Name: fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers
Uploaded: 2018-10-24T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the NIST/CNST NanoFab facility for providing opportunity to fabricate silicon photonic temperature sensors and Wyatt Miller and Dawn Cross for assistance in setting up the experiments.

1. Device Fabrication
Note: Silicon photonic devices can be fabricated using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers applying conventional CMOS-technology via photo- or electron beam lithography followed by inductive plasma reactive ion etch (ICP RIE) of 220 nm-thick topmost silicon layer. After ICP RIE etch the devices can be top-cladded with a thin polymer film or SiO2 protective layer. Below are the main steps of in fabrication of SOI photonic devices.
<ol>
	<li>Clean an SOI wafer in...

<ol>
	<li>Price, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Platinum+resistance+Thermometer.">The Platinum resistance Thermometer.</a> Platinum Metals Review. 3 (3), 78-87 (1959).</li><li>Xu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-Sensitive+Chip-Based+Photonic+Temperature+Sensor+Using+Ring+Resonator+Structures.">Ultra-Sensitive Chip-Based Photonic Temperature Sensor Using Ring Resonator Structures.</a> Optics Express. 22, 3098-3104 (2014).</li><li>Donner, J. S., Thompson, S. A., Kreuzer, M. P., Baffou, G., Quidant, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+Intracellular+Temperatrure+Using+Green+Flurorescent+Protein.">Mapping Intracellular Temperatrure Using Green Flurorescent Protein.</a> Nano Letters. 12 (4), 2107-2111 (2012).</li><li>Ahmed, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+Photonics+Enabled+Quantum+Metrology+of+Temperature,+Pressure+and+Vacuum.">Towards Photonics Enabled Quantum Metrology of Temperature, Pressure and Vacuum.</a> arXiv:1603.07690 [physics.optics]. , (2016).</li><li>Ahmed, Z., Filla, J., Guthrie, W., Quintavall, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber+Bragg+Gratings+Based+Thermometry.">Fiber Bragg Gratings Based Thermometry.</a> NCSL International Measure. 10, 24-27 (2015).</li><li>Hill, K. O., Meltz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber+Bragg+Grating+Technology+Fundamental+and+Overview.">Fiber Bragg Grating Technology Fundamental and Overview.</a> J. of Lightwave Technology. 15, 1263-1275 (1997).</li><li>Liacouras, P. C., Grant, G., Choudhry, K., Strouse, G. F., Ahmed, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber+Bragg+Gratings+Embedded+in+3D-printed+Scaffolds.">Fiber Bragg Gratings Embedded in 3D-printed Scaffolds.</a> NCSL International Measure. 10 (2), 50-52 (2015).</li><li>Klimov, N. N., Mittal, S., Berger, M., Ahmed, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-chip+silicon+waveguide+Bragg+grating+photonic+temperature+sensor.">On-chip silicon waveguide Bragg grating photonic temperature sensor.</a> Optical Letters. 40 (17), 3934-3936 (2015).</li><li>Klimov, N. N., Purdy, T., Ahmed, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-Chip+Silicon+Photonic+Thermometers:+from+Waveguide+Bragg+Grating+to+Ring+Resonators+sensors.">On-Chip Silicon Photonic Thermometers: from Waveguide Bragg Grating to Ring Resonators sensors.</a> Proceedings. , (2015).</li><li>Kim, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silicon+photonic+temperature+sensor+employing+a+ring+resonator+manufactured+using+a+standard+CMOS+process.">Silicon photonic temperature sensor employing a ring resonator manufactured using a standard CMOS process.</a> Optical Express. 18 (21), 22215-22221 (2010).</li><li>Purdy, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermometry+with+Optomechanical+Cavities.">Thermometry with Optomechanical Cavities.</a> , STu1H.2 (2016).</li></ol>

The objective of this experiment was to quantify the temperature dependent response of a photonic thermometer. For quantitative measurements of temperature, it is prudent to utilize a stable heat source such as a metrology grade deep dry well, small volume sensors, ensure good thermal contact between the well and the sensor, and minimize heat loses to the environment. These requirements are easily met by bonding optical fibers to the chip, effectively creating a packaged device that can be lowered deep into the metrology...

The gold standard for temperature metrology, the platinum resistance thermometer, was first proposed by Sir Siemens in 1871 with Callender1 developing the first device in 1890. Since that time incremental progress in the design and manufacturing of thermometers has delivered a wide range of temperature measurement solutions. The standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) is the interpolating instrument for realizing International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) and its dissemination using resistance thermometry. Today, more than a century after its invention, resistance thermometry plays a crucial role in various aspects of industry and everyday technology ranging from biomedicine to manufacturing process control, to energy production and consumption. Although well-calibrated industrial resistance thermometers can measure temperature with uncertainties as small as 10 mK, they are sensitive to mechanical shock, thermal stress and environmental variables such as humidity and chemical contaminants. Consequently, resistance thermometers require periodic (and costly) off-line recalibrations. These fundamental limitations of resistance thermometry have produced considerable interest in developing photonic temperature sensors2 that can deliver similar to better measurement capabilities whislt being more robust against mechanical shock. Such a devcie will appeal to national and industrial labs and those interested in long-term monitoring where instrument drift can negatively impact productivity.
In recent years a wide variety of novel photonic thermometers have been proposed including photosensitive dyes3, sapphire-based microwave whispering gallery mode resonator4, fiber optic sensors5,6,7, and on-chip silicon nano-photonic sensors8,9,10. At NIST, our efforts are aimed at developing low-cost, readily-deployable, novel temperature sensors and standards that are easily manufactured using existing technologies, such as CMOS-compatible manufacturing. A particular focus has been the development of silicon photonic devices. We have demonstrated that these devices can be used to measure temperature over the ranges of -40 &#176;C to 80 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C to 165 &#176;C with uncertainties that are comparable to legacy devices8. Furthermore, our results suggest that with a better process control device interchangeability on the order of 0.1 &#176;C uncertainty is achievable (i.e. the uncertainty of temperature measurement using nominal coefficients not calibration determined coefficients).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="672">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Packaging process</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">6-axis stage</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">PI instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">video cameras</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">epoxy dispensation system</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fiber array</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Temperature Measurement</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Metrology Well</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Fluke</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">9170</td>
			<td>Dry well stable to better than .01 K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TLB6700</td>
			<td>1520-1570 nm tunable laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Wavemeter</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">HighFinesse</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WS/7</td>
			<td>100 Hz wavemeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Power meter</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1936-R</td>
			<td>power meter with broad range</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

As shown in Figure 2, the ring resonator transmission spectra shows a narrow dip in transmission corresponding to the resonance condition. The resonance fringe shifts to longer wavelengths as temperature is increased from 20 &#176;C to 105 &#176;C in 5 &#176;C increments. The transmission spectrum is fitted to a polynomial function from which the peak center is extracted. The polynomial fit was found to give the most consistent results in the presence of a sl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

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