This work was supported by NIH grants HL111121 (JDM) and TR000954 (JDM).

<ol>
	<li>Ngo, D. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+occurrence+of+aortic+sclerosis+in+an+aging+population.">Determinants of occurrence of aortic sclerosis in an aging population.</a> JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2, 919-927 (2009).</li><li>Nkomo, V. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+prevention+of+valvular+heart+diseases+and+infective+endocarditis+in+Africa.">Epidemiology and prevention of valvular heart diseases and infective endocarditis in Africa.</a> Heart. 93, 1510-1519 (2007).</li><li>Amato, M. C., Moffa, P. J., Werner, K. E., Ramires, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+decision+in+asymptomatic+aortic+valve+stenosis:+role+of+exercise+testing.">Treatment decision in asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis: role of exercise testing.</a> Heart. 86, 381-386 (2001).</li><li>Bonow, R. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focused+update+incorporated+into+the+ACC/AHA+2006+guidelines+for+the+management+of+patients+with+valvular+heart+disease:+a+report+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology/American+Heart+Association+Task+Force+on+Practice+Guidelines+(Writing+Committee+to+Revise+the+1998+Guidelines+for+the+Management+of+Patients+With+Valvular+Heart+Disease):+endorsed+by+the+Society+of+Cardiovascular+Anesthesiologists,+Society+for+Cardiovascular+Angiography+and+Interventions,+and+Society+of+Thoracic+Surgeons.">Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.</a> Circulation. 118, e523-e661 (2008).</li><li>Yutzey, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcific+aortic+valve+disease:+a+consensus+summary+from+the+Alliance+of+Investigators+on+Calcific+Aortic+Valve+Disease.">Calcific aortic valve disease: a consensus summary from the Alliance of Investigators on Calcific Aortic Valve Disease.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 34, 2387-2393 (2014).</li><li>Rajamannan, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcific+aortic+valve+disease:+cellular+origins+of+valve+calcification.">Calcific aortic valve disease: cellular origins of valve calcification.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31, 2777-2778 (2011).</li><li>Weiss, R. M., Miller, J. D., Heistad, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrocalcific+aortic+valve+disease:+opportunity+to+understand+disease+mechanisms+using+mouse+models.">Fibrocalcific aortic valve disease: opportunity to understand disease mechanisms using mouse models.</a> Circ Res. 113, 209-222 (2013).</li><li>Sider, K. L., Blaser, M. C., Simmons, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+calcific+aortic+valve+disease.">Animal models of calcific aortic valve disease.</a> Int J Inflam. 2011, 364310 (2011).</li><li>Miller, J. D., Weiss, R. M., Heistad, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcific+aortic+valve+stenosis:+methods,+models,+and+mechanisms.">Calcific aortic valve stenosis: methods, models, and mechanisms.</a> Circ Res. 108, 1392-1412 (2011).</li><li>Ram, R., Mickelsen, D. M., Theodoropoulos, C., Blaxall, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+approaches+in+small+animal+echocardiography:+imaging+the+sounds+of+silence.">New approaches in small animal echocardiography: imaging the sounds of silence.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 301, H1765-H1780 (2011).</li><li>Moran, A. M., Keane, J. F., Colan, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+pressure+and+volume+load+on+growth+of+aortic+annulus+and+left+ventricle+in+patients+with+critical+aortic+stenosis.">Influence of pressure and volume load on growth of aortic annulus and left ventricle in patients with critical aortic stenosis.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 37, 471a (2001).</li><li>Thibault, H. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+assessment+of+murine+pulmonary+arterial+pressure:+validation+and+application+to+models+of+pulmonary+hypertension.">Noninvasive assessment of murine pulmonary arterial pressure: validation and application to models of pulmonary hypertension.</a> Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 3, 157-163 (2010).</li><li>Baumgartner, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+assessment+of+valve+stenosis:+EAE/ASE+recommendations+for+clinical+practice.">Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 22, 1-23 (2009).</li><li>Lang, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+cardiac+chamber+quantification+by+echocardiography+in+adults:+an+update+from+the+American+Society+of+Echocardiography+and+the+European+Association+of+Cardiovascular+Imaging.">Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.