We thank Dr. John Ohlfest and Dr. Stacey Decker13 for the generous gift of plasmids and for the training provided to master this method. We thank Marta Dzaman for help with standardizing the Hematoxylin-Eosin staining procedure of paraffin-embedded sections. We also thank Molly Dahlgren for perusing this manuscript and providing helpful suggestions. This work is supported by NIH/NINDS grants to MGC and PRL, Leah&#8217;s Happy Hearts Foundation grant to MCG and PRL. Alex&#8217;s Lemonade Foundation young Investigator Award and the St. Baldrick&#8217;s Foundation Fellowship to CK.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 글에서, 우리는 세부 사항 신생아 마우스의 뇌실 영역을 주변 세포에 종양 플라스미드 DNA의 SB의 transposase- 매개 통합을 사용하여 GBM의 새로운 모델을 생성하기위한 다양하고 재현하는 방법. 우리가 관심있는 새로운 유전자 트랜스포존 플라스미드를 생성하는 프로토콜을 제시, 살아있는 동물에서 종양의 진행을 모니터링하는 방법, 및 이들의 종양 histo 병리학 및 면역 조직 화학적 특징을 특성?...

수술, 방사선 요법, 화학 요법으로 치료 한 경우 다형성 교 모세포종 (GBM)는 15~21개월의 평균 생존 기간으로, 성인에서 가장 흔한 (60 %) 차 뇌종양이다. GBM에 대한 소설 치료는 필수적이다. 실험 요법 적절히 인간 질병의 두드러진 특징을 재현 동물 모델에서 시험을 요구한다. 설치류 교종 세포주를 사용하여 화학이 알킬화제와 돌연변이 유발, 또는 배아 체세포 유전자 변형, 또는 이식을 포함 GBM의 전략을 유도한다. 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 모델은 뇌 내로 또는 피하로 동일한 유전자형의 동물 세포를 이용하여 동계 어느 동소, 신경 교종 세포주 주입을 채용; 또는 이종 세포는 면역에 이식 가장 일반적으로 인간 GBM 세포주, 마우스 3 손상. 이종 이식은 두개 내 종양의 연구에 많은 장점을 제공합니다 재현성의 편의를 위해, standardized 성장률, 죽음과 종양 현지화의 시간. 의사 pallisading 괴사, 핵 atypias, 미만성 침윤, 미세 혈관의 증식 : 착상하고 정확하게 조직 학적을 재현하는 능력의 한계에 사용되는 인공, 침습 수술 방법으로 인간의 GBM (WHO 4 등급)의 특성을 특징으로 인해 그러나 이러한 모델은 한계를 가지고 및 glomeruloid 혈관의 형성은 4-7 나 비정상. 종양 DNA와, 중 바이러스 벡터 8-12, 또는 트랜스포존 매개 통합 13과 체세포의 게놈을 변경하여 GBM의 유도는 더 밀접하게 인간의 질병의 원인을 재현하고 인간의 GBM의 histo-병리학 적 특징을 되풀이. 역사적으로, 중추 신경계의 종양 분류가 관찰되었다 기원의 인식 셀을 기반으로 한, 생존 (14)에 대한 예측 요인이 될 것입니다. GBMs 기본 및 보조로 분류된다. 신흥 증거 TOD님이 차 아교 모세포종 (15)의 매우 이질적인 성격을 가리키는. 보조 GBM (15 %), 낮은 등급의 성상 세포종 (WHO 등급 I)과 anaplasic 성상 세포종의 악성 변환 결과 (WHO 등급 II), 질병의 초기 발병, 더 나은 예후 및 유전자 발현의 &quot;proneural&quot;패턴과 연관된 차 GBM (85 ​​%) 반면, 발성, 불량한 예후와 아교 (클래식), 신경 또는 중간 엽 발현 패턴을 보여줍니다. 유전자 발현의 이러한 패턴의 유래 종양의 실제 셀과 상관 여부 여전히 활발히 연구되고있다. 데이터를 축적하면 GBMs와 연관된 유전 적 돌연변이의 조합이 생존 예측 것을 보여준다. 예를 들어, 염색체 1P / 19q, IDH1 돌연변이, PDGFRα의 증폭의 heterozygocity의 손실 (LOH)는 EGFR 과발현, 노치와 소닉 고슴도치 경로 활성화 NF-반면, 보조 GBMs, proneural 표현 패턴과 더 나은 예후와 연관된1 PTEN 손실과 p53의 변이는 신경, 클래식, 또는 중간 엽 차 GBM과 나쁜 예후 16, 17과 관련되어있다. 대규모 시퀀싱 프로젝트의 출현 및 테스트에 사용할 수 많은 환자 검체의 축적은 GBM의 발병과 진행 및 치료 특별히 맞출 수있는 개인화 된 의학의 가능성에 연루 유전자 돌연변이 및 경로에 대한 새로운 풍부한 정보를 제공합니다 환자의 유전 적 비정상. 궁극적으로, 이러한 체계적인 방법 및 돌연변이 경로의 예측값을 평가하고, 각각의 경우에 가능한 치료법을 테스트 소정 유전자 변형 동물과 GBM의 모델을 필요로한다. 게놈 DNA의 트랜스포존 매개 통합은 실현 가능한 접근 방식을 제공합니다. 잠자는 숲속의 미녀의 트랜스포존 시스템, 트랜스포존의에 T / 선원 클래스의 멤버는, 다단계 proce을에서 (건설) &quot;깨어&quot;했다휴면보다 10 만 년 전 (18, 19)가 된 salmonoid 트랜스 유전자에서 특정 사이트 돌연변이의 SS. 본질적으로, 특정 시퀀스 (반전 반복 / 직접 반복 : IR / DR)에 의해 측면 DNA 트랜스포존은 잠자는 숲속의 미녀의 트랜스의 활동에 의해 &quot;잘라 내기 및 붙여 넣기&quot;방식으로 게놈에 통합 할 수 있습니다. 트랜스는, IR 사이트의 끝을 인식하는 트랜스포존을 소비세 및 기지 T와 A, 전위 (그림 1a) 동안 트랜스포존의 각 끝 부분에 중복 기지 사이에 다른 DNA 사이트에 무작위로를 통합합니다. 잠자는 숲속의 미녀의 트랜스은 세 가지 영역, 트랜스포존 결합 도메인, 핵 이행 순서와 촉매 도메인으로 구성되어 있습니다. 트랜스 포 분자 함께 트랜스포존의 양단을 가져다 전치 있도록, 트랜스의 너무 많은 분자가 존재하는 경우, 그들은 이량하고 억제하는 데 필요한 tetramerize전위 반응 (20). 효율적인 전위 반응은 트랜스포존에 트랜스의 최적 비율을 필요로한다. 트랜스를 코딩하는 DNA는 (시스)에서 트랜스포존과 같은 플라스미드 또는 (트랜스)에서 상이한 플라스미드 상에 전달 될 수있다. 