Name: the ex vivo culture and pattern recognition receptor stimulation of mouse intestinal organoids
Uploaded: 2016-05-18T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 9 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Dr. Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott, Dylan McDaniel and Bettina Heid for technical discussions. The authors thank Dr. Nanda Nanthakumar for providing the Caco-2 cells. The authors also thank The Multicultural Academic Opportunities Program (MAOP) at Virginia Tech. This work was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Award K01DK092355 (to I.C.A.). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

장 organoids의 문화 및 유지 보수 적절한 조직 배양 기술로 개별 마스터 할 수있는 절차입니다. 이보다 기존의 단일 층의 세포 성장에 비해 계대에 미묘한가 있지만, 이러한 미묘한 차이는 극복하기 어려운되지 않습니다. 이 방법의 중요한 단계는 최적의 파종을 위해 충분히 높은 밀도로 organoids 성장을 할 수있는 포함한다. 통상적으로 세포주를 달성 할 수있다 큰 파종 밀도가 실질적으로없는 실험 ...

능력은 수확과 문화 차 organoids 조직 생물학 1-5에 대한보다 생리 학적으로 대표 현상을 이해하는 데 밀접한 흥미로운 발전 소장, 대장, 췌장, 간, 뇌에 대해 설명하고 있습니다되었습니다. 소장 organoids의 문화 및 유지 보수를 설명하는 첫 번째 방법은 사토 등의 알에 의해보고되었다. 한스 Clevers 1의 실험실에서. 이 방법, 수확 및 입증 차 장 상피 세포의 배양에 앞서 제한 상피 세포 성장 유지에 효과가있다. 방법은 궁극적으로 혼합 차 섬유 아세포 (6)의 부산물로 이어질 것 같은 콜라게나 제와 디스 파제 등의 효소와 함께 배양을 통해 조직의 분리를 포함했다. 이러한 조건은 또한 시간은 상피 세포 배양을 지속 제한 될 것이다. 상피 세포로 인해 세포 사멸을 입력으로 더 상피 세포 틈새에 최소가 형성 것적절한 성장 인자 또는 접촉 무결성 손실의 부족 anokis 7 불린다. 입체 · organoid 배양 시스템의 출현은 지속적인 배양 한 장내 세포 유형의 스펙트럼을 포함하는 일차 배양 장 세포에 대한 방법을 제공했다. 이러한 상피 organoids들은 여러 분화 세포로 구성되어 있음되는 세포주에 비해 많은 장점을 가지고, 그들이보다 생체 8로부터 유도 된 기관을 모방. 과정은 결국 다른 자극 하에서 장내 상피 세포의 반응을 평가하기위한 가치있는 도구임이 입증되었다 &quot;접시 미니 창자 성장&quot;한다. 이러한 고분자 패턴은 호스트와 미생물 9 모두에서 다양한 반응을 조절할 수있는 미생물 병원체 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMPs가)와 기본 장 세포의 상호 작용을 조사하는 면역학 분야에 적합하다. 뿐만 아니라 연구자들은 이제 마우스 organoids 이러한 상호 작용을 탐구하지만, 수물론이 같은 사람에서 배양 할 수있다. 이 기술은 극적 맞춤 의약품을 변경할 가능성을 가지고 있으며,이 기술은 가까운 미래에 가능하게하는 것으로 추측 발전 유혹된다. 이 방법의 전체 목표는 다양한 자극과 함께 배양 확장을위한 프로토콜 및 장내 organoids의 치료를 제공하는 것이다. 이러한 자극은 백신, 세균 PAMPs가, 살아있는 병원균, 위장관 (GI) 및 암 치료제에서 궁극적으로 범위 수 있습니다. 마우스 장 organoids의 분리 및 배양 사토 등의 알에서 적응하고있다.이 프로토콜을 다음과 같은 경우, 최종 제품은 문화 organoid되는 것은 여전히 달성 원래의 방법에서 약간의 편차가 있지만. 이 방법은 세포, N에 기초하여 분석을 수행 할 때 고려되어야 비 균일 한 셀 구조, 작업시 적절한 정규화를위한 적절한 기술을 설명하기에 집중엄버.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Atlanta Biologicals</td><td>S11050</td><td>(Section 1,3,6) Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>Sorvall Legend XTR Centrifuge</td><td>Thermo</td><td></td><td>(Section 1,3)</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>Sh30243.01</td><td>(Section 1,6) For Caco-2 and HEK293 Rspondin1 cells</td></tr><tr><td>HEK293T-Rspondin1 secreting cell line</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Section 1) Described and modified from Kim, K.A. et al. Lentiviral particles contained RSPO1(NM_138683) ORF cDNA cloned into a pReceiver-Lv105 backbone custom ordered and purchased from GeneCopoeia.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml conical tube</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352070</td><td>(Section 1) Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>T-175 Flask</td><td>Corning</td><td>431079</td><td>(Section 1) Or equivalent brand&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Protein Matrix</td><td>Corning</td><td>356231</td><td>(Section 2,3,4,5,6) Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>HyClone Dulbecco&#039;s (DPBS)</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>SH30264.01</td><td>(Section 2,3)</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F12&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12634-010</td><td>(Section 2,3) Advanced DMEM/F12</td></tr><tr><td>Corning 24 Well TC Plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3524</td><td>(Section 2)</td></tr><tr><td>N2 Supplement 100x&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>17502-048</td><td>(Section 2)</td></tr><tr><td>B27 without vitamin A 50x&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12587-010&amp;nbsp;</td><td>(Section 2)</td></tr><tr><td>Trizol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15596-026</td><td>(Section 2)</td></tr><tr><td>Glutamine Supplement (Glutamax)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>35050-061</td><td>(Section 2) Can Combine with Advanced DMEM/ F12</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES (1 M)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15630-080</td><td>(Section 2) Can Combine with Advanced DMEM/ F12&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>10ml Serological Pipet</td><td>Falcon</td><td>357551</td><td>(Section 2) Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>Murine Noggin</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>250-38</td><td>(Section 