저자는 NHMRC와 NHF의 기술 기쁨 야오 박사 카렌 Alt 키의 지원뿐만 아니라 자금을 인정하고 싶습니다.

동물과 관련된 모든 실험은 알프레드 의학 연구 및 교육 선거구 동물 윤리위원회 (E / 2,015분의 1,534 / B)에 의해 승인되었다. 모든 수술 조작은 완전 마취 하에서 수행하고, 동물은 임의의 단계에서의 통증을 경험하지 않았다. 기재된 모든 실험은 비 - 회복된다. 1. 준비 <ol><li> 종이 필터 (1mm × 2 ㎜)의 얇은 밴드를 잘라. </li><li> 갓 4 % 염화 제이철 용액이 준비 (w / v)의 6 % (W / V)를 탈 이온수로 희석 하였다. 0.22 μm의를 통해 여과, PBS에 로다 민 6G 솔루션 0.3 %를 준비합니다. </li><li> 주사기 래퍼의 흰색 플라스틱 작은 조각 (5mm X 1cm)을 잘라. </li></ol> 생체 내에 현미경으로 관찰 2. 장간막 세동맥 혈전 형성 <ol><li> 10 ~ 12 주 된 남성 C57BL / 6 야생형 마우스의 무게를 측정하고 복강 내 주사 비록 케타민의 혼합물 (100 ㎎ / ㎏)과 자일 라진 (10 ㎎ / ㎏)에 따라 마취. 발가락, 꼬리 및 / 또는 피부 핀치, 각막과 눈꺼풀 핀치에서 반응성과 수염 운동의 부재에 응답하여 마취의 깊이를 모니터링합니다. 필요한 경우, 동물의 마취를 유지하기 케타민의 투여 제 (50 밀리그램 / kg)을 주사. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈에 수의사 연고를 적용합니다. 37 ℃로 조정 가열 패드에 배치 작은 배양 접시에 마우스를 놓습니다. 참고 : IP 주입은 동물의 고통을 초래할 수 있지만,이 불편의 기간이 최소 (이하 3 초)입니다. 주입과 관련된 통증과 불편 경험이 풍부한 유능한 인력과 적절한 바늘 크기 (25 G)의 사용을 통해 최소화 할 것입니다. 모든 절차에 따라, 자궁 경부 전위 다음 케타민과 자일 라진의 과다 복용을 사용하여 모든 동물을 안락사. </li><li> 피부에 약 3cm의 복부 정중선 절개를 수행하고 조심스럽게 복막을 잘라. </li><li> 애완 동물의 측면에 마우스를 위치리 접시, 부드럽게 장을 외면 화하다 조심스럽게 페트리 접시의 표면에 적당한 용기를 가지고 2 면봉으로 장간막을 확산. 섬세한 와이퍼가 제대로 건조. 주 : 장간막 혈관의 이동을 제한하기 위해는, 파파 베린은 소화관의 연동 운동을 억제하는 데 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 혈관을 팽창 및 백혈구 및 혈소판 레이블을 29 G 주사기와 마우스의 꼬리 정맥에 로다 민 6G (0.3 %)의 30 μl를 주입하기 위해 따뜻한 물에서 마우스의 꼬리를 만끽 해보세요. </li><li> 도립 현미경으로 페트리 접시를 놓고 시야 채널을 이용하여 선택된 세동맥에 초점을 맞춘다. </li><li> 6 % (w / v)의 철 (III) 클로라이드로 여과지 밴드 담가 두 집게 세동맥에 여과지를 적용; 첫 번째 여과지 부드럽게 관심 영역에 그것을 누르 초 하나를 보유한다. 여과지의 증착 다음 처음 10 초에서 혈전 형성을 관찰한다. 참고 : 아주 통신입니다둘러싸인 미세 혈관 및 여과지의 증착 및 부드럽게 압력의 정밀도를 손상하는 데에이 문제를 제한하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 여과지 : 형광 현미경으로 혈전 형성 (피크 557 nm의 여기, 576 nm의 발광 피크 TRITC 채널)을 관찰한다. 