저자는 현미경 실험과 우수한 기술 지원을 글렌 슬로 컴 (위스콘신 의과 대학)과 콜린 A. Lavin (니콘 인스트루먼트, Inc.에) 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 그레고리 블라스는 원고의 중요한 교정을 인정한다. 이 연구는 (AS에) 1-15-BS-172 및 DVI (에) 신장의 미국 사회에서 벤 제이 Lipps 연구 활동을 부여 건강 보조금 HL108880 및 미국 당뇨병 협회 (American Diabetes Association)의 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다.

동물 사용 및 복지 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 검토 및 승인 프로토콜 다음과 같은 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용에 대한 NIH 가이드를 준수해야합니다. 1. 신장 세척 <ol><li> (그러나 다른 연령과 성별의 다른 균주에 따라 변경 사용할 수 있습니다, 스프 라그 돌리 변형이 제안) 8-12주 세 남성 쥐를 사용합니다. </li><li> IACUC 프로토콜에 의해 허용 된 절차에 따라 동물을 마취; 마취 깊이를 모니터링하고 동물을 검사한다. 수술의 상세한 설명은 1.3에서 수행되는 - 1.8 Ilatovskaya 외에서 찾을 수있다 (7). </li><li> 적절한 마취 후, 온도 조절 수술 테이블에 동물을 배치 (최대 길이 3 인치) 복부의 정중선 절개를하고, 대정맥과 대동맥을 발견. </li><li> 복강 및 상 장간막 동맥과 복부 주위에 합자를 삽입그 위의 대동맥; 결찰하지 않습니다. </li><li> 신장 동맥 아래 복부 대동맥을 해부하고, 주위에 두 개의 합자를 배치하지만, 결찰하지 않는 무딘, 다음 합자 위의 대동맥을 고정하고 밑실 넥타이. </li><li> 클램프 아래 (PBS로 가득 주사기 펌프에 부착) 폴리에틸렌 PE50 튜브와 대동맥을 카테 테르를 꽂다 두 번째 합자와 카테터를 해결; 클램프를 제거 펌프를 켜고 대동맥을 결찰 및 복강 동맥과 장간막. 빠르게 압력을 완화하기 위해 신장 정맥 절개를합니다. </li><li> / 분의 6 ml의 속도로 2 ~ 3 분 동안 프리 - 냉각 PBS로 대동맥 달이다. </li><li> 관류, 소비세를 중지하고 7 신장을 디 캡슐하고, PBS 용액에 얼음에 넣어. IACUC에 의해 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 동물을 안락사. </li></ol> 쥐 사구체 2. 분리 <ol><li> RPMI 1640에서 5 % BSA의 신선한 용액 30 ㎖를 준비합니다. </li><li> 면도날과 가위를 사용하여,모두 신장의 피질을 분리 한 다음 균일까지 말하다. 이 절차는 앞에서 설명 하였다 7. </li><li> 100 메쉬 스테인레스 강 체를 통해 이전 단계 동안 다진 조직을 밀어 주걱을 사용하여 (BSA / RPMI 5 % 용액에 미리 침지). 관류 및 중력에 의해이 플로우 스루는 140 메쉬 체를 통과 할 수 있도록 수집. </li><li> , 미리 적신 200 메쉬 체를 사용하여 체 140 메쉬로부터 수집 관류 필터 여과 액을 폐기하고 (10) 자체의 상단 세척 -에 침강 사구체를 수집하기 위해 제조 된 BSA / RPMI 용액 15 ml에 체. </li><li> 최대 20 분 동안 튜브의 하단 사구체 침전물을 15ml의 튜브에 얼음 사구체 함유 BSA / RPMI 용액을 넣고하자. 튜브의 하단에있는 사구체 농축 명확하게 볼 수 있습니다. 튜브에 약 2 mL를 떠나, 초과 솔루션을 제거합니다. </li></ol> 3. 단일 채널 패치 클램프 엘ectrophysiology <ol><li> MW 70,000로 코팅하여 5 × 5mm 커버 유리 칩을 준비 - 150,000 폴리 ʟ 라이신, 건조 할 수 있습니다. 