2) Stock = 100 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>N-Acetyl-L-cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9165</td><td>(Section 2) Stock = 1M</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Mouse EGF</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>585608</td><td>(Section 2) Stock = 500 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Rocker Variable</td><td>Bioexpres</td><td></td><td>(Section 3)</td></tr><tr><td>dissecting scissors</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Section 3)</td></tr><tr><td>forceps</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Section 3)</td></tr><tr><td>glass slides</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Section 3)</td></tr><tr><td>dissecting tweezers</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Section 3)</td></tr><tr><td>25 ml Serological Pipet</td><td>Falcon</td><td></td><td>(Section 3)</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>SLBB9821</td><td>(Section 3) 0.5M or alternative TC grade EDTA</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Petri Dish 100mm x 15mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875712</td><td>(Section 3) Or equal sized TC dish</td></tr><tr><td>1ml Syringe</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309659</td><td>(Section 4)</td></tr><tr><td>Precision Glide Needle</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>305120</td><td>(Section 4) 23G x 1 1/4 (0.6mm x 30mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Flagellin from Bacillus subtilis</td><td>Invivogen</td><td>tlrl-bsfla&amp;nbsp;</td><td>(Section 5,6)</td></tr><tr><td>Listeria monocytogenes</td><td>ATCC</td><td>19115</td><td>(Section 5,6)&amp;nbsp;(Murray&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z359629-1EA</td><td>(Section 5,6)Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>BBL Brain Heart Infusion Agar</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>211065</td><td>(Section 5)</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto Brain Heart Infusion</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>237500</td><td>(Section 5)</td></tr><tr><td>Caco-2</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HTB-37</td><td>(Section 6)</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>gibco</td><td>25200056</td><td>(section 6)</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A412-4</td><td>(Section 6)</td></tr><tr><td>SpectraMax M5</td><td>Molecuar Devices</td><td></td><td>(Section 6)</td></tr><tr><td>96 Well Assay Plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>3603</td><td>(Section 6) Black Plate, Clear Bottom TC treated</td></tr><tr><td>Nuclear Staining Dye</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>H1399</td><td>(section 6) Hoechst 33342</td></tr><tr><td>T-75 Flask</td><td>Corning</td><td>430641</td><td>(Section 6) Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tube</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352096</td><td>(Section1,3) Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>1.7 ml polypropylene tube</td><td>Bioexpress</td><td>C-3262-1</td><td>Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>Quick-RNA MiniPrep</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>R1054</td><td>Or equivalent brand</td></tr><tr><td>TNF-alpha&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>Mm 00443260_g1</td><td>Taqman gene expression assay kit</td></tr><tr><td>IL-6&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>(Mm 00446190_m1</td><td>Taqman gene expression assay kit</td></tr><tr><td>IL-1beta</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>Mm 00434228_m1</td><td>Taqman gene expression assay kit</td></tr><tr><td>IL-18</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>Mm 00434225_m1</td><td>Taqman gene expression assay kit</td></tr><tr><td>18s</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>Hs 99999901_s1</td><td>Taqman gene expression assay kit</td></tr><tr><td>7500 Fast Real Time PCR System</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nexus gradient Mastercycler</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>4352042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit</td><td>Life Technologies/Applied Biosystems</td><td>4368814</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate, 0.1 mL</td><td>Life Technologies/Applied Biosystems</td><td>4346907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Mouse R-Spondin 1 Protein</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>3474-RS-050</td><td>500 ng/ml</td></tr><tr><td>chloroform</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C7559</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

