We would like to thank Herve Celia of the CNRS for providing the UV images and Chris Dettmar and Garth Simpson in the Department of Chemistry at Purdue University for providing the SONICC images. We would like to acknowledge funding from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Intramural Research Program at the National Institutes of Health. Additionally, we would like to acknowledge additional funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (A.M.S. and C.J.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (N.N. 1K22AI113078-01), and the Department of Biological Sciences at Purdue University (N.N.).

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

β-배럴 OMPs는 세균, 미토콘드리아와 엽록체 그람 음성에 필수적인 역할을 제공하고 이러한 각각의 세포 기관의 외부 막에 필수적인 분자 메커니즘에 대한 풍부한 정보를 제공하는 구조 분석을위한 중요한 표적이다. 그러나, 구조 분석을 위해 충분한 샘플을 제조 항상 간단하지 않으며, 따라서, 일반적인 파이프 상세히의 결정 구조의 처리를 설명하는 구조 결정을위한 타겟 β 배럴 OMPs 충분한 양?...

β-배럴 OMPs은 미토콘드리아, 엽록체의 외부 세포막에서 발견, 및 그람 음성 박테리아 1-3 될 수있다. 그들은 α 나선 단백질와 유사한 역할을 제공하지만, 이들은 각 가닥은 속속들이 이웃하는 두 가닥에 연결되면서 8-26 역 평행 β 가닥 범위의 중앙 막 매립 β 배럴 도메인으로 구성된 매우 다른 스크롤을 (도 1 및도 2). β 배럴 영역의 처음과 마지막 스트랜드는 닫고 주위 막에서 β 배럴 영역을 밀봉한다 (미토콘드리아 VDAC 제외)를 역 평행 형태로 거의 독점적으로 서로 상호 작용한다. 모든 β 배럴 OMPs 이러한 루프 때때로 Neisserial의 트랜스페린 검색된 프로 바인딩 75 잔기로 대형 인 상태 리간드의 상호 작용 및 / 또는 단백질 - 단백질 연락처에 중요한 역할을하는 다양한 서열 및 길이의 세포 외 루프가TEIN A (TbpA) 4. β-배럴 OMPs 또한 단백질의 기능적인 목적으로 도메인을 추가로 제공 N- 말단 또는 C- 말단 주변 세포질 확장 할 수 있습니다 (예를 들어, 아저씨 5-7, FadL (10) 8,9, FimD). β-배럴 OMPs 많은 종류의 11 존재하지만,보다 일반적인 유형의 두 분야 (1) TonB 종속 운송 (2) autotransporters 덜 익숙한 사람들을 위해 예로서 아래에 설명되어 있습니다. TonB 종속 전송기 (예를 들면, FEPA, TbpA, BtuB, CIR, 등) 영양 오기 필수적이며, A는 C 말단 β- 22 가닥 안에 꿰매 발견 ~ 150 개의 잔기로 구성된 N - 말단 플러그 도메인을 포함 배럴 도메인 외막 (12) (도 3)에 매립. 이 플러그 도메인 자유롭게 배럴 영역을 통과 기질을 방지하는 동안, 기판은 결합 플러그 내의 도메인 번째 형태 변화를 유도리드에서 (플러그 재 배열하거나 플러그의 부분 / 전체 배출에 의해 하나)를 페리 플라 즘으로 외부 막에 걸쳐 기판 운반을 용이하게 할 수있다 형성 기공합니다. TonB 종속 전송기는 이러한 인간 숙주 단백질 4,13,14에서 직접 철 같은 영양소를 납치 전문 운송을 진화 나이 세리아 뇌수막염으로 그람 음성 박테리아의 일부 병원성 균주의 생존에 특히 중요하다. Autotransporters는에서 분비 또는 제시 중 하나 β-배럴 도메인 (ESTA와 ESPP와 같이 일반적으로 12 가닥)으로 구성 β-배럴 OMPs와 승객 도메인을 그람 음성 세균의 type V 분비 시스템에 속하고 있습니다 셀 (15, 16) (그림 3)의 표면. 이 β-배럴 OMPs는 종종 역할을하는 승객 도메인과 세포 생존 및 독성에 중요한 역할을 역할 중 하나 프로테아제, 어드, 및 / 또는 기타 EF 등fector 그 발병 기전을 매개. 이러한 X 선 결정학, NMR 분광법, 및 전자 현미경 (EM) 우리 차례가 외막에서 작동 정확히 해독하는데 사용할 수있는 원 해상도의 OMPs위한 모델을 결정하도록 허용하는 구성 방법. 이것은 귀중한 정보는 해당되는 경우 약물 및 백신 개발을 위해 사용될 수있다. 예를 들어, 트랜스페린 결합 단백질 A (TbpA)은 나이 세리아의 표면 상에 발견하고 직접 인간 트랜스페린 결합하고 추출 자체 생존 철 수입 때문에 발병 요구된다. TbpA없이, 나이 세리아 인간 호스트로부터 철을 청소할 수 없으며 비병원성 렌더링된다. TbpA 4에 결합 인간 트랜스페린의 결정 구조를 해결 한 후, 두 단백질이 관련된 얼마나 명확하게되었다 TbpA 어떤 영역의 상호 작용을 매개, TbpA 의해 철 추출 중요한 있었는지 잔기 및어떻게 하나 TbpA을 대상으로 나이 세리아에 대한 치료제를 개발하고 있습니다. 