트랜스와 트랜스포존 간의 최적 비를 확보하기 위해, 충분한 활성을 갖는 프로모터에 대해 (( &quot;CIS&quot;모델) 트랜스의 발현 또는 최적화 될 수 주사액에서 플라스미드의 비율에 대해 선택 될 수있다 &quot;트랜스&quot;모델). 잠자는 숲속의 미녀 transposon의 시스템은 기능 유전체학,에서 삽입 돌연변이 유발, transgenesis 및 체세포 유전자 치료 (21) 성공적으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 합성 구조는 휴면 salmonoid 변형에서 기능성 분자를 재 설계이기 때문에, 잠자는 숲속의 미녀의 트랜스는 사람이나 다른 포유 동물 (20)의 다른 트랜스포존에 결합하지 않습니다. 그 발견 이후, 분자 공학 enhanc있다ED IR 시퀀스 및 TATA 디 ​​뉴클레오티드는, 트랜스포존 측부 PT2 트랜스포존 결과의 변화를 통해 부가 SB 트랜스포존 시스템의 전치 효능. 이러한 트랜스포존 IR 사이트 SB의 결합을 최적화 절개 효능을 증가했다. SB의 트랜스도 상당한 개선을 받았다; 본원에 제시된 실험에 사용은 트랜스 SB100X, 포유 동물 세포에서 22 대규모 유전자 스크린 뒤에 DNA 셔플 전략에 의해 생성 하이퍼 트랜스이다. 이보고에서는 신생 생쥐 (23)의 서브 영역의 심실 세포로의 플라스미드 DNA의 비 바이러스, 트랜스포존 매개 통합 마우스에서 극한 GBM을 유도하는, 급속 다용도 재현 방법을 제시한다. 우리는 잠자는 숲속의 미녀의 트랜스를 사용하여 게놈 통합을위한 의무가 새로운 유전자 트랜스포존을 만들고 플라스미드 흡수를 모니터링하는 방법을 설명하는 간단한 방법을 제시하고생물 발광을 사용하여 질병의 진행. 우리는 또한이 모델 재현 GBM의 조직 학적 및 면역 조직 화학적 기능을 특징. 또, 이들 원발성 종양 GBM 세포주를 생성하는 빠른 방법을 제시한다. 종양 동물에게 원래 세포로부터 유도되는 슬리핑 뷰티 모델은 유도 및 종양 진행에 GBM 후보 유전자의 기능적 역할의 평가를 허용한다. 이 시스템은 또한 잘 로컬 미세 환경을 변경할 수 침습적 염증 수술의 필요없이, 면역 능력이 생쥐의 면역 요법을 포함한 새로운 GBM 치료의 테스트에 적합합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="952">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:367px;">Stoelting&#39;s Lab Standard with Rat and Mouse Adaptors</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51670</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Other companies produce similar frames, any of them with small mouse adaptors are suitable&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:367px;">Quintessential Stereotaxic Injector (QSI)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">53311</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Injections can be made without it, ,but&#160;&#160;&#160; the automatic injector allows for increased reproducibility and convenience</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:367px;">10 &#956;L 700 series hand fitted MICROLITER syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 701</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">This syringe model will deliver from 0.5 to 500 ul of solution reliably. Other syrnges (fro example 5 ul, Model 75) may also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:367px;">30 gauge gauge hypodermic needle 
			(1.25&#34;, 15o bevel)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S/O# 197462</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">This needle is ideal to pierce the skin and the skull of a neonatal mouse without the need of other invasive procedures. If it gets dull (doesn&#39;t easily enter the skin), it needs to be replaced.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">in vivo-jetPEI</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Polyplus Transfection</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">201-10G</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Aliquot in small volumes and keep at -20oC&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">D-Luciferin, Potassium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Goldbio.