The authors want to thank Ms. Cornelia Heis for her excellent technical assistance in immunohistochemistry and preparation of chicken embryos. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Grant No. P19552) and the European Union (EU FP7 project Optatio No: 278570).

실험 동물 복지의 hatching.The NIH 사무실이이 지역 (HTTP 작성 지침을 제공 할 때까지 오스트리아 법, 미국 공중 보건 서비스 조류 배아의 실험 동물 복지 사무소에 따르면 라이브 척추 동물로 간주되지 않습니다 // www.grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/ilar91.htm 및 NIH 출판 번호 : 06-4515). 1. 세포 배양 및 렌티 바이러스 형질 <ol><li> 문화 MM 세포주 OPM-2, RPMI-8226 및 RPMI1640 배지에서 골수로부터 인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 존재에서 10 % 소 태아 혈청, 100 IU / ml의 페니실린, 100 μg의 / ㎖ 스트렙토 마이신 및 2 mM의 글루타민으로 보충 37 ℃에서 5 % CO 2. </li><li> 형질 감염 5 × 30 μL 리포좀 형질 감염 시약과 형질 매체 (10 mL)을 이용하여 바이러스 포장 믹스 (9 μg의) 및 3 μg의 DNA pLenti6 / V5 DEST eGFP는 벡터 6 HEK 293FT 세포. 12 시간 후 형질 매체를 제거하고10 % 소 혈청 및 1 % 비 필수 아미노산 (NEAA)과 10 ml의 DMEM 배지를 추가한다. </li><li> 오일 후, 수영 세포 (1,000 XG, 5 분)의 원심 분리 후 HEK293FT 세포의 상층 액을 수집합니다. 다른 28 설명 된대로 실시간 PCR에 의해 바이러스 역가를 결정합니다. </li><li> 완전한 성장 배지에서 24 웰 플레이트에 eGFP는 렌티 바이러스 입자 (1 × 10 5 입자) 1 × 10 6 MM 세포를 형질. 삼일 후, 2 μg의가 / ml로 배양 배지에 첨가하여 블라스트 선택 프로세스를 시작한다. 시중에서 판매하는 eGFP는의 렌티 바이러스를 들어, 500 μg의 / ㎖ 네오 마이신을 사용합니다. </li><li> 선택 2 주 후, MM 세포를 표현 eGFP는 클러스터가 나타납니다; 원심 분리 (1,000 XG, 5 분)에 의해 세포를 수집하고 실험 영업 이익률-2 eGFP는 및 RPMI-8226 eGFP는의 서브 라인으로 그들을 확장 (제 2, 3). </li></ol> 2. 3D-다발성 골수종 회전 타원체 모델 <ol><li> 침착 콜라겐 타입 I 용액 및 10 × DMEM 오N 얼음. </li><li> 콜라겐 매트릭스로 10 × DMEM 배지 1/10 볼륨 믹스; 7.4의 pH 값에 콜라겐 산성 용액을 중화시키기에 NaOH (0.2 N)을 추가; 저장 콜라겐 / 얼음 매체 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 형질 전환 MM 세포주 (영업 이익률-2 eGFP는 또는 RPMI-8226 eGFP는을, 회전 타원체 당 25 만) 혼합 인간 중간 엽 세포 (50,000 세포 / 회전 타원체, 즉, 30 μL 드롭)에 있습니다. </li><li> 15ml의 튜브 (1000 XG, 5 분)에서 원심 분리 세포 혼합물, 세포 펠렛을 차가운 제조 콜라겐 혼합물 (1 ㎖)를 첨가하고, (1000 μL 팁으로) 잘 섞는다. </li><li> 즉시 멸균 파라핀 필름에 24 웰 플레이트 (100 ㎕의 팁)와 콜라겐 / 세포 혼합액 30 μL 피펫 세포 / 콜라겐 혼합물을 37 ℃ (도 1a 참조)에서 30 분 동안 중합 할 수있다. </li><li> 1, 10 및 100 nM의 볼테 조미 브를 포함하는 1 ㎖의 배지와 오버레이 MM의 스페 로이드 (도 1b 참조). </li><li> 37 ° C에서 배양 72 시간 후, 문서 회전 타원체로형광 실체 현미경 (도 1C 참조). </li><li> GFP의 측정에 반응 튜브 내의 넓은 플랫 턱 겸자를 이용하여 각각의 회전 타원체로 이동 (도 1d 참조). </li></ol> CAM 3. 