커버 유리 당 물에 0.01 % 멸균 여과 된 용액의 약 30 μl를 사용합니다. </li><li> RT에 대한 실험 솔루션을 따뜻하게하고, 패치 클램프 챔버와 피펫을 입력합니다. TRPC 채널 모니터링의 경우, mM의에서 목욕 솔루션, 사용 : (126)의 NaCl, CaCl2를 1, 10 HEPES, 2의 MgCl 2, 10 포도당, 산도 7.4; 피펫 : (126)의 NaCl, CaCl2를 1.5, 10 HEPES, 10 포도당; pH가 7.4. <ol><li> 추천 연구 (관련이 없습니다 내생 채널의 활동을 차단하는 피펫 솔루션에 억제제를 추가 있습니다 : 100 μm의 니플 룸산 또는 DIDS이 (칼슘 부활 CL 차단 - 채널), 10 mM의 차 (을 억제하는 큰 컨덕턴스 칼슘 + - 의존적 K + 채널), 10 나노 iberiotoxin (,)를 10 μM 니 카르 디핀 칼슘 부활 K + 채널을 차단하는 (N 형 칼슘을 차단2+ 직접 패치 클램프 실험 전 채널)). </li></ol></li><li> 조심스럽게 사구체 함유 용액을 혼합 한 후 폴리 ʟ 라이신 코팅 커버 유리 칩에 약 50 μl를 적용합니다. 사구체는 약 5 분 동안 연결하자. </li><li> 패치 - 클램프 챔버 욕 용액으로 미리 충전하는 사구체으로 유리 절삭 가루를 이동; 부착 사구체의 제거를 보장하기 위해 1 분 / mL의 3 분의 속도로 관류 챔버. </li><li> 세포 부착 모드 7에서 기존의 패치 클램프 실험을 실시한다. 유리 피펫 (7 - 10 MΩ 피펫 저항) 피펫 부드러운 흡입 (고립 사구체의 표면에 발 세포 부착 피펫을 적용하여 발 세포 막 사이에 고 저항 시일을 형성하기에,도 2에 도시 왼쪽). </li><li> 세포 부착 된 측정을 위해 팔 극 베셀 필터에 의해 300 Hz에서 전류를 낮은 패스. </li><li> 유6 시간 - SE는 최대 4에 대한 패치 클램프 실험에서 사구체를 격리합니다. 얼음에 주식 사구체의 비율을 유지합니다. </li></ol> 족 세포에서 세포 내 칼슘 농도의 4 비례 공 초점 형광 측정 <ol><li> 원뿔 튜브 0.5 ml의 (2.5에서 설명) 사구체 분획 500 μl를 넣고 칼슘 염료의 Fura 레드, AM 및 FLUO-4, 오전를 추가합니다. 2 mM의과 (DMSO에 용해 -20 ° C에서 저장,)은 Fura 레드, AM 및 FLUO-4, 오전, 각각의 1 mM의 재고 농도를 사용하여 사구체 분획 500 ㎕를 각 염료의 2.5 μl를 사용합니다. 즉시 염료 첨가 후 알루미늄 호일로 커버 튜브. </li><li> 실온에서 1 시간에 적어도 20 분까지를위한 회전하는 통에 장소 튜브. 주 : 약리 제제는이 단계에서 첨가 될 수있다. </li><li> , 커버 글라스를 준비 폴리 ʟ 라이신로를 커버하고 70 ℃로 가열 플레이트 세트를 사용하여 건조 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 칼슘 염료 로딩 COMPLET되면E는, 폴리 리신 코팅 ʟ 커버 슬립을 함유 용액 사구체 100 μL를 적용하고 약 5 분 동안 표면에 충실하자. 촬상 챔버 내로 사구체 부착 된 커버를 장착하고 욕 용액 (() mm 단위 함유 :의 MgCl 2 (145)의 NaCl, 4.5 KCl을, 2, 10 HEPES, pH가 7.35)으로 관류 3 ㎖의 속도 / 분 제거 사구체 부착하고 나머지 염료. </li><li> 488 nm의 여기 파장과 방출 필터 (각각 FLUO-4의 Fura 레드에 대한 25분의 525과 25분의 650 nm의)에 공 초점 레이저 주사 현미경을 설정합니다. 원하는 주파수와 해상도 이미징 소프트웨어를 설정합니다. </li><li> 시야에서 사구체를 찾아 다음 형광 신호의 검출을 켭니다. 신호의 포화를 피하기 위해 각각의 염료에 대해 레이저의 강도를 조정한다. 직접 유리에 부착 된 족 세포에 초점면을 선택합니다. 이는 약물에 반응 사구체의 수축에 의한 영향을 최소화신청. 선택의 사구체가 아니라 유리에 연결되어 있는지 다시 확인; </li><li> 선택의 초점면을 이미징 시작, (높은 해상도 이미지에 대한 60X / NA 1.4 또는 유사한 대물 렌즈를 사용합니다. 빠른 칼슘 과도 변화를 시각화하기 위해 4 초에서 설정 한 주파수로 512 X 512 이미지를 가지고) 관심의 약물을 적용 하고 응답을 기록합니다. <ol><li> (사구체 족 세포의 표면 상에 이미징을 보장하기 위해 가능한 한 유리 표면에 가까운) 원하는 초점면을 선택한다. Fluo4 및 FuraRed 채널에 형광의 강도를 확인하고, 사구체 분명히 시야에서 볼 수 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 영상을 시작합니다. 