혈전에 로다 민 6G과 통합을 촬영 한 순환 백혈구와 혈소판을 준수하는 것은 따라서 쉽게 식별 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 철 (III) 클로라이드로 1 분간 노광 후 여과지를 벗고 혈전의 형성을 모니터링하는 것을 계속한다. PBS로 용기를 세척 할 것. </li><li> 관찰하고 로다 민 6G와 혈소판 및 백혈구의 표시로 강조 혈전의 동적 형성을 기록한다. 이미지를 캡처하고 혈전의 크기를 측정한다. 본원에 제시된 이미지 TRITC 형광 채널, 대물 4X 불구 반전 생체 내에 현미경으로 얻었다. </li><li> F모든 절차를 따르게, 자궁 경부 전위 다음 케타민과 자일 라진의 과다 복용을 이용하여 동물을 안락사. </li></ol> 3. 경동맥 동맥 혈전 형성은 혈류의 속도 측정에 의해 평가 <ol><li> 10-12주에게 세 남성 C57BL / 6 마​​우스의 무게를 측정하고 복강 내 주사하지만 케타민 (100 ㎎ / ㎏)과 자일 라진 (10 ㎎ / ㎏)의 혼합물로 따라 마취. 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈에 수의사 연고를 적용합니다. </li><li> 37 ° C로 조정 한 가열 패드, 다리에 접착 테이프를 이용하여 운영 현미경 마우스를 고정. </li><li> 하나의 와이퍼에서 작은 베개를 확인하고 약간 머리를 상승 마우스의 머리 밑에 테이프. (윗니를 사용) 주둥이를 아래로 당겨 집게로 스레드 루프를 사용합니다. 이것은 쉽게 액세스 경동맥의 영역을 노출한다. </li><li> 아래 흉골에 직접 턱 아래 피부의 작은 5mm 깊이 절개를 수행합니다. </li><li> FA를 해부하다scia 및 분기 위의 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽 경동맥 중 하나의 단편을 격리 할 것. </li><li> 조심스럽게-에서의 동맥을 분리하는 신경 핀셋을 소개합니다. 가까운 동맥에 실행 신경을 방해하고 수있는 혈관의 손상을 야기으로 경동맥을 너무 많이 만지지 않도록하지 마십시오. 동맥의 적어도 5 mm의 섹션을 분리. </li><li> 액체는 FeCl3를 방해하는 것을 피하기 적절히 와이퍼 동맥의 면적을 건조. </li><li> 주변 조직에 흡수되지 않는 50ml을 너무 경동맥의 절연 부분 아래에 작은 흰색 플라스틱 조각을 넣어. 이를 위해, 동맥 하에서 플라스틱 용지를 천천히 후 처음으로 조각을 가지고 밀어 제 집게를 사용한다. </li><li> 4 % (W / V) 또는 6 % (W / V) 염화 제이철과 필터 종이를 적시하고 동맥 주위에 모두 배치합니다. </li><li> 3 분 노출 후, 여과지를 벗고 PBS로 씻어 와트 지역을 건조i 번째 와이퍼. </li><li> 부상당한 지역에서 선박 주위의 도플러 흐름 프로브를 놓고 흐름의 변화를 기록하기 시작합니다. 성체 마우스의 건강한 경동맥에서, 흐름은 일반적으로 약 1 ㎖ / 분이다. 주의! 접촉은 피해야한다, 그래서 염화 제이철과 프로브의 접촉 프로브가 손상 될 수 있습니다. 본원에 제시된 데이터는 나노 도플러 유동 탐침 0.5 PBS 구비 천음속 시스템 사 유량계, TS420 혈관 주위 모듈 얻었다. 주 : 염화철의 농도가 서로 다른 시간 폐색 결과 혈전 형성의 동력학을 수정할 수있다. 따라서, 6 %에 노출 (/ W가 V) 염화 제이철은 염화 제이철 (/ V W) 4 %로 노출보다 빠른 폐쇄를 제공합니다. </li><li> 모든 절차에 따라, 자궁 경부 전위 다음 케타민과 자일 라진의 과다 복용을 사용하여 모든 동물을 안락사 조심스럽게 도플러 프로브를 청소합니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