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LuckK-1g</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Other sources of firefly lucifierase are just as adequate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Hematoxylin Solution, Harris Modified</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HHS128-4L</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:367px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62550-01</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">for embedding brains for cryosectioning and immunohistovhemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Advanced DMEM/F-12, no glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12634-010</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">for the culture of neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">B-27&#168; Supplement (50X), serum free&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17504-044</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">serum free supplement for the culture of neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">N2 Supplement (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17502-048</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">serum free supplement for the culture of neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Normocyn</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">InvivoGen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ant-nr-1</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">anti-mycoplasma agent for the culture of neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Recombinant Human EGF</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">PEPROTECH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF-100-15</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">growth factor supplement for the culture of&#160; neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Recombinant Human FGF-basic</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">PEPROTECH</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">growth factor supplement for the culture of&#160; neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">HyClone HyQTase&#160; Cell Detachment Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SV3003001</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">for the dissociation of neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Kimble-Chase Kontes Pellet Pestle</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K749510-0590</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">for the dissociation of freshly dissected tumors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">Falcon Cell Strainers mesh size 70um</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-771-2</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">for generating single cell suspensions of dissociated neurospheres</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Xylenes Histological grade</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8H10</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Protocol Harris Hematoxylin Mercury free ( acidified)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">245-678</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:367px;">Protocol Eosyn Y Solution ( intensified)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">314-631</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transposon mediated integration of plasmid dna into the subventricular zone of neonatal mice to generate novel models of glioblastoma