the ex vivo culture and pattern recognition receptor stimulation of mouse intestinal organoids

기본 장 organoids 크게 점막 면역학 분야에 영향을 미칠 수있는 유용한 모델 시스템이다. 그러나, organoid 성장 특성의 복잡성은 연구자에 대한 상당한주의를 실시하고 있습니다. 특히, 각각의 organoid의 성장 패턴은 매우 다양하며, 문화 상피 세포의 이종 인구를 만듭니다. 이러한주의 사항과 함께, 일반 조직 배양 방법은 단순히 의한 세포 구조의 복잡성으로 organoid 시스템에 적용 할 수 없다. 일부 정규화 기술을 적용하지 않는 계산 및 세포주 개별적으로 분리 된 셀에 대해 공통 셀 번호만을 기준 도금 organoids위한 신뢰할 수있는 방법이 아니다. 총 단백질 함량 정규화 때문에 거주자 단백질 매트릭스 복합체 이루어진다. 분비 된 콘을 평가할 때 세포 수, 형상 및 세포 형태 측면에서 이러한 특성은 고려되어야organoid 질량에서 텐트. 이 프로토콜은 문화 간단한 절차를 간략하게 설명하고 미생물 병원체 및 병원체 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMPs가)에 소장 organoids을 치료하기 위해 생성되었습니다. 또한 단백질 분석은 이러한 공격 후 수행 할 때 적용해야 정규화 기술을 강조한다.

장 organoids을 육성하기 위해이 프로토콜을 다음과 같은 경우, 특성 구 모양의 organoids는 수확 후 존재합니다. R-spondin1 에어컨 미디어의 추가는 매일 organoids의 성장과 신진를 시작합니다. organoids의 성장은도 1a에 도시되어있다 - F, 및 일 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 일에 장내 organoids 대표 인 14도 1F는 14 일째 organoids의 비 균일 한 성장 특성을 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids at JoVE.com

The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

여기서, 수확 유지하고, 병원체 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMPs가) 및 리스테리아 마우스 소장 organoids을 치료하는 프로토콜뿐만 아니라, 유전자 발현 및 단백질 적절한 정규화 기술에 중점으로 설명한다.

그만큼<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em마우스 소장 Organoids의&gt; 문화 및 패턴 인식 수용체 자극

Primary intestinal organoids are a valuable model system that has the potential to significantly impact the field of mucosal immunology. However, the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

13.5K 조회수.  Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech.  여기서, 수확 유지하고, 병원체 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMPs가) 및 리스테리아 마우스 소장 organoids을 치료하는 프로토콜뿐만 아니라, 유전자 발현 및 단백질 적절한 정규화 기술에 중점으로 설명한다. 