어떤 약물의 응용 프로그램을하기 전에, 기본 형광 기록 적어도 1 분은 신호가 (이 갑작스런 스파이크가 없거나 신호의 페이딩) 안정적인지 확인합니다. </li><li> 마이크로 피펫의 도움으로 원하는 약물을 적용; 주의 및 약물이 잘 확산 할 수 있었다 확인하고 glomer에 도달ulus. 필요한 경우, 상기 선택된 초점면을 감시하고 있기 때문에 약물 애플리케이션의 초점이 이동되지 않았다는 것을 확인 부드럽게 욕 용액을 섞는다. </li><li> Fluo4 및 FuraRed 신호에 대한 형광 강도의 변화를 기록한다. 녹음이 신호가 고원 수준에 도달 또는 피크에 도달 한 후베이스 라인으로 복귀 할 때까지 대기하여 충분히 긴 있는지 확인합니다. 필요한 경우 솔루션의 변경 또는 다른 약물의 추가를 수행합니다. </li><li> 녹음을 중지하고 소프트웨어의 기본 형식으로 파일을 저장합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 칼슘 측정 5. 이미지 분석 <ol><li> 기본 ND2 형식으로 이미지를 가져 오기 할 수 있습니다 ND 유틸리티 플러그인을 갖춘 ImageJ에 열려있는 소프트웨어와 이미지 분석을 수행합니다. </li><li> 이미지 시퀀스를 가져옵니다; 채널을 분할하고 hyperstack 그레이 스케일 모드를 사용하십시오. </li><li> O에 ImageJ에 소프트웨어의 분석 → 도구 → 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자 경로를 따라펜 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자 창. 타원형 선택 도구 및 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자의 &quot;추가 (T)&quot;기능을 사용하여 관심 (족 세포)의 여러 지역을 선택합니다. ROI 마지막으로, 배경 영역을 선택; (저장 → 기타) 선택된 ROI를 저장합니다. </li><li> 분석을 위해 선택된 채널을 포함하는 윈도우를 강조. , 투자 수익 (ROI) 관리자에서 멀티 측정 기능 → 이상을 사용 튀어 나올 대화에서 &quot;하나의 행 조각 당&quot;상자를 표시 한 다음 확인을 클릭합니다. 선택 집합 측정 → 메뉴 옵션의 결과에 입력 &quot;회색 평균치&quot;와 표시되는 각 ROI에 대한 화소 강도 값을 계산 : 결과는 결과 창에서 설정 될 수 형식으로 표시 될 각각의 투자 수익 (ROI)에 대한 별도의 컬럼에서 결과 창. </li><li> 바람직한 데이터 분석 소프트웨어로 각 채널 (FLUO-4의 Fura 레드)에 대한 ROI 측정 강도 값을 복사; 각 DAT에서 빼기 배경 강도 값점. </li><li> 각 시점의 Fura 들어 레드 채널 FLUO-4의 세기의 비율을 계산한다. 플롯 분산 / 각각의 투자 수익 (ROI)에 대한 칼슘 과도의 라인 포인트 - 시간 변경. 선택 사구체에 대한 평균 / SE 값을 계산합니다. 참고 : 시간 ​​열은 4.5에서 선택한 영상 주파수에 따라 설정해야합니다. </li></ol> FLUO-4 형광 신호를 이용하여 제 세포 내 칼슘 농도 계산 <ol><li> 사구체의 샘플을 가지고 4.7 단계로 실험 프로토콜을 수행합니다. 배경 형광의 기록 후에 조 용액 및 기록 형광 강도 증가 (10 μM이어야 화장실 실내에 최종 농도) 이오 노마 이신을 추가한다. 강도가 최대에 도달하고 붕괴가 시작되면, MnCl 2 추가 8 형광을 켄칭 (최종 농도 5 mM의이어야). </li><li> 6.1에서 얻어진 데이터를 분석한다. 수득 FLUO-4 ROI 신호 세기 값이있어서 복사선호하는 분석 소프트웨어에 의해 5.1-5.5에 설명 된 프로토콜. </li><li> 수식을 이용하여 ROI에 대응 발 세포에서 (㎚)에서 세포 내 칼슘 농도를 계산한다 : <img alt="식 (1)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52850/52850equation1.jpg" /> K d를 FLUO-4 (345 ㎚)에 대한 일정한 소정 해리이고, F는 (기준)에 대한 칼슘 농도를 산출하는 평가시기에서의 세기는이고, F 최소 및 F 최대의 강도 값이며 (이오 노마 이신 신청 후) 및 (MnCl 2) 형광의 담금질 후의 칼슘 최대 하중 점의 각각 (도 3 참조). </li></ol>