염화철 유도 혈전증 모델은 우수한 연구 도구이다. 본 연구에서 나타난 바와 같이, 그 구현이 매우 용이하고, 생체 내에 현미경 또는 도플러 유량계와 조합하여 사용될 때, 혈전 형성의 좋은 실시간 모니터링을 제공한다. 노출 시간과의 FeCl3의 농도를 조정, 또한 비 또는 폐쇄성 혈전 폐색 하나를 생성 할 수있는 가능성을 제공한다. 그러나,이 방법은 몇 가지 제한 사?...

혈전증의 개발 및 항 혈전 약제의 효과의 평가에 관련된 메카니즘의 연구는 또한 실험 동물 모델을 확립 요구한다. 설치류가 1보다 인간에게 더 큰 용기가 제공 유사한 큰 동물 모델을 사용하는 제했다. 그러나 높은 비용이 요구되는 더 큰 시설을 조작하는데 어려움이 유전자의 사용에 큰 단점이며, 설치류에 예비 시험이 결정적인 결과 2 주어진 일단 큰 동물은 지금 늦은 전임상 연구로 제한됩니다. 생체 내 테스트에 필요한 혈전 약물의 양을 최소화하는 유전자 및 녹아웃 균주 및 작은 크기의 넓은 가용성, 생쥐는 주로 혈전증 연구에 사용된다. 따라서, 혈전 성 질환의 몇몇 모델 생쥐 3에 개발되어왔다. 대부분의 설립 혈전증 모델은 intim을 방해혈전 (4)의 형성을 유도하는 혈액 흐름에 서브 내피 세포 외 기질의 노출 뒤에 혈관 벽의 층. 혈전은 /과 응고 캐스케이드 (5)를 활성화 조직 인자의 노출 또는 혈소판 활성화를 트리거 콜라겐 노출 될 수 있습니다. 몇 가지 기술이어서 초기 혈관 손상을 달성하기 위해 사용된다. Pierangeli는 외. 대퇴부 정맥 6 미세 도구 기계적 파괴 모델을 개발 하였다. Kikushi 등은. 녹색 등 (540 ㎚) 7 관심의 혈관 벽의 특정 여기 뒤에 내피 세포의 지질 이중층에 축적 사진 반응성 화합물 (로즈 벵갈)의 관리에있다 모델을 설명했다. 상처는 짧은 고강도의 펄스 레이저 조명 (8)에 의해 유도 될 수있다. 또 다른 기술은 먼저 쥐의 경동맥에 설립염화 제이철의 국소 적용 (50ml을) 구에있다. 이 경우, FeCl3를 생성 유리기로부터 용기 삭박 결과는 내피 세포 (10)의 지질 과산화 및 파괴를 야기한다. 부상 백혈구 모집뿐만 아니라 혈소판 부착 및 응집을 유발 여러 부착 분자의 발현을 유도한다. 이것은 백혈구, 특히 호중구, 혈전증 11 이어지는 혈액 응고 캐스케이드의 활성화에 결정적인 역할을한다는 것을 증명되었다. 이 방법은 잘 응고 캐스케이드를 재현 적합하다; 연구자들은 인간의 혈전증은 주로 병에 걸린 예에서 발생되는 반면,이 마우스 모델에서, 혈전증은 일반적으로 건강한 혈관에 유도되어, 명심해야합니다. 동맥 경화성 혈관. 이 모델은 구현하기 매우 간단하고 또한 마우스에서 효과적이기 때문에, 지금 주로 사용 혈전증 모드생체 내 연구에서 작은 동물을위한 L. 또한,이 기술은 용기의 다양한 혈전의 형성을 유도 할 가능성을 제공한다. 대상 선박은 동맥 또는 큰 직경 (경동맥, 대퇴, 대정맥) 또는 작은 직경 (장간막, cremaster) 12-14의 정맥이 될 수 있습니다. 최근에, 또한 스트로크 (15)의 모델을 개발하기 위해 근위 중뇌 동맥에 사용 하였다. 혈전 형성이 직접 혈소판 및 백혈구의 형광 표지 한 후 현미경으로 관찰하여 생체 내에 또는 온도 프로브 또는 도플러 프로브 12,16,17과 혈류의 감소를 측정함으로써 모니터링 될 수있다. 이러한 폐색 시간, 혈전 형성 시간이나 혈전 크기와 같은 여러 파라미터는 조사 될 수있다. 혈관 사이의 생리적 차이가 얻은 혈전에 상당한 변화에서 결과를 조사 하였다. 따라서, 연구자들은 일반적으로 그들이 measu 원하는 매개 변수에 따라 상기 타겟 용기를 선택다시 및 / 또는 조사하려는 설정 질병. 일반적으로 경동맥의 모델은 대정맥에 대한 연구가 깊은 정맥 혈전증에 대한 연구에 대한 관련성 반면 심근 경색 또는 뇌졸중에 관한 죽상 혈전증에 대한 연구에 더 관련이있다. 다른 혈관의 접근성 또한 혈전 성장을 측정하는 데 사용되는 방법을 결정한다. 예를 들어, 장간막 혈관은 생체 내에 현미경 관찰 및 혈전 형성의 역학 연구를위한이 모델이 적합하다 액세스하기 쉽다. 경동맥 적게 액세스 가능하지만 혈류 측정 크다 및 폐쇄성 혈전을 연구 우수한 모델을 제공한다. 염화 제이철 유도 혈전증 모델이 병리의 이해에 엄청난 진전을 제공하고 있습니다. 이는 혈전 형성 (18,19)에 폰 빌레 브란트 인자의 역할에 초점을 여러 연구에 사용되었다. 유전 MODI와 결합문법을 없애는 기술은 또한 혈전 성 질환에 관여하는 많은 유전자의 특정 식별을 허용했다. Lamrani 등은. 예컨대 JAK2 V617F 유전자의 녹아웃에 혈병이 불안정 (20)의 가속 형성과 연관되어 있음을 보여 주었다. 