비디오: The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

Several human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical polarity, ability to differentiate, and anoikis are not maintained in colon cancer derived cell lines. The present study demonstrates a method for culturing primary mouse colon tumor organoids adapted from Sato T et al. 1, which retains important physiologic features of colon tumors. This method consists of mouse colon tumor tissue collection, adjacent normal colon epithelium dissociation, colon tumor cells digestion into single cells, embedding colon tumor cells into matrigel, and selective culture based on the principle that tumor cells maintain growth on limiting nutrient conditions compared to normal epithelial cells.
The primary tumor organoids if isolated from genetically modified mice provide a very useful system to assess tumor autonomous function of specific genes. Moreover, the tumor organoids are amenable to genetic manipulation by virus meditated gene delivery; therefore signaling pathways involved in the colon tumorigenesis could also be extensively investigated by overexpression or knockdown. Primary tumor organoids culture provides a physiologic relevant and feasible means to study the mechanisms and therapeutic modalities for colon tumorigenesis.

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

A simple method to establish primary murine colon tumor organoid is described. This method utilizes the feature that colon tumor cells survive and grow into organoids in media containing limited growth factors, whereas normal colon epithelial do not.

기본 마우스 대장 종양의 체외 Organoid의 문화

Several  human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic  integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical ...

연구

의학

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of the crypt region. IESCs include active stem cells, which self-renew and differentiate into various epithelial cell types, and quiescent stem cells, which serve as the reserve stem cells in the case of injury. Regeneration of the intestinal epithelium is controlled by the self-renewing and differentiating capabilities of these active IESCs. In addition, the balance of the crypt stem cell population and maintenance of the stem cell niche are essential for intestinal regeneration. Organoid culture is an important and attractive approach to studying proteins, signaling molecules, and environmental cues that regulate stem cell survival and functions. This model is less expensive, less time-consuming, and more manipulatable than animal models. Organoids also mimic the tissue microenvironment, providing in vivo relevance. The present protocol describes the isolation of colonic crypts, embedding these isolated crypt cells into a three-dimensional gel matrix system and culturing crypt cells to form colonic organoids capable of self-organization, proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. This model allows one to manipulate the environment-knocking out specific proteins such as claudin-7, activating/deactivating signaling pathways, etc.-to study how these effects influence the functioning of colonic stem cells. Specifically, the role of tight junction protein claudin-7 in colonic stem cell function was examined. Claudin-7 is vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier function and integrity. Knockout of claudin-7 in mice induces an inflammatory bowel disease-like phenotype exhibiting intestinal inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, weight loss, mucosal ulcerations, epithelial cell sloughing, and adenomas. Previously, it was reported that claudin-7 is required for intestinal epithelial stem cell functions in the small intestine. In this protocol, a colonic organoid culture system is established to study the role of claudin-7 in the large intestine.

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The present protocol describes establishing a murine colonic organoid system to study the activity and functioning of colonic stem cells in a claudin-7 knockout model.

생체 외 장내 줄기세포 기능을 연구하기 위한 쥐 결장 음와의 3차원 배양

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of ...

암 연구학

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay (ORA) for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. Adult intestinal stem cells reside at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberk&#252;hn, are earmarked by expression of the Lgr5 gene, and preserve homeostasis through their characteristic high proliferative rate1. Throughout the small intestine, Lgr5+ stem cells are intermingled with specialized secretory cells called Paneth cells. Paneth cells secrete antibacterial compounds (i.e., lysozyme and cryptdins/defensins) and exert a controlling role on the intestinal flora. More recently, a novel function has been discovered for Paneth cells, namely their capacity to provide niche support to Lgr5+ stem cells through several key ligands as Wnt3, EGF, and Dll12.
When isolated ex vivo and cultured in the presence of specific growth factors and extracellular matrix components, whole intestinal crypts give rise to long-lived and self-renewing 3D structures called organoids that highly resemble the crypt-villus epithelial architecture of the adult small intestine3. Organoid cultures, when established from whole crypts, allow the study of self-renewal and differentiation of the intestinal stem cell niche, though without addressing the contribution of its individual components, namely the Lgr5+ and Paneth cells.
Here, we describe a novel approach to the organoid assay that takes advantage of the ability of Paneth and Lgr5+ cells to associate and form organoids when co-cultured. This approach, here referred to as &#34;organoid reconstitution assay&#34; (ORA), allows the genetic and biochemical modification of Paneth or Lgr5+ stem cells, followed by reconstitution into organoids. As such, it allows the functional analysis of the two main components of the intestinal stem cell niche.