3D 다발성 골수종 이종 이식 모델 <ol><li> 3 일 동안 특별한 37 ° C에서 조류 계란 인큐베이터와 70 %의 습도에서 계란을 품어. </li><li> 그 후, 열려있는 계란과 전송 배아는 세포 배양 접시의 뚜껑 에탄올, 광장, 10-CM 플라스틱 무게 보트와 함께 소독하고 캠 (그림 2A 참조) 개발할 수 있도록, 더 육일은 &quot;전 비켜&quot;를 품어. </li><li> 침착 콜라겐 타입 I 용액 및 얼음에 10 × DMEM 7.4의 pH 값으로 산성 콜라겐 용액을 중화 (N 0.2) NaOH를 추가 콜라겐 매트릭스로 10 × DMEM 배지의 1/10 양을 혼합; 저장 콜라겐 / 얼음 매체 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 형질 전환 MM 세포주 (영업 이익률-2 eGFP는 또는 혼합RPMI-8226 eGFP는; 인간 중간 엽 세포와 회전 타원체) 당 250,000 (50,000 세포 / 회전 타원체). </li><li> 15ml의 튜브에서 원심 셀 (1000 XG, 5 분, 각 시험 화합물 1 바이알 용) 세포 펠릿을, (목표 작업 농도) 약물을 1 ㎖를 차가운 준비된 콜라겐 혼합물을 넣고 잘 섞어 (1000 μL의 끝). </li><li> 37 ° C에서 세포 외 기질을 중합 할 수 있도록 30 분 동안 잘 페이트 6 콜라겐 방울 파라 필름에 (30 μL 각)을 놓는다. </li><li> (2cm 떨어진 배아에서) 9 일 된 닭 배아의 캠의 치료 표면에 집게의 사용과 단계 3.6에서 전송 &quot;onplants&quot;(각 닭 배아 4 onplants, 그림 2B 참조) </li><li> 형광 실체 현미경에 의해 생체 내 37 ° C에서 계란 인큐베이터에서 성장과 70 %의 습도, 문서 이종 이식 5 일 후 (그림 2C 참조). 5 시간 동안 냉장고에 4 ° C에서 저체온증으로 닭 배아를 안락사. </li><li> 안과 가위에 의해 바로 아래 CAM 조직과 이종 이식을 제거하고 넓은 평면 턱과 포셉. GFP의 측정을 사용합니다 (제 4 장, 2D 그림 참조) 또는 혈관 및 / 또는 침입 종양 세포 (섹션 5)의 면역 조직 화학 분석. </li></ol> ELISA에 의해 eGFP는 단백질의 정량 4. <ol><li> 0.5 ㎖의 RIPA 버퍼가 200 μg의 / ㎖ 프로테아제 억제제를 포함에 각 MM은 회전 타원체 또는 절제 이종 이식을 전송합니다. </li><li> 얼음에 조직 균질로 회전 타원체 / 이종 이식 균질화. </li><li> 액체 질소에 세 동결 / 해동 사이클 및 37 ° C의 물을 욕조를 수행합니다. </li><li> 20 분 (12,000g) 및 저장 상층 액을 4 ℃에서 원심 분리기 균질. </li><li> 샘플을 ELISA 키트의 분석 버퍼 (200 μL)에 1:20 희석. 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라, 비 오티 닐화 항 GFP 항체를 이용한 ELISA 키트 상업적 GFP-GFP에 의해 레벨을 측정한다. </li></ol> 5. Immunohi혈관에 침입 종양 세포의 stochemical 분석 <ol><li> 4 ° C에서 / 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 O에서 N을 CAM 지역과 절제 이종 이식을 수정합니다. </li><li> 매립 카세트에 고정 이종 놓고 증가 등급 알코올 시리즈 (50 %, 70 %, 80 %, 95 % 에탄올, 크 실롤 파라핀 각각 단계 60 분)으로 매립 조직 스테이션에 전송할. </li><li> 벤치 탑 로터리 마이크로톰의 사용에 의해 섹션 이종 이식 (5 μm의). 56 ° C에서 유리 슬라이드의 O / N에 파라핀 섹션 굽는다. </li><li> 이중 증류수 감소 등급 알코올 시리즈 의한 Deparaffinize 섹션 (크 실롤, 95 %, 80 %, 70 %, 50 % 에탄올, 이중 증류수, 각 단계에서 10 분). </li><li> 항원 검색 용액 수조 (95 ° C, 20 분간)에 항원 검색을 수행하여 (버퍼 citrate-하여 pH 7.0, 100 μL 부피 참조). </li><li> 30 분 동안 100 ㎕의 3 % H 2 O 2 / 메탄올 내인성 퍼 옥시 데이즈 활성을 차단. </li><li> PBS를 함유하는 차단 부45 분 (부피 100 μL) 10 % 소 태아 혈청. </li><li> PBS는 RT에서 1 % 소 태아 혈청을 함유하는 희석 차 항체 (1μg / ㎖) 100 ㎕와 함께 1 시간 동안 얼룩. </li><li> PBS로 3 회 세척 후, PBS는 RT에서 1 % 소 태아 혈청을 함유하는 비오틴 이차 항체 (0.1 μg의 / mL)로 1 시간 동안 배양. </li><li> PBS로 3 회 세척 한 후 제조자의 지시에 따라 아비딘 / 비오틴 - 복합체 (ABC) 및 디아 미노 벤지딘 (DAB) 기질 용액에 의해 발색 반응을 수행한다. </li><li> 5.11. 헤 마톡 실린으로 두 번 증류수, Counterstain과에 섹션을 전송하여 반응을 중지하고 합성 설치 매체 섹션을 탑재합니다. </li></ol>