장 등이. P2Y12 혈소판 수용체의 생리 학적 의미를 조사 혈소판 특이 수용체를 과발현하는 형질 전환 마우스 만, FeCl3를 21 부상 장간막 동맥에서보다 신속하고 안정적인 혈전 형성을 표시 것을 증명 하였다. 조직 - 형 플라스 미노 겐 활성제 (TPA)과 섬유소 분해 공정에서 키나아제 형 플라스 미노 겐 활성제 UPA ()의 중요한 역할은이 방법 (22)에서 조사되고있다. 또한,이 모델은 또한, 생체 내에서 많은 신규 한 약품의 섬유소 용해 능력을 시험하는 간단하고 정확한 방법을 제공한다. 예를 들어, 왕 등 알. 일이 모델을 사용하고 있습니다활성화 된 혈소판 (23)에 대해 목표로 새로운 재조합 플라스 미노 겐 활성제의 전자 전임상 유효성 검사. 이 방법은 진드기, 뱀파이어 박쥐, 및 모기의 타액이나 대상 24 ~ 27의 특정 식별과 뱀의 독에서 분리 된 치료 용 단백질의 유효성 검사를 활성화. 이러한 예 염화철 모델의 다양성을 증명한다. 이 문서에서 우리는 두 가지 방법에 초점을 두 개의 서로 다른 선종에 염화 제이철 유도 혈전증을 연구; 장간막 혈관 및 경동맥.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman chromatography paper</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>3030917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (III) chloride 40 % (w/v)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>24212.298</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine 6G</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R4127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital black-and-white camera&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>XM10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doppler flowmeter</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>TS420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nano-doppler flow probe</td>
			<td>Transonic</td>
			<td>0.5 PBS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Hospira&#160;</td>
			<td>0409-2051-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (Rampun)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>75313&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>82.1472</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe (29 G)</td>
			<td>BD Ultra-Fine</td>
			<td>326103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td>BSN medical</td>
			<td>211827A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynek dysilk sutures</td>
			<td>Dynek Pty Ltd</td>
			<td>CS30100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco life technologies</td>
			<td>21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Kirchner</td>
			<td>T60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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ferric chloride-induced thrombosis mouse model on carotid artery and mesentery vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