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

Intestinal organoid cultures are established from whole crypts and do not allow the analysis of self-renewal and differentiation in a cell-specific fashion. This protocol describes reconstitution of sorted stem (Lgr5+) and niche (Paneth) cells, which give rise to organoids while enabling their prior biochemical and genetic modification and functional analysis.

장 줄기와 틈새 세포의 기능 분석을 위한 Organoid 재구성 분석 결과 (오 라)

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. ...

생체공학

The Ex Vivo Colon Organ Culture and Its Use in Antimicrobial Host Defense Studies

The intestine displays an architecture of repetitive crypt structures consisting of different types of epithelial cells, lamina propia containing immune cells, and stroma. All of these heterogeneous cells contribute to intestinal homeostasis and participate in antimicrobial host defense. Therefore, identifying a surrogate model for studying immune response and antimicrobial activity of the intestine in an in vitro setting is extremely challenging. In vitro studies using immortalized intestinal epithelial cell lines or even primary crypt organoid culture do not represent the exact physiology of normal intestine and its microenvironment. Here, we discuss a method of culturing mouse colon tissue in a culture dish and how this ex vivo organ culture system can be implemented in studies related to antimicrobial host defense responses. In representative experiments, we showed that colons in organ culture express antimicrobial peptides in response to exogenous IL-1&#946; and IL-18. Further, the antimicrobial effector molecules produced by the colon tissues in the organ culture efficiently kill Escherichia coli in vitro. This approach, therefore, can be utilized to dissect the role of pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and their cellular receptors in regulating intestinal innate immune responses and antimicrobial host defense responses.

The Ex Vivo Colon Organ Culture and Its Use in Antimicrobial Host Defense Studies

The ex vivo organ culture allows investigation of biological processes in the context of the intact tissue architecture. Here, we introduce a method of ex vivo culture of the mouse colon, which can be used to study innate immunity and antimicrobial host defense in the intestine.

그만큼<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em항균 호스트 방어 연구에&gt; 콜론 오르간 문화와 그것의 사용

The intestine displays an architecture of repetitive crypt structures consisting of different types of epithelial cells, lamina propia containing immune ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Co-Culture of Murine Small Intestine Epithelial Organoids with Innate Lymphoid Cells

Complex co-cultures of organoids with immune cells provide a versatile tool for interrogating the bi-directional interactions that underpin the delicate balance of mucosal homeostasis. These 3D, multi-cellular systems offer a reductionist model for addressing multi-factorial diseases and resolving technical difficulties that arise when studying rare cell types such as tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). This article describes a murine system that combines small intestine organoids and small intestine lamina propria derived helper-like type-1 ILCs (ILC1s), which can be readily extended to other ILC or immune populations. ILCs are a tissue-resident population that is particularly enriched in the mucosa, where they promote homeostasis and rapidly respond to damage or infection. Organoid co-cultures with ILCs have already begun shedding light on new epithelial-immune signaling modules in the gut, revealing how different ILC subsets impact intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and regeneration. This protocol will enable further investigations into reciprocal interactions between epithelial and immune cells, which hold the potential to provide new insights into the mechanisms of mucosal homeostasis and inflammation.

This protocol offers detailed instructions for establishing murine small intestine organoids, isolating type-1 innate lymphoid cells from the murine small intestine lamina propria, and establishing 3-dimensional (3D) co-cultures between both cell types to study bi-directional interactions between intestinal epithelial cells and type-1 innate lymphoid cells.

뮤린 소장 상피 오가노이드와 선천적 림프성 세포의 공동 배양

Complex co-cultures of organoids with immune cells provide a versatile tool for interrogating the bi-directional interactions that underpin the delicate ...