</a> Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 16, 233-270 (2015).</li><li>Devereux, R. B., Reichek, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+determination+of+left+ventricular+mass+in+man.+Anatomic+validation+of+the+method.">Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method.</a> Circulation. 55, 613-618 (1977).</li><li>Ommen, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+utility+of+Doppler+echocardiography+and+tissue+Doppler+imaging+in+the+estimation+of+left+ventricular+filling+pressures:+A+comparative+simultaneous+Doppler-catheterization+study.">Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: A comparative simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study.</a> Circulation. 102, 1788-1794 (2000).</li><li>Tei, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+index+of+combined+systolic+and+diastolic+myocardial+performance:+a+simple+and+reproducible+measure+of+cardiac+function--a+study+in+normals+and+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: a simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function--a study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> J Cardiol. 26, 357-366 (1995).</li><li>Koshizuka, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+strain+impairment+as+a+marker+of+the+progression+of+heart+failure+with+preserved+ejection+fraction+in+a+rat+model.">Longitudinal strain impairment as a marker of the progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a rat model.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 26, 316-323 (2013).</li><li>Ishizu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+strain+and+transmural+distribution+of+structural+remodeling+in+hypertensive+heart+disease.">Left ventricular strain and transmural distribution of structural remodeling in hypertensive heart disease.</a> Hypertension. 63, 500-506 (2014).</li><li>Yamada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+intervention+rescues+ventricular+wall+motion+disparity,+achieving+biological+cardiac+resynchronization+post-infarction.">Induced pluripotent stem cell intervention rescues ventricular wall motion disparity, achieving biological cardiac resynchronization post-infarction.</a> J Physiol. 591, 4335-4349 (2013).</li><li>Andrews, T. G., Lindsey, M. L., Lange, R. A., Aune, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+Assessment+in+Pediatric+Mice:+Strain+Analysis+as+a+Diagnostic+Measurement.">Cardiac Assessment in Pediatric Mice: Strain Analysis as a Diagnostic Measurement.</a> Echocardiography. 31, 375-384 (2014).</li><li>Ferferieva, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+strain+and+strain+rate+by+two-dimensional+speckle+tracking+in+mice:+comparison+with+tissue+Doppler+echocardiography+and+conductance+catheter+measurements.">Assessment of strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking in mice: comparison with tissue Doppler echocardiography and conductance catheter measurements.</a> Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 14, 765-773 (2013).</li><li>Fine, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+and+right+ventricular+strain+and+strain+rate+measurement+in+normal+adults+using+velocity+vector+imaging:+an+assessment+of+reference+values+and+intersystem+agreement.">Left and right ventricular strain and strain rate measurement in normal adults using velocity vector imaging: an assessment of reference values and intersystem agreement.</a> Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 29, 571-580 (2013).</li><li>Pernot, M., Fujikura, K., Fung-Kee-Fung, S. D., Konofagou, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ECG-gated,+mechanical+and+electromechanical+wave+imaging+of+cardiovascular+tissues+in+vivo.">ECG-gated, mechanical and electromechanical wave imaging of cardiovascular tissues in vivo.</a> Ultrasound Med Biol. 33, 1075-1085 (2007).</li><li>Liu, J. H., Jeng, G. S., Wu, T. K., Li, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ECG+triggering+and+gating+for+ultrasonic+small+animal+imaging.">ECG triggering and gating for ultrasonic small animal imaging.</a> IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 53, 1590-1596 (2006).</li><li>Monin, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-gradient+aortic+stenosis:+operative+risk+stratification+and+predictors+for+long-term+outcome:+a+multicenter+study+using+dobutamine+stress+hemodynamics.">Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics.</a> Circulation. , 319-324 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