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Invest. 99, 2772-2781 (1997).</li><li>Nitschke, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+increases+the+intracellular+calcium+activity+in+podocytes+of+the+intact+glomerulus.">Angiotensin II increases the intracellular calcium activity in podocytes of the intact glomerulus.</a> Kidney Int. 57, 41-49 (2000).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-channel+analysis+of+TRPC+channels+in+the+podocytes+of+freshly+isolated+glomeruli.">Single-channel analysis of TRPC channels in the podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 998, 355-369 (2013).</li><li>Snitsarev, V. A., McNulty, T. J., Taylor, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+heavy+metal+ions+perturb+fura-2+measurements+of+basal+and+hormone-evoked+Ca2++signals.">Endogenous heavy metal ions perturb fura-2 measurements of basal and hormone-evoked Ca2+ signals.</a> Biophys. J. 71, 1048-1056 (1996).</li><li>Fukuda, A., Fujimoto, S., Iwatsubo, S., Kawachi, H., Kitamura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+mineralocorticoid+and+angiotensin+II+receptor+blockers+on+proteinuria+and+glomerular+podocyte+protein+expression+in+a+model+of+minimal+change+nephrotic+syndrome.">Effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II receptor blockers on proteinuria and glomerular podocyte protein expression in a model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome.</a> Nephrology (Carlton). 15, 321-326 (2010).</li><li>Abramowitz, J., Birnbaumer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+and+pathophysiology+of+canonical+transient+receptor+potential+channels).">Physiology and pathophysiology of canonical transient receptor potential channels).</a> FASEB J. 23, 297-328 (2009).</li><li>Heeringa, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+TRPC6+mutation+that+causes+childhood+FSGS.">A novel TRPC6 mutation that causes childhood FSGS.</a> PLoS ONE. 4, e7771 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, X., Song, Z., Guo, Y., Zhou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+novel+role+of+TRPC6+in+vitamin+D+ameliorating+podocyte+injury+in+STZ-induced+diabetic+rats.">The novel role of TRPC6 in vitamin D ameliorating podocyte injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats.</a> Mol. Cell. Biochem. 399, 155-165 (2015).</li><li>Bohrer, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+the+puromycin-induced+defects+in+the+transglomerular+passage+of+water+and+macromolecules.">Mechanisms of the puromycin-induced defects in the transglomerular passage of water and macromolecules.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 60, 152-161 (1977).</li><li>Olson, J. L., Rennke, H. G., Venkatachalam, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+the+charge+and+size+selectivity+barrier+of+the+glomerular+filter+in+aminonucleoside+nephrosis+in+rats.">Alterations in the charge and size selectivity barrier of the glomerular filter in aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats.</a> Lab. Invest. 44, 271-279 (1981).</li><li>Schiessl, I. M., Castrop, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+AT2+receptor+activation+attenuates+AT1+receptor-induced+increases+in+the+glomerular+filtration+of+albumin:+a+multiphoton+microscopy+study.">Angiotensin II AT2 receptor activation attenuates AT1 receptor-induced increases in the glomerular filtration of albumin: a multiphoton microscopy study.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 305, F1189-F1200 (2013).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D. V., Levchenko, V., Ryan, R. P., Cowley, A. W., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NSAIDs+acutely+inhibit+TRPC+channels+in+freshly+isolated+rat+glomeruli.">NSAIDs acutely inhibit TRPC channels in freshly isolated rat glomeruli.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 408, 242-247 (2011).</li><li>Peti-Peterdi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+wave+of+tubuloglomerular+feedback.">Calcium wave of tubuloglomerular feedback.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291, F473-F480 (2006).</li><li>Peti-Peterdi, J., Warnock, D. G., Bell, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+directly+stimulates+ENaC+activity+in+the+cortical+collecting+duct+via+AT(1)+receptors.">Angiotensin II directly stimulates ENaC activity in the cortical collecting duct via AT(1) receptors.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1131-1135 (2002).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D. V., Palygin, O., Levchenko, V., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+the+P2+receptors+profile+in+the+podocytes+of+the+freshly+isolated+rat+glomeruli.">Pharmacological characterization of the P2 receptors profile in the podocytes of the freshly isolated rat glomeruli.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 305, C1050-C1059 (2013).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+has+acute+effects+on+TRPC6+channels+in+podocytes+of+freshly+isolated+glomeruli.">Angiotensin II has acute effects on TRPC6 channels in podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli.</a> Kidney Int. 305, C1050-C1059 (2014).</li><li>Schaldecker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+the+TRPC5+ion+channel+protects+the+kidney+filter.">Inhibition of the TRPC5 ion channel protects the kidney filter.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 123, 5298-5309 (2013).</li><li>Roshanravan, H., Dryer, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+acting+through+P2Y+receptors+causes+activation+of+podocyte+TRPC6+channels:+role+of+podocin+and+reactive+oxygen+species.">ATP acting through P2Y receptors causes activation of podocyte TRPC6 channels: role of podocin and reactive oxygen species.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 306, F1088-F1097 (2014).</li><li>Anderson, M., Roshanravan, H., Khine, J., Dryer, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+activation+of+TRPC6+channels+in+rat+podocytes+requires+generation+of+reactive+oxygen+species.">Angiotensin II activation of TRPC6 channels in rat podocytes requires generation of reactive oxygen species.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 229, 434-442 (2014).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