A Video Protocol of Retroviral Infection in Primary Intestinal Organoid Culture

Lgr5-positive stem cells can be supplemented with the essential growth factors Egf, Noggin, and R-Spondin, which allows us to culture ever-expanding primary 3D epithelial structures in vitro. Both the architecture and physiological properties of these &#39;mini-guts&#39;, also called organoids, closely resemble their in vivo counterparts. This makes them an attractive model system for the small intestinal epithelium. Using retroviral transduction, functional genetics can now be performed by conditional gene overexpression or knockdown. This video demonstrates the procedure of organoid culture, the generation of retroviruses, and the retroviral transduction of organoids to assist phenotypic analysis of the small intestinal epithelium in vitro. This novel organotypic model system in combination with retroviral mediated gene expression provides a valuable tool for rapid analysis of gene function in vitro without the need of costly and time-consuming generation for transgenic animals.

This protocol explains primary Lgr5-positve organoid culture and the subsequent performance of retroviral transduction. This enables Cre-inducible overexpression or knockdown of the delivered transgene and allows functional studies to be carried out in the novel in vitro organotypic model system.

차 소장 Organoid 문화에서 레트로 바이러스 감염의 비디오 프로토콜

Lgr5-positive stem cells can be supplemented with the essential growth factors Egf, Noggin, and R-Spondin, which allows us to culture ever-expanding ...

생물학

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Most morphogenetic processes in the fetal intestine have been inferred from thin sections of fixed tissues, providing snapshots of changes over developmental stages. Three-dimensional information from thin serial sections can be challenging to interpret because of the difficulty of reconstructing serial sections perfectly and maintaining proper orientation of the tissue over serial sections. Recent findings by Grosse et al., 2011 highlight the importance of three- dimensional information in understanding morphogenesis of the developing villi of the intestine1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of singly labeled intestinal cells demonstrated that the majority of the intestinal epithelial cells contact both the apical and basal surfaces. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstruction of the actin cytoskeleton at the apical surface of the epithelium demonstrated that the intestinal lumen is continuous and that secondary lumens are an artifact of sectioning. Those two points, along with the demonstration of interkinetic nuclear migration in the intestinal epithelium, defined the developing intestinal epithelium as a pseudostratified epithelium and not stratified as previously thought1. The ability to observe the epithelium three-dimensionally was seminal to demonstrating this point and redefining epithelial morphogenesis in the fetal intestine. With the evolution of multi-photon imaging technology and three-dimensional reconstruction software, the ability to visualize intact, developing organs is rapidly improving. Two-photon excitation allows less damaging penetration deeper into tissues with high resolution. Two-photon imaging and 3D reconstruction of the whole fetal mouse intestines in Walton et al., 2012 helped to define the pattern of villus outgrowth2. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows ex vivo development of villi and extensions of that culture system to allow the intestines to be three-dimensionally imaged during their development.

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine.

에 대한 마우스 태아의 전체 소장 문화 시스템<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 신호 전달 경로와 융모 개발의 3 차원 라이브 영상의 조작

Most morphogenetic processes in the fetal intestine have been inferred from thin sections of fixed tissues, providing snapshots of changes over ...

A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth factors. Since organoids are highly similar to the original tissue in terms of homeostatic stem cell differentiation, cell polarity and presence of all terminally differentiated cell types known to the adult intestinal epithelium, they serve as an essential resource in experimental research on the epithelium. The possibility to express transgenes or interfering RNA using lentiviral or retroviral vectors in organoids has increased opportunities for functional analysis of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal stem cells, surpassing traditional mouse transgenics in speed and cost. In the current video protocol we show how to utilize transduction of small intestinal organoids with lentiviral vectors illustrated by use of doxycylin inducible transgenes, or IPTG inducible short hairpin RNA for overexpression or gene knockdown. Furthermore, considering organoid culture yields minute cell counts that may even be reduced by experimental treatment, we explain how to process organoids for downstream analysis aimed at quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry. Techniques that enable transgene expression and gene knock down in intestinal organoids contribute to the research potential that these intestinal epithelial structures hold, establishing organoid culture as a new standard in cell culture.