마취의 유도 적절한 유도 및 마취의 유지 보수는 쥐의 심장 판막의 변화의 정확한 평가와 심장 기능에 중요합니다. 이소 플루 란과 깊은 마취 다음이 마취의 비교적 긴 워시 아웃 시간에 의해 유도 마취의 급속한 유도 감안할 때, 우리는 유도를위한 독립형 마취 실을 사용하지 마십시오. 위의 세부 사항에서 언급 한 바와 같이 대신, 동물은 마취의 비교적 낮은 농도...

노화는 심장 혈관 석회화 1 점진적 증가와 연관되어있다. 혈역학 적으로 유의 한 대동맥 판막 협착 (65) 2 세 이상 인구의 3 %에 영향을 미치는, 심지어 중간 대동맥 판막 협착 (3~4m / s의 피크 속도)을 가진 환자는 40 % 미만의 5 년 무 사건 생존율이 3. 현재,이 대동맥 판막의 석회화의 진행을 느리게 할 효과적인 치료법은 없으며, 수술 대동맥 판막 치환술 고급 대동맥 판막 협착증 4 사용할 수있는 유일한 치료입니다. 개시 및 대동맥 판막의 석회화의 진행에 기여하는 메커니즘의 깊은 이해를 확보하기위한 연구는 대동맥 판막 협착 (5), (6)을 관리하는 약물과 비 수술 방법으로 이동에서 중요한 첫 번째 단계입니다. 유전학적인LY-변경 마우스는 다양한 질병에 기여 이제 대동맥 판막 협착 6, 7, 8의 생물학을 이해하기위한 역학적 연구의 최전선에 오는 메커니즘에 대한 우리의 이해를 개발에 중요한 역할을했다. 같은 다른 심혈 관계 질환과는 달리 죽상 동맥 경화증과 심장 장애 혈관과 심실 기능을 평가하기위한 표준 프로토콜이 잘 확립-이 생쥐의 심장 판막 기능의 생체 표현형과 관련된 고유 한 문제가 대부분입니다. 최근 리뷰 많은 이미징 및 설치류 9, 10, 11 밸브 기능을 평가하는 데 사용 침습적 양식의 장점과 단점에 대한 철저한 토론을 제공하고 있지만, 지금까지, 우리는 COMPRE을 제공하는 출판물을 인식하지 못합니다를 면밀히는 단계별 생쥐의 표현형의 심장 판막 기능을위한 프로토콜을. 이 논문의 목적은 쥐 심장 판막 기능 표현형 방법 및 프로토콜을 설명한다. 모든 방법과 절차는 메이요 클리닉 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 이 프로토콜의 핵심 요소는 마취 깊이 심장 기능의 평가 및 심장 판막 기능의 평가를 포함한다. 우리는이 보고서는 심장 판막 질환의 분야에서 연구를 추구에 관심 수사관을 안내하는 역할을하지 않지만이 빠르게 성장하는 분야에서 데이터의 재현성 및 유효성을 보장하기 위해 프로토콜 표준화에 관련된 국내 및 국제 대화를 시작하기를 바랍니다. 중요한 것은, 고해상도 초음파 시스템을 이용하여 성공적으로 이미징 (일반적으로 초음파 검사에 사용되는 용어) 초음파의 원리 작동 지식 프린 기본적인 이해를 필요심장 생리학 및 초음파 검사와 유의 한 경험 레는 설치류에서 심장 기능의 정확하고 시간을 효율적으로 평가를 허용합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1906">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">High resolution ultrasound machine</td>
			<td style="width:453px;">VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Vevo 2100&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:467px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:693px;">Isoflurane diffuser (capable of delivering 1 % to 1.5 % isoflurane mixed with 1 L/min 100% O2</td>
			<td>VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:693px;">Transducers for small mice (550D) or larger mice (400)</td>
			<td>MicroScan, VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>MS 550D, MS 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Animal platform</td>
			<td>VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>11503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Advanced physiological monitoring unit</td>
			<td>VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Terrell</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-019-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74" style="height:74px;width:693px;">Nose cone and tubing connected to isoflurane diffuser and 100% O2</td>
			<td>Custom Engineered in-house</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Hair razor</td>
			<td>Andis Super AGR+ vet pack clipper</td>
			<td>AD65340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories</td>
			<td>REF 01-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Electrode gel&#160;</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories</td>
			<td>REF 15-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Adhesive tapes</td>
			<td>Fisher Laboratories</td>
			<td>1590120B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Paper towels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

echocardiographic approaches and protocols for comprehensive phenotypic characterization of valvular heart disease in mice

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in rodents, with detailed descriptions of the appropriate methods for anesthesia, the echocardiographic windows used, the imaging planes and probe orientations for image acquisition, the methods for data analysis, and the limitations of emerging technologies for the evaluation of cardiac and valvular function. Importantly, we also highlight several future areas of research in cardiac and heart valve imaging that may be leveraged to gain insights into the pathogenesis of valve disease in preclinical animal models. We propose that using a systematic approach to evaluating cardiac and heart valve function in mice can result in more robust and reproducible data, as well as facilitate the discovery of previously underappreciated phenotypes in genetically-altered and/or physiologically-stressed mice.