An urgent need exists to test the contribution of new genes to the pathogenesis and progression of human glioblastomas (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults with dismal prognosis. New potential therapies are rapidly emerging from the bench and require systematic testing in experimental models which closely reproduce the salient features of the human disease. Herein we describe in detail a method to induce new models of GBM with transposon-mediated integration of plasmid DNA into cells of the subventricular zone of neonatal mice. We present a simple way to clone new transposons amenable for genomic integration using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system and illustrate how to monitor plasmid uptake and disease progression using bioluminescence, histology and immuno-histochemistry. We also describe a method to create new primary GBM cell lines. Ideally, this report will allow further dissemination of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system among brain tumor researchers, leading to an in depth understanding of GBM pathogenesis and progression and to the timely design and testing of effective therapies for patients.

SB 유도 된 아교 모세포종의 histo 병리학 적 특징을 특성화하기 위해, C57 / BL6 신생아 생쥐 플라스미드 종양 DNA, 즉, NRAS (PT / CAGGS와 트랜스포존을 코딩과 조합 코드하는 플라스미드 루시페라아제 (PT2 / SB100x 뤽)와 P1으로 주입하면서 -NRASV12)와 SV40 LG 텔레콤 (PT / CMVSV40-LGT) (도 3c) 또는 PDGFβ 짧은 머리 핀의 자형으로 p53의와 NRAS (그림 3D와 함께 GFP 기자 (pT2shp53 / GFP4 / mPDGFβ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transposon Mediated Integration of Plasmid DNA into the Subventricular Zone of Neonatal Mice to Generate Novel Models of Glioblastoma at JoVE.com

Transposon Mediated Integration of Plasmid DNA into the Subventricular Zone of Neonatal Mice to Generate Novel Models of Glioblastoma

Here we describe an efficient and versatile protocol to induce, monitor and analyze novel glioblastomas (GBM) using transposon DNA injected into the ventricles of neonatal mice. Cells of the subventricular zone, which take up the plasmid, transform, proliferate and generate tumors with histo-pathological characteristics of human GBM.

신생아 마우스의 뇌실 영역에 플라스미드 DNA의 트랜스포존 중재 통합 아교 ​​모세포종의 소설 모델을 생성합니다

An urgent need exists to test the contribution of new genes to the pathogenesis and progression of human glioblastomas (GBM), the most common primary ...

transposon-mediated-integration-plasmid-dna-into-subventricular-zone

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.8K 조회수.  University of Michigan School of Medicine. Here we describe an efficient and versatile protocol to induce, monitor and analyze novel glioblastomas (GBM) using transposon DNA injected into the ventricles of neonatal mice. Cells of the subventricular zone, which take up the plasmid, transform, proliferate and generate tumors with histo-pathological characteristics of human GBM.

비디오: Transposon Mediated Integration of Plasmid DNA into the Subventricular Zone of Neonatal Mice to Generate Novel Models of Glioblastoma

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Neonatal hypoxia ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood perfusion of a tissue or a systemic lack of oxygen. This condition is thought to cause/exacerbate well documented neonatal disorders including neurological impairment 1-3. Decreased adenosine triphosphate production occurs due to a lack of oxidative phosphorylation. To compensate for this energy deprived state molecules containing high energy phosphate bonds are degraded 2. This leads to increased levels of adenosine which is subsequently degraded to inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and finally to uric acid. The final two steps in this degradation process are performed by xanthine oxidoreductase. This enzyme exists in the form of xanthine dehydrogenase under normoxic conditions but is converted to xanthine oxidase (XO) under hypoxia-reperfusion circumstances 4, 5. Unlike xanthine dehydrogenase, XO generates hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of purine degradation 4, 6. This hydrogen peroxide in combination with other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during hypoxia, oxidizes uric acid to form allantoin and reacts with lipid membranes to generate malondialdehyde (MDA) 7-9. Most mammals, humans exempted, possess the enzyme uricase, which converts uric acid to allantoin. In humans, however, allantoin can only be formed by ROS-mediated oxidation of uric acid. Because of this, allantoin is considered to be a marker of oxidative stress in humans, but not in the mammals that have uricase.
We describe methods employing high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) to measure biochemical markers of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Human blood is used for most tests. Animal blood may also be used while recognizing the potential for uricase-generated allantoin. Purine metabolites were linked to hypoxia as early as 1963 and the reliability of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid as biochemical indicators of neonatal hypoxia was validated by several investigators 10-13. The HPLC method used for the quantification of purine compounds is fast, reliable, and reproducible. The GC/MS method used for the quantification of allantoin, a relatively new marker of oxidative stress, was adapted from Gruber et al 7. This method avoids certain artifacts and requires low volumes of sample. Methods used for synthesis of MMDA were described elsewhere 14, 15. GC/MS based quantification of MDA was adapted from Paroni et al. and Cighetti et al. 16, 17. Xanthine oxidase activity was measured by HPLC by quantifying the conversion of pterin to isoxanthopterin 18. This approach proved to be sufficiently sensitive and reproducible.