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(33), (2009).</li><li>Kobayashi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chick+embryo+model+for+metastatic+human+prostate+cancer.">A chick embryo model for metastatic human prostate cancer.</a> Eur.Urol. 34 (2), 154-160 (1998).</li><li>Koop, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+of+melanoma+cells+entering+the+microcirculation:+over+80%+survive+and+extravasate.">Fate of melanoma cells entering the microcirculation: over 80% survive and extravasate.</a> Cancer Res. 55 (12), 2520-2523 (1995).</li><li>Martowicz, A., Spizzo, G., Gastl, G., Untergasser, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotype-dependent+effects+of+EpCAM+expression+on+growth+and+invasion+of+human+breast+cancer+cell+lines.">Phenotype-dependent effects of EpCAM expression on growth and invasion of human breast cancer cell lines.</a> BMC.Cancer. 12, 501 (2012).</li><li>Martowicz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EpCAM+overexpression+prolongs+proliferative+capacity+of+primary+human+breast+epithelial+cells+and+supports+hyperplastic+growth.">EpCAM overexpression prolongs proliferative capacity of primary human breast epithelial cells and supports hyperplastic growth.</a> Mol.Cancer. 12, 56 (2013).</li><li>Geraerts, M., Willems, S., Baekelandt, V., Debyser, Z., Gijsbers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+lentiviral+vector+titration+methods.">Comparison of lentiviral vector titration methods.</a> 6, 34 (2006).</li><li>Farnoushi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+in+vivo+testing+of+drug+response+in+multiple+myeloma+made+possible+by+xenograft+to+turkey+embryos.">Rapid in vivo testing of drug response in multiple myeloma made possible by xenograft to turkey embryos.</a> Br.J.Cancer. 105 (11), 1708-1718 (2011).</li><li>Wunderlich, M., Krejci, O., Wei, J., Mulloy, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+CD34++cells+expressing+the+inv(16)+fusion+protein+exhibit+a+myelomonocytic+phenotype+with+greatly+enhanced+proliferative+ability.">Human CD34+ cells expressing the inv(16) fusion protein exhibit a myelomonocytic phenotype with greatly enhanced proliferative ability.</a> Blood. 108 (5), 1690-1697 (2006).</li><li>Hideshima, T., Mitsiades, C., Tonon, G., Richardson, P. G., Anderson, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+multiple+myeloma+pathogenesis+in+the+bone+marrow+to+identify+new+therapeutic+targets.">Understanding multiple myeloma pathogenesis in the bone marrow to identify new therapeutic targets.</a> Nat.Rev.Cancer. 7 (8), 585-598 (2007).</li><li>Parikh, M. R., Belch, A. R., Pilarski, L. M., Kirshner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+tissue+culture+model+to+study+primary+human+bone+marrow+and+its+malignancies.">A three-dimensional tissue culture model to study primary human bone marrow and its malignancies.</a> J.Vis.Exp. (85), (2014).</li><li>Schuler, J., Ewerth, D., Waldschmidt, J., Wasch, R., Engelhardt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+models+of+multiple+myeloma:+a+critical+appraisal.">Preclinical models of multiple myeloma: a critical appraisal.</a> Expert.Opin.Biol.Ther. 13, S111-S123 (2013).</li><li>Kirshner, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+unique+three-dimensional+model+for+evaluating+the+impact+of+therapy+on+multiple+myeloma.">A unique three-dimensional model for evaluating the impact of therapy on multiple myeloma.</a> Blood. 112 (7), 2935-2945 (2008).</li><li>Jilani, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+binding+of+lectins+to+embryonic+chicken+vasculature.">Selective binding of lectins to embryonic chicken vasculature.</a> J.Histochem.Cytochem. 51 (5), 597-604 (2003).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 금융 이익이 없다