따라서, 생존 병인 그람 음성균에 β 배럴 OMPs의 중요성을 고려할뿐만 아니라 미토콘드리아, 엽록체 기능 및 추가 구조 막 단백질의 독특한 클래스에 대한 정보가 작동하는 시스템에 대한 필요 일반적으로 프로토콜은 표현 및 구조 방법에 의해 특성화에 대한 높은 수준의 목표 OMPs 정화의 전반적인 목표되게됩니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Crystallization Robot</td><td>TTP Labtech, Art Robbins</td><td>-</td><td>Any should work here, except for LCP crystallization</td></tr><tr><td>PCR thermocycler</td><td>Eppendorf, BioRad</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Media Shaker</td><td>New Brunswick, Infors HT</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-vis spectrometer</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SDS-PAGE apparatus</td><td>BioRad</td><td>1645050, 1658005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SDS-PAGE and native gels</td><td>BioRad, Life Technologies</td><td>4561084, EC6035BOX (BN1002BOX)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AkTA Prime</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AkTA Purifier</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge (low-medium speed)</td><td>Beckman-Coulter</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge (high speed)</td><td>Beckman-Coulter</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SS34 rotor</td><td>Sorvall</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Type 45 Ti rotor</td><td>Beckman-Coulter</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Type 70 Ti rotor</td><td>Beckman-Coulter</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dounce homogenizer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06 435C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emulsiflex</td><td>Avestin</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis tubing</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D9652</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LCP tools</td><td>Hamilton, TTP Labtech</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VDX 24 well plates</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR3-172</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sandwich plates</td><td>Hampton Research, Molecular Dimensions</td><td>HR3-151, MD11-50 (MD11-53)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grace Crystallization sheets</td><td>Grace Bio-Labs</td><td>875238</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HiPrep S300 HR column</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-1167-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Q-Sepharose column</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-0510-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crystallization screens</td><td>Hampton Research, Qiagen, Molecular Dimensions</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas-tight syringe (100 ml)</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