A method is described to measure biochemical markers of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. The approach utilizes high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).

신생아 Hypoxia의 생화 학적 측정

Neonatal hypoxia ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood perfusion of a tissue or a systemic lack of oxygen. This condition is thought to ...

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Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

소설 허벌 요법을 평가하는 패혈증의 동물 모델의 사용

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

약시의 억제의 측정 및 치료

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome compared to matched normal tissue. Based on these analyses it is evident that there are many undiscovered genetic drivers of cancer1. Unfortunately these drivers are hidden within a much larger number of passenger anomalies in the genome that do not directly contribute to tumor formation. Another aspect of the cancer genome is that there is considerable genetic heterogeneity within similar tumor types. Each tumor can harbor different mutations that provide a selective advantage for tumor formation2. Performing an unbiased forward genetic screen in mice provides the tools to generate tumors and analyze their genetic composition, while reducing the background of passenger mutations. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is one such method3. The SB system utilizes mobile vectors (transposons) that can be inserted throughout the genome by the transposase enzyme. Mutations are limited to a specific cell type through the use of a conditional transposase allele that is activated by Cre Recombinase. Many mouse lines exist that express Cre Recombinase in specific tissues. By crossing one of these lines to the conditional transposase allele (e.g. Lox-stop-Lox-SB11), the SB system is activated only in cells that express Cre Recombinase. The Cre Recombinase will excise a stop cassette that blocks expression of the transposase allele, thereby activating transposon mutagenesis within the designated cell type. An SB screen is initiated by breeding three strains of transgenic mice so that the experimental mice carry a conditional transposase allele, a concatamer of transposons, and a tissue-specific Cre Recombinase allele. These mice are allowed to age until tumors form and they become moribund. The mice are then necropsied and genomic DNA is isolated from the tumors. Next, the genomic DNA is subjected to linker-mediated-PCR (LM-PCR) that results in amplification of genomic loci containing an SB transposon. LM-PCR performed on a single tumor will result in hundreds of distinct amplicons representing the hundreds of genomic loci containing transposon insertions in a single tumor4. The transposon insertions in all tumors are analyzed and common insertion sites (CISs) are identified using an appropriate statistical method5. Genes within the CIS are highly likely to be oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, and are considered candidate cancer genes. The advantages of using the SB system to identify candidate cancer genes are: 1) the transposon can easily be located in the genome because its sequence is known, 2) transposition can be directed to almost any cell type and 3) the transposon is capable of introducing both gain- and loss-of-function mutations6. The following protocol describes how to devise and execute a forward genetic screen using the SB transposon system to identify candidate cancer genes (Figure 1).

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

A method of identifying unknown drivers of carcinogenesis using an unbiased approach is described. The method uses the Sleeping Beauty transposon as a random mutagen directed to specific tissues. Genomic mapping of transposon insertions that drive tumor formation identifies novel oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

의 식별<em&gt; 잠자는 숲속의 미녀</em링커로 인한 PCR을 사용하여 고체 종양의&gt; Transposon의 삽입

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome ...

Image-guided Convection-enhanced Delivery into Agarose Gel Models of the Brain

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows for positive pressure bulk flow to deliver greater quantities of therapeutics to an intracranial target than traditional drug delivery methods. The clinical utility of real time MRI guided CED (rCED) lies in the ability to accurately target, monitor therapy, and identify complications. With training, rCED is efficient and complications may be minimized. The agarose gel model of the brain provides an accessible tool for CED testing, research, and training. Simulated brain rCED allows practice of the mock surgery while also providing visual feedback of the infusion. Analysis of infusion allows for calculation of the distribution fraction (Vd/Vi) allowing the trainee to verify the similarity of the model as compared to human brain tissue. This article describes our agarose gel brain phantom and outlines important metrics during a CED infusion and analysis protocols while addressing common pitfalls faced during CED infusion for the treatment of neurological disease.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. In order to prepare health care professionals for adoption of CED, accessible training models are needed. We describe the use of agarose gel as such a model of the human brain for testing, research, and training.