여기에 설명 된 방법은 설치류 사구체의 족 세포에 의한 칼슘 처리의 분석을 위해 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 패치 클램프 단일 채널 전기 생리학 및 형광 비율 계량 공 초점 영상의 응용 프로그램을 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 두 방식은 자신에, 별도로 사용할 수있다. 제안 된 프로토콜은 1) 신장 플러시 등 여러 상대적으로 간단한 단계를 가지고있다; 2) 차동 체질에 의한 사구체의 분리; 3) 패치 클램프...

신장은 다양한 물질에 대한 항상성 균형을 유지하고 전체의 혈압을 결정하는 방식으로 혈액량을 조절한다. 하이퍼 또는 저혈압에 이르기까지의 신장의 여과, 재 흡수 또는 분비 리드의 장애 또는 동반 병적 인 상태는, 결국 신장 이식을 필요로 무대 신장 질환을 종료합니다. 모세 혈관 내피, 기저막 및 상피 세포의 단세포 층 - - 슬릿 다이어프램 무결성 및 기능 (1)의 유지에 중요한 역할을 족 세포, 신장 필터링 부 (사구체)은 3 개의 층으로 이루어져있다. 투과성 사구체 필터 부전은 단백뇨와 같은 거대 분자의 소변 손실이 발생합니다. 각종 제제는 사구체 여과 장벽의 완전성을 결정 족 세포 및 그들의 발 프로세스의 구조에 영향을 미칠 수있다. 족 세포는 glom의 유지에 관여eruli 여과 기능. 이는 발 세포 부적절한 칼슘 처리가 세포 손상에 이르게하고 병증 2,3- 다양한 형태의 진행에 중요한 역할을하는 것으로 확립되어있다. 따라서, 발 세포의 기능 연구를위한 수단이 될 것입니다 세포 내 칼슘 농도의 변화를 직접 측정 가능하게하는 모델의 개발. 격리 사구체 이전 알부민 반사 계수의 측정 (4) 및 전체 셀 전기 생리 패치 - 클램프 측정 5,6-에서 적분 셀룰러 전류의 평가를 변경 포함한 수많은 연구에 사용 하였다. 본 논문에서는, 약학 제제의 적용에 응답하여 세포 내 칼슘 농도의 변화를 측정하는 세포 내 칼슘의 기저 레벨을 추정하고, 개별 칼슘 채널의 활성을 평가하기 위해 연구를 허용하는 프로토콜을 기술한다. Ratometric 칼슘 농도 측정 및 패치 클램프 electrophysiology 각각 발 세포 및 채널 활동 내에서 세포 내 칼슘 농도의 변화를 결정하는데 사용 하였다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo4 AM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F14217</td>
			<td>500&#181;l in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FuraRed AM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F-3020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F-68&#160;</td>
			<td>solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3909-1ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube rotator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-090-753</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon confocal microscope (inverted)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon A1R</td>
			<td>&#160;Laser exitation 488nm. Emission filters 500-550nm and 570-620nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Plan Apo 60x/NA 1.4 Oil</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>6661B52</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Silicone Compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon NIS-Elements&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording/perfusion chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch Clamp amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>MultiClamp 700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Axon Digidata&#174; System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Pass Filter</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>LPF-8</td>
			<td>8 pole Bessel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B150F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>Flaming/Brown type micropipette puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MF-830</td>
			<td>Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td>MP-225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvibration isolation table</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>equipped with Faraday cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel valve perfusion system</td>
			<td>AutoMake Scientific</td>
			<td>Valve Bank II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording/perfusion chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>pClamp 10 . 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicardipine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N7510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iberiotoxin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I5904-5UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Niflumic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D3514-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEA chloride</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>T2265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11835030</td>
			<td>without antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8327</td>
			<td>30% albumin solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controlled surgical table&#160;</td>
			<td>MCW core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for rodents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel sieves:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>#100 (150 &#956;m), 140 (106 &#956;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO200</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci</td>
			<td>50-871-316</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO270</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci</td>
			<td>50-871-318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO400</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci</td>
			<td>50-871-320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;mesh 200&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>s4145</td>
			<td>screen for CD-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump-based perfusion system</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene tubing</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PE50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluorane anesthesia</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vetequip.com/">http://www.vetequip.com/</a></td>
			<td>911103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other basic reagents</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-channel analysis and calcium imaging in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli

Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases has been established since podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and foot process effacement. It was previously reported that various endogenous agents may cause a dramatic overload in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in podocytes, presumably leading to albuminuria, and this likely occurs via calcium-conducting ion channels. Therefore, it appeared important to study calcium handling in the podocytes both under normal conditions and in various pathological states. However, available experimental approaches have remained somewhat limited to cultured and transfected cells. Although they represent a good basic model for such studies, they are essentially extracted from the native environment of the glomerulus. Here we describe the methodology of studying podocytes as a part of the freshly isolated whole glomerulus. This preparation retains the functional potential of the podocytes, which are still attached to the capillaries; therefore, podocytes remain in the environment that conserves the major parts of the glomeruli filtration apparatus. The present manuscript elaborates on two experimental approaches that allow 1) real-time detection of calcium concentration changes with the help of ratiometric confocal fluorescence microscopy, and 2) the recording of the single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. These methodologies utilize the advantages of the native environment of the glomerulus that enable researchers to resolve acute changes in the intracellular calcium handling in response to applications of various agents, measure basal concentration of calcium within the cells (for instance, to evaluate disease progression), and assess and manipulate calcium conductance at the level of single ion channels.

여기에서는 족 세포에서 칼슘 농도 급성 변화를 측정하는 문제를 해결. 1 갓의 족 세포에서 고해상도 실시간 형광 공 초점 이미지 및 단일 이온 채널 활성 레코딩을 수행하기 위해 설계된 실험 프로토콜의 개략도를 나타낸다 고립 된 쥐 사구체. 쥐를 마취 한 후 간단히, 신장은 피를 취소 PBS로 플러시해야합니다. 그런 다음, 신장 절제와 디 캡슐화하고, 사구체는 차동 체질...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli at JoVE.com

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli.

갓 격리 된 사구체 족 세포의 단일 채널 분석 및 칼슘 이미징

Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells ...

single-channel-analysis-calcium-imaging-podocytes-freshly-isolated

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.8K 조회수.  Medical College of Wisconsin. Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. 