로다 민 6G의 축적을 발표 할 예정 장간막의 형광 생체 내에 현미경 관찰 50ml을 부상으로 혈관 벽을 따라 혈소판 및 백혈구를 표시. 부분 혈전의 점진적 형성은 200 μm의의 장간막 용기 (그림 1)에서 모니터링된다. 혈전 서서히 나타나며 명백하게 FeCl3를 노출 제 분 후에 식별 가능한 (도 1, t는 60 초 =). 40 초 FeCl3를 적신 여과지 제거한 후, 혈전증이 빠?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel at JoVE.com

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

철 염화물에 의한 경동맥 및 장간막 용기에 혈전증 마우스 모델

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

ferric-chloride-induced-thrombosis-mouse-model-on-carotid-artery

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.3K 조회수.  Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute. The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

비디오: Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

A Model of Disturbed Flow-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mouse Carotid Artery by Partial Ligation and a Simple Method of RNA Isolation from Carotid Endothelium

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified version of carotid partial ligation methods [1,2] to show that it acutely induces low and oscillatory flow conditions, two key characteristics of disturbed flow, in the mouse common carotid artery. Using this model, we have provided direct evidence that disturbed flow indeed leads to rapid and robust atherosclerosis development in Apolipoprotein E knockout mouse [3]. We also developed a method of endothelial RNA preparation with high purity from the mouse carotid intima [3]. Using this mouse model and method, we found that partial ligation causes endothelial dysfunction in a week, followed by robust and rapid atheroma formation in two weeks in a hyperlipidemic mouse model along with features of complex lesion formation such as intraplaque neovascularization by four weeks. This rapid in vivo model and the endothelial RNA preparation method could be used to determine molecular mechanisms underlying flow-dependent regulation of vascular biology and diseases. Also, it could be used to test various therapeutic interventions targeting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in considerably reduced study duration.

This describes a partial carotid ligation surgery, which causes disturbed flow conditions and subsequent atherosclerosis development (in two weeks) with intraplaque neo-vascularization (in four weeks) in the mouse common carotid artery. We also describe a novel method of RNA isolation from the carotid intima, providing high purity endothelial RNA.

부분 결합하여 마우스 경동맥 동맥에있는 방해 흐름 유발 죽상 경화증과 경동맥 내피로부터 RNA 분리의 간단한 방법의 모델

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified ...

연구

의학

Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and mortality rates make VTE a serious health concern 1-2. After heart disease and stroke, VTE is the third most common vascular disease 3. In the U.S. alone, there is an estimated 900,000 people affected each year, with 300,000 deaths occurring annually 3. A reliable in vivo animal model to study the mechanisms of this disease is necessary.
The advantages of using the mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis are several. The mouse model allows for the administration of very small volumes of limited availability test agents, reducing costs dramatically. Most promising is the potential for mice with gene knockouts that allow specific inflammatory and coagulation factor functions to be delineated. Current molecular assays allow for the quantitation of vein wall, thrombus, whole blood, and plasma for assays. However, a major concern involving this model is the operative size constraints and the friability of the vessels. Also, due to the small IVC sample weight (mean 0.005 grams) it is necessary to increase animal numbers for accurate statistical analysis for tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, and whole blood and plasma assays 4-8.
The major disadvantage with the stasis model is that the lack of blood flow inhibits the maximal effect of administered systemic therapeutic agents on the thrombus and vein wall.

The mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis yields quantifiable amounts of vein wall tissue and thrombus. It has proven useful for evaluating interactions between the vein wall and the occlusive thrombus and in assessing the progression from acute to chronic inflammation.

하부 대정 맥 혈전증의 마우스 완전한 스테이 시스 모델

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).  In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and ...

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke) 2. Since most ischemic strokes (~80%) occur in the territory of middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3, many animal stroke models that have been developed have focused on this artery. The intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) involves the insertion of a surgical filament into the external carotid artery and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip occludes the origin of the MCA, resulting in a cessation of blood flow and subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory 4. The technique can be used to model permanent or transient occlusion 5. If the suture is removed after a certain interval (30 min, 1 h, or 2 h), reperfusion is achieved (transient MCAO); if the filament is left in place (24 h) the procedure is suitable as a model of permanent MCAO. This technique does not require craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure to remove a portion of skull, which may affect intracranial pressure and temperature 6. It has become the most frequently used method to mimic permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice 7,8. To evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction, we stain brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify ischemic brain tissue 9. In this video, we demonstrate the MCAO method and the determination of infarct size by TTC staining.

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색의 마우스 모델

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

재 협착의 연구에 대한 경동맥 스텐트 시술의 쥐과 모형

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model creating an artificial fistula between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the external jugular vein (EJV) has been widely described and proved technically feasible. This construct provokes a consistent cerebral venous hypertension (CVH), and therefore has helped studying the contribution of venous hypertension to formation, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of brain AVMs and dural AVFs. Equivalent mice models have been only scarcely described and have shown trouble with stenosis of the fistula. An established murine model would allow the study of not only pathophysiology but also potential genetic therapies for these cerebrovascular diseases.
We present a model of arteriovenous fistula that produces a durable intracranial venous hypertension in the mouse. Microsurgical anastomosis of the murine CCA and EJV can be difficult due to diminutive anatomy and frequently result in a non-patent fistula. In this step-by-step protocol we address all the important challenges encountered during this procedure. Avoiding excessive retraction of the vein during the exposure, using 11-0 sutures instead of 10-0, and making a carefully planned end-to-side anastomosis are some of the critical steps. Although this method requires advanced microsurgical skills and a longer learning curve that the equivalent in the rat, it can be consistently developed.
This novel model has been designed to integrate transgenic mouse techniques with a previously well-established experimental system that has proved useful to study brain AVMs and dural AVFs. By opening the possibility of using transgenic mice, a broader spectrum of valid models can be achieved and genetic treatments can also be tested. The experimental construct could also be further adapted to the study of other cerebrovascular diseases related with venous hypertension such as migraine, transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, etc.

We describe a method for creating a reliable model of cerebral venous hypertension in the adult mouse. This model has been widely described and tested in the rat. This new counterpart in the mice opens the possibility of using genetic modified animals and thereby broadens the applications of the model.

