. G., Baumgardner, D. J., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+eight+taxa+of+muriod+rodents.">Open field behavior in eight taxa of muriod rodents.</a> Bull. Psychonom. Soc. 13, 90-92 (1979).</li><li>Wilson, R. C., Vacek, T., Lanier, D. L., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+muroid+rodents.">Open field behavior in muroid rodents.</a> Behav. Biol. 17, 495-506 (1976).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+transgenic+and+knockout+mice:+experimental+designs+and+evaluation+of+general+health,+sensory+functions,+motor+abilities+and+specific+behavioral+tests.">Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental designs and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities and specific behavioral tests.</a> Brain Res. 835, 18-26 (1999).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice.+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice. influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Miller, B. H., Schultz, L. E., Gulati, A., Su, A. I., Pletcher, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+characterization+of+a+genetically+diverse+panel+of+mice+for+behavioral+despair+and+anxiety.">Phenotypic characterization of a genetically diverse panel of mice for behavioral despair and anxiety.</a> PLoS One. 5, e14458 (2010).</li><li>Tannenbaum, B., Anisman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+chronic+intermittent+challenges+in+stressor-susceptible+and+resilient+strains+of+mice.">Impact of chronic intermittent challenges in stressor-susceptible and resilient strains of mice.</a> Biol. Psych. 53, 292-303 (2003).</li><li>Lister, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethologically-based+animal+models+of+anxiety+disorders.">Ethologically-based animal models of anxiety disorders.</a> Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 321-340 (1990).</li><li>Kulesskaya, N., Voikar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+mouse+anxiety-like+behavior+in+the+light-dark+box+and+open-field+arena:+role+of+equipment+and+procedure.">Assessment of mouse anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box and open-field arena: role of equipment and procedure.</a> Phys. Behav. 133, 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Han, H., Du, W., Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Xu, G., Niu, R., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+fluoride+exposure+on+object+recognition+memory+and+mRNA+expression+of+SNARE+complex+in+hippocampus+of+male+mice.">Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice.</a> Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 158, 58-64 (2014).</li><li>Barrow, P., Leconte, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+body+weight+on+open+field+and+swimming+maze+performance+during+the+post-weaning+period+in+the+rat.">The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat.</a> Lab. Animals. 30, 22-27 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

열기 필드 미로 동물 행동 연구에서 가장 널리 사용되는 플랫폼 중 하나입니다. 중요하고, 종래의 2,4- ethological 파라미터 번호를 수집하여 OFM의 수행 동안 분석 될 수있다. 이 자료는 연구자가 불안 관련 감정적 인 행동 8 전체 운동 활성에 이르기까지 행동을 측정 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, OFM의 사용에도 단점은 있습니다. 한가지 문제는 어떤 교란 시험 세션 동안 조작 될 수있는 정...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

대부분의 경우 실험군 당 균주 개인의 평균 개수는 충분한 관련성 통계를 생성하기 위해 약 20이다. 그러나이 숫자는 마우스 가용성에 따라 8-30의 범위 일 수있다. 필요한 측정 또는 비교에 따라, 또한 연령 유사한 피사체를 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. 열기 필드 미로에서 측정하는 제 틀림없이 가장 중요한 특정 매개 변수는 총 외래 거리입니다. 측정 단위는 비교를 위해 부?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

열기 필드 미로의 사용은 마우스의 운동력과 불안 같은 행동을 측정하기 위해

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.8K 조회수.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

비디오: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to the mouse becoming increasingly important. But researchers found that some strains of mutant mice were prone to problems like passively floating or diving when they were tested in the Morris water maze11. This was unsurprising considering their natural habitat; rats swim naturally (classically, the "sewer rat"), whereas mice evolved in the dry areas of central Asia.
To overcome these problems, it was considered whether shallow water would be a sufficient stimulus to provide escape motivation for mice. This would also avoid the problems of drying the small creatures with a towel and then putting them in a heated recovery chamber to avoid hypothermia, which is a much more serious problem than with rats; the large ratio of surface area to volume of a mouse makes it particularly vulnerable to rapid heat loss.
Another consideration was whether a more natural escape strategy could be used, to facilitate learning. Since animals that fall into water and swim away from the safety of the shore are unlikely to pass on their genes, animals have evolved a natural tendency to swim to the edge of a body of water. The Morris water maze, however, requires them to swim to a hidden platform towards the center of the maze - exactly opposite to their evolved behavior. Therefore the paddling maze should incorporate escape to the edge of the apparatus. This feature, coupled with the use of relatively non-aversive shallow water, embodies the "Refinement" aspect of the "3 Rs" of Russell and Burch8.
Various types of maze design were tried; the common feature was that the water was always shallow (2 cm deep) and escape was via a tube piercing the transparent wall of the apparatus. Other tubes ("false exits") were also placed around the walls but these were blocked off. From the inside of the maze all false exits and the single true exit looked the same. Currently a dodecagonal (12-sided) maze is in use in Oxford, with 12 true/false exits set in the corners. In a recent development a transparent paddling Y-maze has been tested successfully.

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

마우스의 물 미로 시험의 얕은 물 (패들링) 변종

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

연구

행동분석학

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

통각 행동의 변화를 측정하는 조작 적 구강 안면 통증 평가 장치 (OPAD)의 사용

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

골격근 질환에 대한 열기 필드 활동 모니터링 시스템을 사용하여 행동 및 운동력 측정

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

주의력 설정 쉬프트 작업 : 마우스의인지 적 유연성의 측정

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

오픈 필드 타워 미로를 취하게하고 응답 학습

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

Aquaria에서 물고기의 생식 생태학 연구를위한 기본 방법

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

시야의 중앙와 프레 젠 테이 션의 정서적 이미지 동기 관심에 반구형 차이 측정

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

쥐에서 동물 불안을 테스트: 오픈 팔 레와 닫힌된 팔 벽 투명성 높은 플러스 미로 테스트

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

공간 학습 및 반 즈 미로 계 집 아이-에서-조 난 패러다임을 사용 하 여 마우스 Prosocial 동작 분석

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Methods Article

열기 필드 미로의 사용은 마우스의 운동력과 불안 같은 행동을 측정하기 위해