비디오: Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich vascularization and high density of mitochondria. BAT plays a major role in energy expenditure and non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn mammals as well as the adults 1. BAT-mediated thermogenesis is highly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly via &beta; adrenergic receptor 2, 3. Recent studies have shown that BAT activities in human adults are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and other diabetic parameters 4-6. BAT has thus been proposed as a potential target for anti-obesity/anti-diabetes therapy focusing on modulation of energy balance 6-8. While several cold challenge-based positron emission tomography (PET) methods are established for detecting human BAT 9-13, there is essentially no standardized protocol for imaging and quantification of BAT in small animal models such as mice. Here we describe a robust PET/CT imaging method for functional assessment of BAT in mice. Briefly, adult C57BL/6J mice were cold treated under fasting conditions for a duration of 4 hours before they received one dose of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The mice were remained in the cold for one additional hour post FDG injection, and then scanned with a small animal-dedicated micro-PET/CT system. The acquired PET images were co-registered with the CT images for anatomical references and analyzed for FDG uptake in the interscapular BAT area to present BAT activity. This standardized cold-treatment and imaging protocol has been validated through testing BAT activities during pharmacological interventions, for example, the suppressed BAT activation by the treatment of &beta;-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol 14, 15, or the enhanced BAT activation by &beta;3 agonist BRL37344 16. The method described here can be applied to screen for drugs/compounds that modulate BAT activity, or to identify genes/pathways that are involved in BAT development and regulation in various preclinical and basic studies.

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

A method of functional imaging of mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) is described in which cold-stimulated uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in BAT is non-invasively assessed with a standardized micro-PET/CT protocol. This method is robust and sensitive to detect differences in BAT activities in mouse models.

FDG micro-PET/CT와 마우스의 브라운 지방의 기능 영상

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

연구

생물학

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

사멸 세포 간극의 이미지를하는 동안 라이브<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 배아

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

칼슘의 평가는 그대로 골격 근육 섬유에서 불꽃

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Quantifying Single Microvessel Permeability in Isolated Blood-perfused Rat Lung Preparation

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with real time imaging, it becomes feasible to determine permeability changes in individual pulmonary microvessels. Herein we describe steps to isolate rat lungs and perfuse them with autologous blood. Then, we outline steps to infuse fluorophores or agents via a microcatheter into a small lung region. Using these procedures described, we determined permeability increases in rat lung microvessels in response to infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data revealed that lipopolysaccharide increased fluid leak across both venular and capillary microvessel segments. Thus, this method makes it possible to compare permeability responses among vascular segments and thus, define any heterogeneity in the response. While commonly used methods to define lung permeability require postprocessing of lung tissue samples, the use of real time imaging obviates this requirement as evident from the present method. Thus, the isolated lung preparation combined with real time imaging offers several advantages over traditional methods to determine lung microvascular permeability, yet is a straightforward method to develop and implement.

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation makes it feasible to visualize microvessel networks on the lung surface. Here we describe an approach to quantify permeability of single microvessels in isolated lungs using real time fluorescence imaging.

고립 된 혈액 관류 쥐 폐 준비에 단일 미세 혈관 투과성의 양을

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is a simple and very efficient method for the determination of the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) in plant protoplasts, applicable in principle also to other spherical cells such as frog oocytes. The first step of the assay is the isolation of protoplasts from the plant tissue of interest by enzymatic digestion into a chamber with an appropriate isotonic solution. The second step consists of an osmotic challenge assay: protoplasts immobilized on the bottom of the chamber are submitted to a constant perfusion starting with an isotonic solution and followed by a hypotonic solution. The cell swelling is video recorded. In the third step, the images are processed offline to yield volume changes, and the time course of the volume changes is correlated with the time course of the change in osmolarity of the chamber perfusion medium, using a curve fitting procedure written in Matlab (the &#8216;PfFit&#8217;), to yield Pf.

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of cells can help understand the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporins (AQPs). Pf determination in spherical plant cell protoplasts presented here involves protoplasts isolation and numerical analysis of their initial rate of volume change as a result of an osmotic challenge during constant bath perfusion.