from constructs to crystals &#8211; towards structure determination of &#946;-barrel outer membrane proteins

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% percent of known structures. There are two types of membrane proteins, &#945;-helical and &#946;-barrel. While &#945;-helical membrane proteins can be found in nearly all cellular membranes, &#946;-barrel membrane proteins can only be found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria. One common bottleneck in structural studies of membrane proteins in general is getting enough pure sample for analysis. In hopes of assisting those interested in solving the structure of their favorite &#946;-barrel outer membrane protein (OMP), general protocols are presented for the production of target &#946;-barrel OMPs at levels useful for structure determination by either X-ray crystallography and/or NMR spectroscopy. Here, we outline construct design for both native expression and for expression into inclusion bodies, purification using an affinity tag, and crystallization using detergent screening, bicelle, and lipidic cubic phase techniques. These protocols have been tested and found to work for most OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria; however, there are some targets, particularly for mitochondria and chloroplasts that may require other methods for expression and purification. As such, the methods here should be applicable for most projects that involve OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria, yet the expression levels and amount of purified sample will vary depending on the target OMP.

YiuR는 예 르시 니아 페스티에 대해 추정 백신 대상인 TonB 종속 철 수송한다. 원래는 마이크로 어레이 분석을 사용하여 확인 하였다. 여기서, X 선 결정학을 이용 YiuR의 구조를 결정하기 위해 수행 된 단계 (도 9)를 설명한다. 클로닝, YiuR의 DNA 서열 (마이너스 N 말단 신호 서열) PCR은 게놈 DNA의 증폭 및 TEV 단백질 분해 효소 사이트 다음에 N 말단 pelB 신...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about From Constructs to Crystals Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Towards Structure Determination of ÃŽÂ²-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins at JoVE.com

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

&#946;-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) serve many functions within the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here, we hope to alleviate a known bottleneck in structural studies by presenting protocols for the production of &#946;-barrel OMPs in sufficient quantities for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

β-배럴 외부 막 단백질의 구조 결정을 향해 - 구축해에서 결정에

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% ...

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13.4K 조회수.  Purdue University. β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) serve many functions within the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here, we hope to alleviate a known bottleneck in structural studies by presenting protocols for the production of β-barrel OMPs in sufficient quantities for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

비디오: From Constructs to Crystals – Towards Structure Determination of β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Method to Visualize and Analyze Membrane Interacting Proteins by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on the availability of enough area to perform the function. Nanodiscs are used to provide a membrane surface of controlled size and lipid content. In the absence of bound extrinsic proteins, sodium phosphotungstate-stained nanodiscs appear as stacks of coins when viewed from the side by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This protocol is therefore designed to intentionally promote stacking; consequently, the prevention of stacking can be interpreted as the binding of the membrane-binding protein to the nanodisc. In a further step, the TEM images of the protein-nanodisc complexes can be processed with standard single-particle methods to yield low-resolution structures as a basis for higher resolution cryoEM work. Furthermore, the nanodiscs provide samples suitable for either TEM or non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. To illustrate the method, Ca2+-induced binding of 5-lipoxygenase on nanodiscs is presented.

Many proteins perform their function when attached to membrane surfaces. The binding of extrinsic proteins on nanodisc membranes can be indirectly imaged by transmission electron microscopy. We show that the characteristic stacking (rouleau) of nanodiscs induced by the negative stain sodium phosphotungstate is prevented by the binding of extrinsic protein.

방법은 시각화 및 투과 전자 현미경에 의해 막 상호 작용하는 단백질을 분석하는

Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on the ...

연구

생화학

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant strains. Carbohydrate substrate binding proteins (SBPs) represent viable targets for the development of protein-based vaccines and new antimicrobials because of their extracellular localization and the centrality of carbohydrate import for pneumococcal metabolism, respectively. Described here is a rationalized integrated protocol to carry out a comprehensive characterization of SP0092, which can be extended to other carbohydrate SBPs from the pneumococcus and other bacteria. This procedure can aid the structure-based design of inhibitors for this class of proteins. Presented in the first part of this manuscript are protocols for biochemical analysis by thermal shift assay, multi angle light scattering (MALS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which optimize the stability and homogeneity of the sample directed to crystallization trials and so enhance the probability of success. The second part of this procedure describes the characterization of the SBP crystals using a tunable wavelength anomalous diffraction synchrotron beamline, and data collection protocols for measuring data that can be used to resolve the crystallized protein structure.

A streamlined protocol for performing an extensive biochemical and structural characterization of a carbohydrate substrate binding protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae is presented.

탄수화물 전송 기질 바인딩 단백질 SP0092의 생 화 학적 및 구조적 특성

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant ...

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

This article describes a method to detect and analyze dynamic interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in vivo. Our method is based on the amber suppression technology that was originally developed by Peter Schultz and colleagues1. An amber mutation is first introduced at a specific codon of the gene encoding the protein of interest. The amber mutant is then expressed in E. coli together with genes encoding an amber suppressor tRNA and an amino acyl-tRNA synthetase derived from Methanococcus jannaschii. Using this system, the photo activatable amino acid analog p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) is incorporated at the amber codon. Cells are then irradiated with ultraviolet light to covalently link the Bpa residue to proteins that are located within 3-8 &#197;. Photocrosslinking is performed in combination with pulse-chase labeling and immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest in order to monitor changes in protein-protein interactions that occur over a time scale of seconds to minutes. We optimized the procedure to study the assembly of a bacterial virulence factor that consists of two independent domains, a domain that is integrated into the outer membrane and a domain that is translocated into the extracellular space, but the method can be used to study many different assembly processes and biological pathways in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In principle interacting factors and even specific residues of interacting factors that bind to a protein of interest can be identified by mass spectrometry.