In this video protocol we give a step by step explanation of lentiviral transduction in organoids of primary intestinal epithelium and of processing and downstream analysis of these cultures by quantitative RT-PCR, RNA-microarray and immunohistochemistry.

렌티 바이러스 형질 도입 및 장내 Organoids의 다운 스트림 분석을위한 프로토콜

Intestinal crypt-villus structures termed organoids, can be kept in sustained culture three dimensionally when supplemented with the appropriate growth ...

Culture Methods to Study Apical-Specific Interactions using Intestinal Organoid Models

The lining of the gut epithelium is made up of a simple layer of specialized epithelial cells that expose their apical side to the lumen and respond to external cues. Recent optimization of in vitro culture conditions allows for the re-creation of the intestinal stem cell niche and the development of advanced 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems that recapitulate the cell composition and the organization of the epithelium. Intestinal organoids embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) can be maintained for long-term and self-organize to generate a well-defined, polarized epithelium that encompasses an internal lumen and an external exposed basal side. This restrictive nature of the intestinal organoids presents challenges in accessing the apical surface of the epithelium in vitro and limits the investigation of biological mechanisms such as nutrient uptake and host-microbiota/host-pathogen interactions. Here, we describe two methods that facilitate access to the apical side of the organoid epithelium and support the differentiation of specific intestinal cell types. First, we show how ECM removal induces an inversion of the epithelial cell polarity and allows for the generation of apical-out 3D organoids. Second, we describe how to generate 2-dimensional (2D) monolayers from single cell suspensions derived from intestinal organoids, comprised of&#160;mature and differentiated cell types. These techniques provide novel tools to study apical-specific interactions of the epithelium with external cues in vitro and promote the use of organoids as a platform to facilitate precision medicine.

Here we present two protocols that allow the modeling of intestinal apical-specific interactions. Organoid-derived intestinal monolayers and Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) cultures facilitate the generation of well-differentiated epithelia accessible from both luminal and basolateral sides, whereas polarity-inverted intestinal organoids expose their apical side and are amenable to high throughput assays.

장 관성 오르가노이드 모델을 사용하여 정법별 상호 작용을 연구하는 문화 방법

The lining of the gut epithelium is made up of a simple layer of specialized epithelial cells that expose their apical side to the lumen and respond to ...

Murine Intestinal Crypts 및 Single Stem Cell의 오가노이드 3D 배양

The 3D Culturing of Organoids from Murine Intestinal Crypts and a Single Stem Cell for Organoid Research

At present, organoid culture represents an important tool for in vitro studies of different biological aspects and diseases in different organs. Murine small intestinal crypts can form organoids that mimic the intestinal epithelium when cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix. The organoids are composed of all cell types that fulfill various intestinal homeostatic functions. These include Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and tuft cells. Well-characterized molecules are added into the culture medium to enrich the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) labeled with leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 and are used to drive differentiation down specific lineages; these molecules include epidermal growth factor, Noggin (a bone morphogenetic protein), and R-spondin 1. Additionally, a protocol to generate organoids from a single erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor B2 (EphB2)-positive ISC is also detailed. In this methods article, techniques to isolate small intestinal crypts and a single ISC from tissues and ensure the efficient establishment of organoids are described.

저자 스포트라이트: The 3D Culturing of Organoids from Murine Intestinal Crypts and a Single Stem Cell for Organoid Research (오가노이드 연구를 위한 쥐 장낭화낭수에서 오가노이드의 3D 배양 및 단일 줄기 세포)  

We describe a protocol to isolate murine small intestinal crypts and culture intestinal 3D organoids from the crypts. Additionally, we describe a method to generate organoids from a single intestinal stem cell in the absence of a sub-epithelial cellular niche.

쥐 장 선와에서 오가노이드와 오가노이드 연구를 위한 단일 줄기 세포의 3D 배양

At present, organoid culture represents an important tool for in vitro studies of different biological aspects and diseases in different organs. Murine ...

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