This work was supported by NIH grants HL111121 (JDM) and TR000954 (JDM).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A indução da anestesia indução e manutenção de anestesia adequada é fundamental para a avaliação precisa das mudanças na válvula cardíaca e função cardíaca em ratos. Dada a rápida indução da anestesia induzida por isoflurano eo tempo de wash-out relativamente longo deste anestésico após anestesia profunda, não usamos uma câmara de anestesia stand-alone para a indução. Em vez disso, tal como referido em pormenor acima, os animais são guiados directamente...

O envelhecimento está associado com aumentos progressivos na calcificação cardiovascular 1. Estenose da valva aórtica hemodinamicamente significativa afeta 3% da população com idade superior a 65 2, e os pacientes com estenose da válvula aórtica, mesmo moderada (velocidade de pico de 3-4 m / s) têm uma sobrevida livre de eventos em 5 ano de menos de 40% 3. Atualmente, não existem tratamentos eficazes para retardar a progressão da calcificação da válvula aórtica e substituição da válvula aórtica cirúrgica é o único tratamento disponível para a estenose da válvula aórtica avançada 4. Estudos destinados a ganhar uma compreensão mais profunda dos mecanismos que contribuem para o início e progressão de calcificação da válvula aórtica é um primeiro passo fundamental no caminho para métodos farmacológicos e não-cirúrgicos para gerenciar estenose da valva aórtica 5, 6. Genéticocamundongos ly-alteradas têm desempenhado um papel importante no desenvolvimento de nossa compreensão dos mecanismos que contribuem para uma variedade de doenças e agora estão vindo à tona de estudos sobre os mecanismos que visam a compreensão da biologia da estenose da válvula aórtica 6, 7, 8. Ao contrário de outras doenças cardiovasculares, tais como aterosclerose e insuficiência cardíaca onde-protocolos padrão para avaliar a função ventricular e vascular são, na maior parte bem estabelecida-existem desafios únicos associados com a fenotipagem in vivo da função de válvula de coração em ratinhos. Enquanto comentários recentes têm proporcionado debates aprofundados sobre as vantagens e desvantagens de inúmeras imagens e modalidades invasivos utilizados para avaliar a função da válvula em roedores 9, 10, 11, até à data, não temos conhecimento de uma publicação que fornece uma comprehensive, passo-a-passo protocolo para a função de válvula cardíaca fenotipagem em camundongos. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os métodos e protocolos para o fenótipo função de válvula cardíaca em camundongos. Todos os métodos e procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê Animal Care Institucional e Use a Mayo Clinic. Os principais componentes deste protocolo incluem a profundidade da anestesia, a avaliação da função cardíaca, bem como a avaliação da função de válvula cardíaca. Esperamos que este relatório não só servirá para orientar os investigadores interessados ​​em prosseguir a investigação no domínio da doença da válvula do coração, mas também vai iniciar um diálogo nacional e internacional relacionada com a padronização do protocolo para garantir a reprodutibilidade dos dados e validade neste campo de rápido crescimento. Importante, uma imagem com o uso de sistemas de ultra-som de alta resolução exige um conhecimento prático dos princípios da ultra-sonografia (e terminologia comumente utilizados em ultra-sonografia), uma compreensão do princip fundamentaisles da fisiologia cardíaca e experiência significativa com a ultra-sonografia para permitir a avaliação precisa e tempo-eficiente da função cardíaca em roedores.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1906">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">High resolution ultrasound machine</td>
			<td style="width:453px;">VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Vevo 2100&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:467px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:693px;">Isoflurane diffuser (capable of delivering 1 % to 1.5 % isoflurane mixed with 1 L/min 100% O2</td>
			<td>VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:693px;">Transducers for small mice (550D) or larger mice (400)</td>
			<td>MicroScan, VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>MS 550D, MS 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Animal platform</td>
			<td>VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>11503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Advanced physiological monitoring unit</td>
			<td>VisualSonics, Fujifilm</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Terrell</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-019-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74" style="height:74px;width:693px;">Nose cone and tubing connected to isoflurane diffuser and 100% O2</td>
			<td>Custom Engineered in-house</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Hair razor</td>
			<td>Andis Super AGR+ vet pack clipper</td>
			<td>AD65340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories</td>
			<td>REF 01-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Electrode gel&#160;</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories</td>
			<td>REF 15-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Adhesive tapes</td>
			<td>Fisher Laboratories</td>
			<td>1590120B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:693px;">Paper towels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

echocardiographic approaches and protocols for comprehensive phenotypic characterization of valvular heart disease in mice

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in rodents, with detailed descriptions of the appropriate methods for anesthesia, the echocardiographic windows used, the imaging planes and probe orientations for image acquisition, the methods for data analysis, and the limitations of emerging technologies for the evaluation of cardiac and valvular function. Importantly, we also highlight several future areas of research in cardiac and heart valve imaging that may be leveraged to gain insights into the pathogenesis of valve disease in preclinical animal models. We propose that using a systematic approach to evaluating cardiac and heart valve function in mice can result in more robust and reproducible data, as well as facilitate the discovery of previously underappreciated phenotypes in genetically-altered and/or physiologically-stressed mice.