뇌의 아가 로스 젤의 모델로 영상 유도 대류 강화 된 납품

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

마우스의 유방 지방 패드에 유방암 세포의 소성 주입은 종양의 성장을 연구한다.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

마우스 신장 이식 : 동종 이식 거부의 모델

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the world&#8217;s 2.9 million neonatal deaths. Animal models of HIE have contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology in HIE, and have highlighted the dynamic process that occur in brain injury due to perinatal asphyxia. Thus, animal studies have suggested a time-window for post-insult treatment strategies. Hypothermia has been tested as a treatment for HIE in pdiglet models and subsequently proven effective in clinical trials. Variations of the model have been applied in the study of adjunctive neuroprotective methods and piglet studies of xenon and melatonin have led to clinical phase I and II trials1,2. The piglet HIE model is further used for neonatal resuscitation- and hemodynamic studies as well as in investigations of cerebral hypoxia on a cellular level. However, it is a technically challenging model and variations in the protocol may result in either too mild or too severe brain injury. In this article, we demonstrate the technical procedures necessary for establishing a stable piglet model of neonatal HIE. First, the newborn piglet (&#60; 24 hr old, median weight 1500 g) is anesthetized, intubated, and monitored in a setup comparable to that found in a neonatal intensive care unit. Global hypoxia-ischemia is induced by lowering the inspiratory oxygen fraction to achieve global hypoxia, ischemia through hypotension and a flat trace amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) indicative of cerebral hypoxia. Survival is promoted by adjusting oxygenation according to the aEEG response and blood pressure. Brain injury is quantified by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging after 72 hr.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia can be studied using animal models. We demonstrate the procedures necessary for establishing a piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

신생아 저산소 - 허혈성 뇌증의 돼지 모델

Birth asphyxia, which causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), accounts for 0.66 million deaths worldwide each year, about a quarter of the ...

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Multiple surgical procedures have been reported to induce gastroesophageal reflux in animals. Herein, we report three surgical models with mice aiming to induce reflux of gastric contents, duodenal contents or mixed contents. Surgical procedures and general principles have been described in detail. A researcher with surgical experience should be able to grasp the technique after a short period of practice. After surgery, most mice can survive and develop reflux esophagitis similar to that in humans. However, it should be noted that histological differences between mouse and human esophagus are the inherent limitations of these surgical models. If used for research on Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and adenocarcinoma, these procedures may need to be combined with genetic modifications.

This article demonstrates surgical procedures of gastroesophageal reflux with mice. These models are useful tools for research on mechanisms and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and potentially Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

마우스와 위식도 역류의 외과 모델

Multiple surgical procedures have been reported to induce gastroesophageal reflux in animals. Herein, we report three surgical models with mice aiming to ...

Myocardial Infarction in Neonatal Mice, A Model of Cardiac Regeneration

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and regeneration, and to define new targets for therapeutics. For decades, models of complete heart regeneration existed in amphibians and fish, but a mammalian counterpart was not available. The recent discovery of a postnatal window during which mice possess regenerative capabilities has led to the establishment of a mammalian model of cardiac regeneration. A surgical model of mammalian cardiac regeneration in the neonatal mouse is presented herein. Briefly, postnatal day 1 (P1) mice are anesthetized by isoflurane and placed on an ice pad to induce hypothermia. After the chest is opened, and the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) is visualized, a suture is placed around the LAD to inflict myocardial ischemia in the left ventricle. The surgical procedure takes 10-15 min. Visualizing the coronary artery is crucial for accurate suture placement and reproducibility. Myocardial infarction and cardiac dysfunction are confirmed by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and echocardiography, respectively. Complete regeneration 21 days post myocardial infarction is verified by histology. This protocol can be used to as a tool to elucidate mechanisms of mammalian cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction.

This protocol describes a highly reproducible model of cardiac regeneration by surgical induction of myocardial infarction in the left ventricle of postnatal day 1 mice. The method involves induction of hypothermic anesthesia and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

신생아 쥐의 심근 경색, 심장 재생의 모델

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and ...

신생아 마우스의 뇌실 영역에 플라스미드 DNA의 트랜스포존 중재 통합 아교 ​​모세포종의 소설 모델을 생성합니다

신생아 마우스의 뇌실 영역에 플라스미드 DNA의 트랜스포존 중재 통합 아교 모세포종의 소설 모델을 생성합니다