통상적 동물 심장 초음파 영상으로부터 얻어진 이미지의 예는이 원고에 포함된다. 동물의 가슴에 트랜스 듀서의 배치를 보여 독자에게 변환기 바와 같은 이미지를 얻기 위해 배치되는 위치에 대한 명확한 이해를 제공하기 위해 제공된다. 초음파 실험실 셋업의 사진은 적당한 장치, 특히 사용되는 초음파 변환기 마취의 방법의 중요성을 강조하기 위해 포함된다. 2 차원 / B...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice at JoVE.com

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice.

마우스의 심장 판막 질환의 종합 표현형 특성에 대한 심 초음파 접근 및 프로토콜

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in ...

echocardiographic-approaches-protocols-for-comprehensive-phenotypic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.8K 조회수.  Mayo Clinic. This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice. 

비디오: Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) MRI in Rats

Small animal magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial tissue. The high heart rates of small animals (200 to 600 beats/min) have previously limited the role of CMR imaging. Small animal Look-Locker inversion recovery (SALLI) is a T1 mapping sequence for small animals to overcome this problem 1. T1 maps provide quantitative information about tissue alterations and contrast agent kinetics. It is also possible to detect diffuse myocardial processes such as interstitial fibrosis or edema 1-6. Furthermore, from a single set of image data, it is possible to examine heart function and myocardial scarring by generating cine and inversion recovery-prepared late gadolinium enhancement-type MR images 1.
	The presented video shows step-by-step the procedures to perform small animal CMR imaging. Here it is presented with a healthy Sprague-Dawley rat, however naturally it can be extended to different cardiac small animal models.

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery SALLI MRI in Rats

Contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging allows comprehensive in vivo assessment of the heart in small animal models of cardiovascular disease. Here we detail the procedures to perform CMR imaging, reconstruction and analysis using Small Animal Lock-Locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) in rats.

작은 동물 룩 로커 반전 복구 (SALLI) 쥐의 MRI를 사용하여 심장 기능 및 심근 형태학의 평가

Small animal magnetic resonance  imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial  tissue. The high heart rates of small ...

연구

의학

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential therapies. Given the expense and time involved in creating animal models of disease, it is critical that researchers have tools to accurately assess phenotypic expression of disease. Right ventricular dysfunction is the major manifestation of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is the mainstay of the noninvasive assessment of right ventricular function in rodent models and has the advantage of clear translation to humans in whom the same tool is used. Published echocardiography protocols in murine models of PAH are lacking.
In this article, we describe a protocol for assessing RV and pulmonary vascular function in a mouse model of PAH with a dominant negative BMPRII mutation; however, this protocol is applicable to any diseases affecting the pulmonary vasculature or right heart. We provide a detailed description of animal preparation, image acquisition and hemodynamic calculation of stroke volume, cardiac output and an estimate of pulmonary artery pressure.

This article provides a protocol for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Applications include phenotype determination and serial assessment in transgenic and toxin-induced mouse models of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary vascular disease.

마우스의 오른쪽 심장의 심 초음파 평가

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital heart disease (CHD), the malformed heart presents a challenge to TAH implantation. 
In the case presented here, a 17 year-old patient with congenital transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) experienced progressively worsening HF due to his congenital condition. He was hospitalized multiple times and received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). However, his condition soon deteriorated to end-stage HF with multisystem organ failure. 
Due to the patient's grave clinical condition and the presence of complex cardiac lesions, the decision was made to proceed with a TAH. The abnormal arrangement of the patient's ventricles and great arteries required modifications to the TAH during implantation.
With the TAH in place, the patient was able to return home and regain strength and physical well-being while awaiting a donor heart. He was successfully bridged to heart transplantation 5 months after receiving the device. This report highlights the TAH is feasible even in patients with structurally abnormal hearts, with technical modification.