This article illustrates the use of pulse-chase radio labeling in combination with site-specific photocrosslinking to monitor interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in E. coli. Unlike traditional chemical cross-linking methods, this approach generates high resolution &#8220;snapshots&#8221; of an ordered assembly pathway in a living cell.

This article describes a method to detect and analyze dynamic interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in vivo. Our method is based on ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence microscopy. Super-resolution three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) is a promising tool to overcome this hurdle and reveal the molecular details of the process of germination of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores. Here, we describe the use of a modified SIMcheck (ImageJ)-assistant 3D imaging process and fluorescent reporter proteins for SIM microscopy of B. subtilis spores&#8217; germinosomes, cluster(s) of germination proteins. We also present a (standard)3D-SIM imaging procedure for FM4-64 staining of B. subtilis spore membranes. By using these procedures, we obtained unsurpassed resolution for germinosome localization and show that &#62;80% of B. subtilis KGB80 dormant spores obtained after sporulation on defined minimal MOPS medium have one or two GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry foci. Bright foci were also observed in FM4-64 stained spores&#8217; 3D-SIM images suggesting that inner membrane lipid domains of different fluidity likely exist. Further studies that use double labeling procedures with membrane dyes and germinosome reporter proteins to assess co-localization and thus get an optimal overview of the organization of Bacillus germination proteins in the inner spore membrane are possible.

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

Germinant receptor proteins cluster in &#8216;germinosomes&#8217; in the inner membrane of Bacillus subtilis spores. We describe a protocol using super resolution microscopy and fluorescent reporter proteins to visualize germinosomes. The protocol also identifies spore inner membrane domains that are preferentially stained with the membrane dye FM4-64.

Germinosomes과 새 균의 subtilis 포자에 내부 막의 시각화

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence ...

생체공학

Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii

This method works by partitioning the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria into total, inner, and outer membrane (OM) fractions and concludes with assays to assess the purity of the bilayers. The OM has an increased overall density compared to the inner membrane, largely due to the presence of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) within the outer leaflet. LOS and LPS molecules are amphipathic glycolipids that have a similar structure, which consists of a lipid-A disaccharolipid and core-oligosaccharide substituent. However, only LPS molecules are decorated with a third subunit known as the O-polysaccharide, or O-antigen. The type and amount of glycolipids present will impact an organism&#8217;s OM density. Therefore, we tested whether the membranes of bacteria with varied glycolipid content could be similarly isolated using our technique. For the LPS-producing organisms, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli, the membranes were easily isolated and the LPS O-antigen moiety did not impact bilayer partitioning. Acinetobacter baumannii produces LOS molecules, which have a similar mass to O-antigen deficient LPS molecules; however, the membranes of these microbes could not initially be separated. We reasoned that the OM of A. baumannii was less dense than that of Enterobacteriaceae, so the sucrose gradient was adjusted and the membranes were isolated. The technique can therefore be adapted and modified for use with other organisms.

Separation of the Cell Envelope for Gram-negative Bacteria into Inner and Outer Membrane Fractions with Technical Adjustments for Acinetobacter baumannii

Gram-negative bacteria produce two spatially segregated membranes. The outer membrane is partitioned from the inner membrane by a periplasm and a peptidoglycan layer. The ability to isolate the dual bilayers of these microbes has been critical for understanding their physiology and pathogenesis.

아시네토박터 바우만니에 대한 기술적 조정을 통해 그람 음성 박테리아에 대한 셀 봉투를 내부 및 외부 멤브레인 분획으로 분리

This method works by partitioning the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria into total, inner, and outer membrane (OM) fractions and concludes with assays to ...