내화성 MM에 대한 새로운 치료제의 개발은 약물에 대한 인간 MM 세포 민감도를 평가하는 데 시간이 덜 소요되고 비용이 생체 시스템을 필요로한다. 지금까지, 단 몇 생체 시스템은 새로운 항 골수종 치료의 임상 평가에 사용할 수 있습니다. 그들 모두는 화합물 라이브러리 (29)의 대규모 스크리닝에 대한 자신의 한계를 가지고있다. 인간의 MM 셀에 대한 가장 좋은 현재의 모...

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, bone lesions and immunodeficiency 1. Although new treatment options such as proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) and immune modulatory drugs (pomalidomide and lenalidomide) are available, MM still remains an incurable malignancy with a grim prognosis 2. The bad prognosis might be explained by the extraordinary heterogeneity of MM cell clones that contributes to variable responses to therapy, in particular under long time treatment and selection pressure of MM clones 3.
Preclinical testing of new drugs and their combinations in vitro and in vivo is a critical and time-consuming step for future drug development. Thus, useful in-vivo models of MM are required to gain a better understanding of the biology of the disease and to enable the discovery of new drugs. Actually, the best xenotransplantation models for hematological malignancies and therapeutics are immune-deficient mice, such as the severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice 4-7, the non-obese diabetic/SCID (NOD/SCID) mice 8,9 or the &#946;-microglobulin-knockout NOD/SCID mice 10,11.
Although murine models of human MM in some aspects can resemble the phenotype of human disease, immune-deficient mice are inbred, therefore simulate only one individual response to a drug and costs are very high. Due to immunosuppression animals require special maintenance conditions and the engraftment of human MM in mice requires 6 weeks to 2 months 9,12, unless cells are grafted directly to the bone marrow using a technically demanding procedure with lower rates of animal survival 7,13. Therefore, new methods using stem-cell based organoid models 14, tissue engineering 15 or sophisticated 3D cell culture models 16 have been established. They will compete in the near future with classical animal experiments for preclinical drug testing, but cannot replace systemic toxicity tests in living organisms.
The chicken embryo has been demonstrated before to be a suitable organism for xenotransplantation of human cells and tissues due to lack of adaptive immune response until hatching 17-19. Moreover, each chicken embryo reflects an individual reaction to applied drugs or tumor cells due to genetic diversity within the chicken population. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a well-established system to study tumor-dependent angiogenesis 20-22. When solid tumors are grafted to the CAM, they display many characteristics of cancers in vivo, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis 23-27. 
Based on the previous experience of our group with CAM xenograft models20,26,27, a human MM model was established that combines the advantage of a human 3D culture system with the model of ex ovo developing chicken embryos. This MM model system allows real time monitoring of MM growth progression, quantification of cell mass and preclinical drug testing.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-8226 cells</td>
			<td>DSMZ</td>
			<td>ACC 9</td>
			<td>STR profiled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPM-2 cells</td>
			<td>DSMZ</td>
			<td>ACC 50</td>
			<td>STR profiled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human mesenchymal stem cells&#160;</td>
			<td>PromoCell</td>
			<td>PC-C-12974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293FT cells&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R700-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum&#160; HyClone</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>SH30070.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glut- Pen- Strep solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEAA</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Sciences</td>
			<td>M7145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection Medium/Opti-MEM&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eGFP lentiviral particles</td>
			<td>GeneCopoeia</td>
			<td>LPP-EGFP-LV105</td>
			<td>Ready to use viral particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pLenti6/V5Dest6 eGFP vector</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PN 35-1271</td>
			<td>from authors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ViralpowerTM packaging mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P/N 35-1275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection reagent/ Lipofectamin 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blasticidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R210-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neomycin</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>A2912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-Type1&#160; Rat Tail</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM powder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Art.Nr. 10338582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plitidepsin</td>
			<td>Pharmamar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bortezomib</td>
			<td>LKT Lab., Inc.</td>
			<td>B5871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">SPF-white hen eggs</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Charles River</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
			<td rowspan="3">Fertilized&#160; white Leghorn&#160; chicken eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Plastic weighing boats</td>
			<td rowspan="2">neoLab</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Art.Nr. 1-1125</td>
			<td rowspan="2">for ex-ovo culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish square (Lids)</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>D210-16</td>
			<td>for ex-ovo culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA Buffer (10x)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>#9806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Tablets</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Roche</td>
			<td rowspan="2">11 836 170 001</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Mini EDTA-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP ELISA</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs, Inc.</td>
			<td>AKR-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histocette II</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M493-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA&#160; 37%</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>7398.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-512F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolut</td>
			<td>Normapur</td>
			<td>20,821,321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti-Histol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>Art.Nr.6640.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">SuperFrost Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck&#160;</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labor- u. Medizintechnik</td>
			<td>03-0060</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">DakoCytomation Wash Buffer 10x</td>
			<td rowspan="2">DakoCytomation</td>
			<td>Code-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S 3006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Target Retrieval Solution (10x)&#160; pH 6,1</td>
			<td rowspan="2">DAKO</td>
			<td>Code-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S 1699</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2O2</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu ASMA clone 1A4</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M0851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu CD138 clone MI15</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M7228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Vimentin clone V9</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M0725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Desmin clone D33</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>&#160;M0760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Ki67&#160; clone MIB-1&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>&#160;M7240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated goat- anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>BA-9200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectastain Elite ABC Kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td># PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FAST DAB Tablet Set.</td>
			<td>Sigma Biochemicals</td>
			<td># D4293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#8217;s haemalaun solution</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,092,490,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti Histokitt</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>Art.Nr.6638.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench top rotary microtome</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron, Shandon Finesse ME+</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue embedding station</td>
			<td>Leica, TP1020</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg-Incubator</td>
			<td>Grumbach&#160;</td>
			<td>BSS160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo fluorescence microscope equipped with an connected with a digital camera (Olympus E410) and flexible cold light&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus, SZX10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Turrax&#160;</td>
			<td>IKA T10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a human multiple myeloma xenograft model in the chicken to study tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis

다발성 골수종 (MM), 악성 형질 세포 질환, 난치성 유지 및 신규 약물은 환자의 예후를 개선하기 위해 요구된다. 인해 골 미세 자동 / 분비 성장 인자의 부족으로 인간 MM 세포는 배양하기 어렵다. 따라서, 인간의 MM 세포에 새로운 치료제의 작용을 연구하기 위해 시험 관내 및 생체 내 배양 시스템에서 적절한 확립이 절실히 요구되고있다. 여기서 우리는 시험 관내 및 생체 내에서 복잡한 3D 환경에서 인간 다발성 골수종 세포를 성장 모델을 제시한다. MM 세포주 OPM-2 및 RPMI-8226를 형질 전환 유전자 GFP를 발현하는 형질 감염시키고 인간 중간 엽 세포와 콜라겐의 존재 하에서 배양 하였다 타입 I 입체 타원체로 매트릭스합니다. 더하여, 구 상체는 닭 배아 융모 막 (CAM)에 그래프트 된 종양 성장은 스테레오 형광 현미경에 의해 모니터 하였다. 두 모델 모두 새로운 치료 DRU의 연구를 허용복잡한 3D 환경 및 트랜스 특정 GFP-ELISA에서의 균질화 이식 후 종양 세포 질량의 정량화에 GS. 또한, 직하 숙주 조직으로 호스트 및 종양 세포의 침윤 혈관 신생 반응을 입체 현미경으로 매일 모니터링 및 인간 종양 세포 (기-67, CD138, 멘틴) 또는 호스트 벽화 세포 덮는 혈관에 대해 면역 조직 화학 염색에 의해 분석 될 수있다 (최근 desmin / ASMA). 결론적 onplant 시스템은 복잡한 3 차원 환경에서 MM 세포 성장 및 혈관 신생을 연구 할 수 있으며 MM 세포의 생존과 증식을 치료 표적 신규 화합물에 대한 스크리닝을 가능하게한다.