삼투 물 투수 계수 (P 측정<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;) 구형 세포 : 예를 들어 식물 절연 원형질체

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal fluid accumulation and extracellular matrix formation. Activity of ion channels and intracellular calcium signaling are key physiologic parameters which determine functions of tubular epithelium. We developed a method suitable for real-time observation of ion channels activity with patch-clamp technique and registration of intracellular Ca2+ level in epithelial monolayers freshly isolated from renal cysts. PCK rats, a genetic model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), were used here for ex vivo analysis of ion channels and calcium flux. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure designed to isolate cystic monolayers and non-dilated tubules from PCK or normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and monitor single channel activity and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. This method does not require enzymatic processing and allows analysis in a native setting of freshly isolated epithelial monolayer. Moreover, this technique is very sensitive to intracellular calcium changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements. Finally, isolated cystic epithelium can be further used for staining with antibodies or dyes, preparation of primary cultures and purification for various biochemical assays.

Ion channels expressed in renal tubular epithelium play a significant role in the pathology of polycystic kidney disease. Here we describe experimental protocols used to perform patch-clamp analysis and intracellular calcium level measurements in cystic epithelium freshly isolated from rodent kidneys.

패치 클램프 및 라이브 형광 현미경을 구현 갓 고립 PKD 상피 세포의 기능적 특성을 모니터링하려면

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

고해상도 시간 경과 이미징 및 생활 인간 제대 정맥 내피 세포의 미세 소관 역학의 자동 분석

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

마우스입니다 관류 신장 기법

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to hyperglycemia and severe, life-threatening consequences. Understanding how the beta-cells operate under physiological conditions and what genetic and environmental factors might cause their dysfunction could lead to better treatment options for diabetic patients. The ability to measure calcium levels in beta-cells serves as an important indicator of beta-cell function, as the influx of calcium ions triggers insulin release. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the glucose-stimulated calcium influx in zebrafish beta-cells by using GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded sensor of calcium. The method allows monitoring the intracellular calcium dynamics with single-cell resolution in ex vivo mounted islets. The glucose-responsiveness of beta-cells within the same islet can be captured simultaneously under different glucose concentrations, which suggests the presence of functional heterogeneity among zebrafish beta-cells. Furthermore, the technique provides high temporal and spatial resolution, which reveals the oscillatory nature of the calcium influx upon glucose stimulation. Our approach opens the doors to use the zebrafish as a model to investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Beta-cell functionality is important for blood-glucose homeostasis, which is evaluated at single-cell resolution using a genetically encoded reporter for calcium influx.

Zebrafish 독도에서 단일 셀 해상도 칼슘 이미징 사용 하 여 베타 세포 기능 분석

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Simultaneous Measurements of Intracellular Calcium and Membrane Potential in Freshly Isolated and Intact Mouse Cerebral Endothelium

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the lumen of blood vessels and command changes in vascular diameter as needed to meet the metabolic demand of neurons. Primary endothelial-dependent signaling pathways of hyperpolarization of membrane potential (Vm) and nitric oxide typically operate in parallel to mediate vasodilation and thereby increase blood flow. Although integral to coordinating vasodilation over several millimeters of vascular length, components of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) have been historically difficult to measure. These components of EDH entail intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i increases and subsequent activation of small- and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SKCa/IKCa) channels.
Here, we present a simplified illustration of the isolation of fresh endothelium from mouse cerebral arteries; simultaneous measurements of endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm using Fura-2 photometry and intracellular sharp electrodes, respectively; and a continuous superfusion of salt solutions and pharmacological agents under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 &#176;C). Posterior cerebral arteries from the Circle of Willis are removed free of the posterior communicating and the basilar arteries. Enzymatic digestion of cleaned posterior cerebral arterial segments and subsequent trituration facilitates removal of adventitia, perivascular nerves, and smooth muscle cells. Resulting posterior cerebral arterial endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; are then secured under a microscope and examined using a camera, photomultiplier tube, and one to two electrometers while under continuous superfusion. Collectively, this method can simultaneously measure changes in endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm in discrete cellular locations, in addition to the spreading of EDH through gap junctions up to millimeter distances along the intact endothelium. This method is expected to yield a high-throughput analysis of the cerebral endothelial functions underlying mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the normal and diseased brain.

Demonstrated here are protocols for (1) freshly isolating intact cerebral endothelial "tubes" and (2) simultaneous measurements of endothelial calcium and membrane potential during endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Further, these methods allow for pharmacological tuning of endothelial cell calcium and electrical signaling as individual or interactive experimental variables.

세포내 칼슘과 갓 고립과 그대로 마우스 대뇌 피에 막 잠재력의 동시 측정

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the ...