성인 마우스 정맥 ​​고혈압 모델 : 외부 경정맥 정맥 문합에 경동맥.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in vascular smooth muscle dedifferentiation, neointima formation and vascular remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are the most frequently employed animals for this model. Female rats are not preferred as female hormones are protective against vascular diseases and thus introduce a variation into this procedure. The left carotid is typically injured with the right carotid serving as a negative control. Left carotid injury is caused by the inflated balloon that denudes the endothelium and distends the vessel wall. Following injury, potential therapeutic strategies such as the use of pharmacological compounds and either gene or shRNA transfer can be evaluated. Typically for gene or shRNA transfer, the injured section of the vessel lumen is locally transduced for 30 min with viral particles encoding either a protein or shRNA for delivery and expression in the injured vessel wall. Neointimal thickening representing proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells usually peaks at 2 weeks after injury. Vessels are mostly harvested at this time point for cellular and molecular analysis of cell signaling pathways as well as gene and protein expression. Vessels can also be harvested at earlier time points to determine the onset of expression and/or activation of a specific protein or pathway, depending on the experimental aims intended. Vessels can be characterized and evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, protein/mRNA assays, and activity assays. The intact right carotid artery from the same animal is an ideal internal control. Injury-induced changes in molecular and cellular parameters can be evaluated by comparing the injured artery to the internal right control artery. Likewise, therapeutic modalities can be evaluated by comparing the injured and treated artery to the control injured only artery.

This protocol uses a balloon catheter to cause an intraluminal injury on the rat carotid artery and henceforth elicit neointimal hyperplasia. This is a well-established model for studying the mechanisms of vascular remodeling in response to injury. It is also widely used to determine the validity of potential therapeutic approaches.

쥐 경동맥의 혈관 풍선 부상과 관내 관리

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is also a valuable model system to test, and to evaluate therapeutics and drugs that negate maladaptive remodeling in the vessel. The injury, or barotrauma, in the vessel lumen caused by an inflated balloon via an inserted catheter induces subsequent neointimal growth, often leading to hyperplasia or thickening of the vessel wall that narrows, or obstructs the lumen. The method described here is sufficiently sensitive, and the results can be obtained in relatively short time (2 weeks after the surgery). The efficacy of the drug or therapeutic against the induced-remodeling can be evaluated either by the post-mortem pathological and histomorphological analysis, or by ultrasound sonography in live animals. In addition, this model system has also been used to determine the therapeutic window or the time course of the administered drug. These studies can leadto the development of a better administrative strategy and a better therapeutic outcome. The procedure described here provides a tool for translational studies that bring drug and therapeutic candidates from bench research to clinical applications.

The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described.

생쥐 경동맥 풍선 손상 모델은 반대로 혈관 리모델링의 치료를 테스트하는

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Murine Thrombosis Models

Arterial thrombosis (blood clot) is a common complication of many systemic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, cancer and chronic autoimmune rheumatologic disorders. Thrombi are the cause of most heart attacks, strokes and extremity loss, making thrombosis an extremely important public health problem. Since these thrombi stem from inappropriate platelet activation and subsequent coagulation, targeting these systems therapeutically has important clinical significance for developing safer treatments. Due to the complexities of the hemostatic system, in vitro experiments cannot replicate the blood-to-vessel wall interactions; therefore, in vivo studies are critical to understand pathological mechanisms of thrombus formation. To this end, various thrombosis models have been developed in mice. Among them, ferric chloride (FeCl3) induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation and aggregation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. This model is based on redox-induced endothelial cell injury, which is simple and sensitive to both anticoagulant and anti-platelets drugs. The time required for the development of a thrombus that occludes blood flow gives a quantitative measure of vascular injury, platelet activation and aggregation that is relevant to thrombotic diseases. We have significantly refined this FeCl3-induced vascular thrombosis model, which makes the data highly reproducible with minimal variation. Here we describe the model and present representative data from several experimental set-ups that demonstrate the utility of this model in thrombosis research.

We report a refined procedure of the ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced thrombosis models on carotid and mesenteric artery as well as vein, characterized efficiently using intravital microscopy to monitor time to occlusive thrombi formation.

철 염화물에 의한 쥐 혈전증 모델

Arterial thrombosis (blood clot) is a common complication of many systemic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

쥐 일반적인 경 동맥에 단계 대조 자기 공명 영상

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

제 2 철 염화 유도 개 경 동맥 혈전 증: 혈관 손상의 큰 동물 모델

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...