3D 다발성 골수종 타원체 내 분석 대상 화합물의 시험 관내 분석에서 때문에 체외에서 일차 인간 MM 세포 배양의 한계로는 골수에서 세포 성장 매트릭스 및지지 차 인간 중간 엽 세포 이용하게 인간 MM 세포 라인에 대한 새로운 3D 체외 배양 모델을 확립 (도 1a를, B). EGFP 유전자 MM 셀 라인은 회전 타원체의 3D 성장 후 시각화 및 MM 종?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

인간 다발성 골수종 (MM) 세포는 간엽 세포의 생존과 증식을위한 세포 외 매트릭스 성분의지지 미세 환경을 필요로한다. 우리는 종양의 성장, 침윤 및 혈관 신생에 항암제의 효과를 연구하기 위해 접목 인간 골수종 및 중간 엽 세포와 생체 내 닭 배아 모델을 설립했다.

닭에서 인간의 다발성 골수종 이종 이식 모델의 설립은 종양의 성장, 침략과 혈관 신생을 공부하기

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

establishment-human-multiple-myeloma-xenograft-model-chicken-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.9K 조회수.  Innsbruck Medical University.  인간 다발성 골수종 (MM) 세포는 간엽 세포의 생존과 증식을위한 세포 외 매트릭스 성분의지지 미세 환경을 필요로한다. 우리는 종양의 성장, 침윤 및 혈관 신생에 항암제의 효과를 연구하기 위해 접목 인간 골수종 및 중간 엽 세포와 생체 내 닭 배아 모델을 설립했다. 

비디오: Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

체외에서</em전이성 종양 성장에 휴면하고 스위치를 연구하기> 시스템

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

연구

의학

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

구강 편평 세포 암종의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 종양 세포 침략의 다중 광자 이미징

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

A Mouse Model of the Cornea Pocket Assay for Angiogenesis Study

A normal cornea is clear of vascular tissues. However, blood vessels can be induced to grow and survive in the cornea when potent angiogenic factors are administered 1. This uniqueness has made the cornea pocket assay one of the most used models for angiogenesis studies. The cornea composes multiple layers of cells. It is therefore possible to embed a pellet containing the angiogenic factor of interest in the cornea to investigate its angiogenic effect 2,3. Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of how to (I) produce the angiogenic factor-containing pellet (II) embed the pellet into the cornea (III) analyze the angiogenesis induced by the angiogenic factor of interest. Since the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is known as one of the most potent angiogenic factors 4, it is used here to induce angiogenesis in the cornea.

The cornea is unique in that it lacks vascular tissues. However, robust blood vessel growth and survival can be induced in the cornea by potent angiogenic factors. Therefore, the cornea can provide with us a valuable tool for angiogenic studies. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the mouse model of cornea pocket assay and how to assess the angiogenesis induced by angiogenic factors using this model.

Angiogenesis 연구에 대한 각막 포켓 분석의 마우스 모델

A normal cornea is clear of vascular tissues. However, blood vessels can be induced to grow and survive in the cornea when potent angiogenic factors are ...

Human Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches1,2.
The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs3-5. However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models6,7. In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents.
This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.

Human Internal Mammary Artery IMA Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

This video shows a model to study the development of intimal hyperplasia after stent deployment using a human vessel (IMA) in an immunodeficient rat model.

인간 내유 동맥 (IMA) 이식과 Stenting : 인 Restenosis 스텐 트의 개발을 공부하는 인간 모델

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

인간 Neuroendocrine 종양 치료의 연구를위한 3 차원 모델로 인간 Neuroendocrine 종양 세포 라인

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

소설 고해상도<em&gt; 생체 내</em종양의 성장과 치료학에 두개 내 구조물의 동적 응답을 공부하기&gt; 이미징 기술

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for personalized medicine after stratification, explaining the current interest in developing a reproducible and low-cost xenotransplant model for this disease. The chick chorioallantoic membrane is a natural immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition, it is easily accessed, manipulated and imaged using optical and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Histology further allows detailed analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions.
This protocol describes in detail the in ovo grafting of the chorioallantoic membrane with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines (Saos-2 and SW1353). The chick survival rates are up to 75%. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior. For localized grafting of single cell suspensions, ECM gel provides significant advantages over inert containment materials. The Ki67 proliferation index is related to the distance of the cells from the surface of the CAM and the duration of application on the CAM, the latter determining a time frame for the addition of therapeutic products.

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.

<em&gt; OVO에서</em육종을위한 Xenograftmodel으로&gt; CAM-분석

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

나트륨 히알루 론산의 망막 주사 설치류에있는 망막 박리 모델

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

수정<em&gt; 시험관</em&gt; 침공 분석은 호르몬, 중재 암 세포 침략의 사이토 카인 및 / 또는 성장 인자의 잠재적 인 역할을 확인하는

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.