This is a case report of a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) who received a total artificial heart (TAH) as a bridge to heart transplant. The TAH was successfully implanted with modifications to accommodate the patient's congenitally malformed heart.

선천성 심장 질환의 총 인공 심장의 이식

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. Females are disproportionately afflicted by UTI: 50% of all women will have a UTI in their lifetime. Additionally, 20-40% of these women who have an initial UTI will suffer a recurrence with some suffering frequent recurrences with serious deterioration in the quality of life, pain and discomfort, disruption of daily activities, increased healthcare costs, and few treatment options other than long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of community acquired UTI. Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is the most common hospital acquired infection accounting for a million occurrences in the US annually and dramatic healthcare costs. While UPEC is also the primary cause of CAUTI, other causative agents are of increased significance including Enterococcus faecalis. Here we utilize two well-established mouse models that recapitulate many of the clinical characteristics of these human diseases. For UTI, a C3H/HeN model recapitulates many of the features of UPEC virulence observed in humans including host responses, IBC formation and filamentation. For CAUTI, a model using C57BL/6 mice, which retain catheter bladder implants, has been shown to be susceptible to E. faecalis bladder infection. These representative models are being used to gain striking new insights into the pathogenesis of UTI disease, which is leading to the development of novel therapeutics and management or prevention strategies.

The ability to model urinary tract infections (UTI) is crucial in order to be able to understand bacterial pathogenesis and spawn the development of novel therapeutics. This work&#8217;s goal is to demonstrate mouse models of experimental UTI and catheter associated UTI that recapitulate and predict findings seen in humans.

마우스 모델의 설립 및 요로 감염 및 CAUTI의 특성

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

마우스의 이소성 자궁 심장 이식

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

마우스의 심장 형태학의 echocardiographic 및 조직학 검사

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

마우스의 우심실 확장기 매개변수의 심초음파 측정

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling

Translation of novel discoveries to human disease is limited by the availability of human tissue-based models of disease. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) used as 3D lung tissue cultures (3D-LTCs) represent an elegant and biologically highly relevant 3D cell culture model, which highly resemble in situ tissue due to their complexity, biomechanics and molecular composition. Tissue slicing is widely applied in various animal models. 3D-LTCs derived from human PCLS can be used to analyze responses to novel drugs, which might further help to better understand the mechanisms and functional effects of drugs in human tissue. The preparation of PCLS from surgically resected lung tissue samples of patients, who experienced lung lobectomy, increases the accessibility of diseased and peritumoral tissue. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the generation of human PCLS from surgically resected soft-elastic patient lung tissue. Agarose was introduced into the bronchoalveolar space of the resectates, thus preserving lung structure and increasing the tissue&#39;s stiffness, which is crucial for subsequent slicing. 500 &#181;m thick slices were prepared from the tissue block with a vibratome. Biopsy punches taken from PCLS ensure comparable tissue sample sizes and further increase the amount of tissue samples. The generated lung tissue cultures can be applied in a variety of studies in human lung biology, including the pathophysiology and mechanisms of different diseases, such as fibrotic processes at its best at (sub-)cellular levels. The highest benefit of the 3D-LTC ex vivo model is its close representation of the in situ human lung in respect of 3D tissue architecture, cell type diversity and lung anatomy as well as the potential for assessment of tissue from individual patients, which is relevant to further develop novel strategies for precision medicine.

Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures 3D-LTCs for Disease Modeling

Here, we present a protocol for the preparation of agarose-filled human precision-cut lung slices from resected patient tissue that are suitable for generating 3D lung tissue cultures to model human lung diseases in biological and biomedical studies.

질병 모델링에 대 한 인간의 3D 폐 조직 문화 (3D-Ltc)의 생성

Translation of novel discoveries to human disease is limited by the availability of human tissue-based models of disease. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

쥐에서 히알로이드 혈관의 평가 및 특성화

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

토끼 모델의 흉부 심초음파 검사

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...