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &beta;2-Microglobulin

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in antigen peptide presentation and T cell immune responses against infectious disease and tumor development. The hybrid MHC I complexed with heterologous &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m) substitution from different species can be stabilized in vitro. This is a feasible means to study MHC I of mammals, when the homologous &#946;2m is not available. Meanwhile, it is indicated that mammalian &#946;2m substitution does not significantly affect peptide presentation. However, there is limited summarization regarding the methodology and the technology for the hybrid MHC I complexed with heterologous &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m). Herein, methods to evaluate the feasibility of heterologous &#946;2m substitution in MHC I study are presented. These methods include preparation of expression constructs; purification of inclusion bodies and refolding of the MHC complex; determination of protein thermostability; crystal screening and structure determination. This study provides a recommendation for understanding function and structure of MHC I, and is also significant for T cell response evaluation during infectious disease and tumor immunotherapy.

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &#946;2-Microglobulin

The protocol describes experimental methods to obtain stable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I through potential &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m) substitutions from different species. The structural comparison of MHC I stabilized by homologous and heterologous &#946;2m were investigated.

배트 메이저 조직적합성 복합클래스 1등급 의 안정성 및구조 β 2-마이크로글로불린

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in antigen peptide presentation and T cell immune responses against infectious disease and ...

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP)

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established for many membrane proteins. A simple technique called fluorescence protease protection (FPP) is presented, which permits the determination of membrane protein topology in living cells. This technique has numerous advantages over other methods for determining protein topology, in that it does not require the availability of multiple antibodies against various domains of the membrane protein, does not require large amounts of protein, and can be performed on living cells. The FPP method employs the spatially confined actions of proteases on the degradation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged membrane proteins to determine their membrane topology and orientation. This simple approach is applicable to a wide variety of cell types, and can be used to determine membrane protein orientation in various subcellular organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum and components of the endosomal/recycling system. Membrane proteins, tagged on either the N-termini or C-termini with a GFP fusion, are expressed in a cell of interest, which is subject to selective permeabilization using the detergent digitonin. Digitonin has the ability to permeabilize the plasma membrane, while leaving intracellular organelles intact. GFP moieties exposed to the cytosol can be selectively degraded through the application of protease, whereas GFP moieties present in the lumen of organelles are protected from the protease and remain intact. The FPP assay is straightforward, and results can be obtained rapidly.

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Here, we present a protocol to determine the orientation and topology of integral membrane proteins in living cells. This simple protocol relies on selective protease sensitivity of chimeras between the protein of interest and GFP.

형광 단백질 분해 효소 보호를 사용하여 막 단백질 토폴로지를 결정 (FP​​P)

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established ...

생물학

Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

The reshaping of the cell membrane is an integral part of many cellular phenomena, such as endocytosis, trafficking, the formation of filopodia, etc. Many different proteins associate with curved membranes because of their ability to sense or induce membrane curvature. Typically, these processes involve a multitude of proteins making them too complex to study quantitatively in the cell. We describe a protocol to reconstitute a curved membrane in vitro, mimicking a curved cellular structure, such as the endocytic neck. A giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) is used as a model of a cell membrane, whose internal pressure and surface tension are controlled with micropipette aspiration. Applying a point pulling force on the GUV using optical tweezers creates a nanotube of high curvature connected to a flat membrane. This method has traditionally been used to measure the fundamental mechanical properties of lipid membranes, such as bending rigidity. In recent years, it has been expanded to study how proteins interact with membrane curvature and the way they affect the shape and the mechanics of membranes. A system combining micromanipulation, microinjection, optical tweezers, and confocal microscopy allows measurement of membrane curvature, membrane tension, and the surface density of proteins, concurrently. From these measurements, many important mechanical and morphological properties of the protein-membrane system can be inferred. In addition, we lay out a protocol of creating GUVs in the presence of physiological salt concentration, and a method of quantifying the surface density of proteins on the membrane from fluorescence intensities of labeled proteins and lipids.

Many proteins in the cell sense and induce membrane curvature. We describe a method to pull membrane nanotubes from lipid vesicles to study the interaction of proteins or any curvature-active molecule with curved membranes in vitro.

거 대 한 Unilamellar 소포에서 막 나노튜브를 당기

The reshaping of the cell membrane is an integral part of many cellular phenomena, such as endocytosis, trafficking, the formation of filopodia, etc. Many ...

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and &#946;-barrels

In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an &#945;-helix or &#946;-strand structure. &#945;-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas &#946;-strand&#160;containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
&#945;-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins 
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as G-protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) and bacteriorhodopsin contain multiple transmembrane domains. All GPCRs have seven transmembrane &#945;-helices, but each receptor has its specific extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site. GPCRs bind a ligand and activate membrane protein called G-protein. The activated G-protein then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane.
Bacteriorhodopsin found in certain photosynthetic bacteria has seven transmembrane &#945;-helices. It is a light-driven proton pump that helps in ATP production by generating a proton gradient across the membrane.
&#946;-Strands containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins 
Some bacterial membrane proteins contain transmembrane &#946;-strands, which are arranged into a ring-like structure called the &#946;-barrel. A minimum of eight &#946;-strands are required to form the barrel-like structure where the edges of the two closely spaced &#946;-strands form hydrogen bonds together. The porin protein observed in the membrane of some gram-negative bacteria contains a transmembrane &#946;-barrel. Apart from bacteria, porin proteins are also found in mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes, which support the hypothesis that both mitochondria and chloroplast are evolved from prokaryotes.
Some part of this text is adapted from Openstax, Biology 2e, <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/9-1-signaling-molecules-and-cellular-receptors">Section 9.1: Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors</a>.

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and &amp;#946;-barrels

Multi-pass Transmembrane 단백질 및 β-배럴

In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an ...

교육

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Membrane Structure and Components

주요 용어 및 개념

Structure of Porins

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a&#160; motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel precursors move through the TOM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. The precursors interact with TIM chaperones inside the intermembrane space and are guided to a trimeric complex called the Sorting and Assembly machinery complex or SAM complex.&#160;
SAM complex has three components: a beta-barrel core called the SAM50 and accessory proteins SAM35 and SAM37. SAM50 comprises 16-beta-strands that span the outer membrane and expose an N-terminal polypeptide transport-associated domain or POTRA domain in the intermembrane space. The POTRA domain functions as a receptor for beta-barrel precursors and facilitates beta-strand assembly. In contrast, SAM50 interacts closely with accessory proteins SAM35/SAM37 towards the cytosolic side to help fold the beta-barrel precursors entering the intermembrane space.

포린의 구조

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and ...

β-배럴 외부 막 단백질의 구조 결정을 향해 - 구축해에서 결정에

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

방법은 시각화 및 투과 전자 현미경에 의해 막 상호 작용하는 단백질을 분석하는

탄수화물 전송 기질 바인딩 단백질 SP0092의 생 화 학적 및 구조적 특성

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

Germinosomes과 새 균의 subtilis 포자에 내부 막의 시각화

아시네토박터 바우만니에 대한 기술적 조정을 통해 그람 음성 박테리아에 대한 셀 봉투를 내부 및 외부 멤브레인 분획으로 분리

배트 메이저 조직적합성 복합클래스 1등급 의 안정성 및구조 β 2-마이크로글로불린

형광 단백질 분해 효소 보호를 사용하여 막 단백질 토폴로지를 결정 (FPP)

거 대 한 Unilamellar 소포에서 막 나노튜브를 당기

Multi-pass Transmembrane 단백질 및 β-배럴

포린의 구조

β-배럴 외부 막 단백질의 구조 결정을 향해 - 구축해에서 결정에

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

방법은 시각화 및 투과 전자 현미경에 의해 막 상호 작용하는 단백질을 분석하는

탄수화물 전송 기질 바인딩 단백질 SP0092의 생 화 학적 및 구조적 특성

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

Germinosomes과 새 균의 subtilis 포자에 내부 막의 시각화

아시네토박터 바우만니에 대한 기술적 조정을 통해 그람 음성 박테리아에 대한 셀 봉투를 내부 및 외부 멤브레인 분획으로 분리

배트 메이저 조직적합성 복합클래스 1등급 의 안정성 및구조 β 2-마이크로글로불린

형광 단백질 분해 효소 보호를 사용하여 막 단백질 토폴로지를 결정 (FP​​P)

거 대 한 Unilamellar 소포에서 막 나노튜브를 당기

Multi-pass Transmembrane 단백질 및 β-배럴

포린의 구조

형광 단백질 분해 효소 보호를 사용하여 막 단백질 토폴로지를 결정 (FPP)