Exemplos de imagens que são rotineiramente obtidos a partir de animais imagiologia ultra-sons cardíacos são incluídos neste manuscrito. Uma ilustração do posicionamento do transdutor sobre o peito do animal é fornecida para dar ao leitor uma compreensão clara de que o transdutor está posicionado para obtenção de imagens tal como descrito. Uma fotografia do laboratório de ultra-som set-up também está incluído para enfatizar a importância do equipamento adequado, especialme...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice at JoVE.com

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice.

Abordagens ecocardiograma e protocolos de Comprehensive Caracterização fenotípica de doença cardíaca valvular em ratos

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in ...

echocardiographic-approaches-protocols-for-comprehensive-phenotypic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.8K visualizações.  Mayo Clinic. This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice. 

Vídeo: Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) MRI in Rats

Small animal magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial tissue. The high heart rates of small animals (200 to 600 beats/min) have previously limited the role of CMR imaging. Small animal Look-Locker inversion recovery (SALLI) is a T1 mapping sequence for small animals to overcome this problem 1. T1 maps provide quantitative information about tissue alterations and contrast agent kinetics. It is also possible to detect diffuse myocardial processes such as interstitial fibrosis or edema 1-6. Furthermore, from a single set of image data, it is possible to examine heart function and myocardial scarring by generating cine and inversion recovery-prepared late gadolinium enhancement-type MR images 1.
	The presented video shows step-by-step the procedures to perform small animal CMR imaging. Here it is presented with a healthy Sprague-Dawley rat, however naturally it can be extended to different cardiac small animal models.

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery SALLI MRI in Rats

Contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging allows comprehensive in vivo assessment of the heart in small animal models of cardiovascular disease. Here we detail the procedures to perform CMR imaging, reconstruction and analysis using Small Animal Lock-Locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) in rats.

Avaliação da função cardíaca e Morfologia do miocárdio Usando Pequenos Animais Inversion Recovery Olha-locker (SALLI) MRI em ratos

Small animal magnetic resonance  imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial  tissue. The high heart rates of small ...

Medicina

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential therapies. Given the expense and time involved in creating animal models of disease, it is critical that researchers have tools to accurately assess phenotypic expression of disease. Right ventricular dysfunction is the major manifestation of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is the mainstay of the noninvasive assessment of right ventricular function in rodent models and has the advantage of clear translation to humans in whom the same tool is used. Published echocardiography protocols in murine models of PAH are lacking.
In this article, we describe a protocol for assessing RV and pulmonary vascular function in a mouse model of PAH with a dominant negative BMPRII mutation; however, this protocol is applicable to any diseases affecting the pulmonary vasculature or right heart. We provide a detailed description of animal preparation, image acquisition and hemodynamic calculation of stroke volume, cardiac output and an estimate of pulmonary artery pressure.

This article provides a protocol for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Applications include phenotype determination and serial assessment in transgenic and toxin-induced mouse models of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary vascular disease.

Avaliação ecocardiográfica do coração direito em Ratos

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital heart disease (CHD), the malformed heart presents a challenge to TAH implantation. 
In the case presented here, a 17 year-old patient with congenital transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) experienced progressively worsening HF due to his congenital condition. He was hospitalized multiple times and received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). However, his condition soon deteriorated to end-stage HF with multisystem organ failure. 
Due to the patient's grave clinical condition and the presence of complex cardiac lesions, the decision was made to proceed with a TAH. The abnormal arrangement of the patient's ventricles and great arteries required modifications to the TAH during implantation.
With the TAH in place, the patient was able to return home and regain strength and physical well-being while awaiting a donor heart. He was successfully bridged to heart transplantation 5 months after receiving the device. This report highlights the TAH is feasible even in patients with structurally abnormal hearts, with technical modification.

This is a case report of a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) who received a total artificial heart (TAH) as a bridge to heart transplant. The TAH was successfully implanted with modifications to accommodate the patient's congenitally malformed heart.

Implantação de Coração Artificial Total em cardiopatias congênitas

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. Females are disproportionately afflicted by UTI: 50% of all women will have a UTI in their lifetime. Additionally, 20-40% of these women who have an initial UTI will suffer a recurrence with some suffering frequent recurrences with serious deterioration in the quality of life, pain and discomfort, disruption of daily activities, increased healthcare costs, and few treatment options other than long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of community acquired UTI. Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is the most common hospital acquired infection accounting for a million occurrences in the US annually and dramatic healthcare costs. While UPEC is also the primary cause of CAUTI, other causative agents are of increased significance including Enterococcus faecalis. Here we utilize two well-established mouse models that recapitulate many of the clinical characteristics of these human diseases. For UTI, a C3H/HeN model recapitulates many of the features of UPEC virulence observed in humans including host responses, IBC formation and filamentation. For CAUTI, a model using C57BL/6 mice, which retain catheter bladder implants, has been shown to be susceptible to E. faecalis bladder infection. These representative models are being used to gain striking new insights into the pathogenesis of UTI disease, which is leading to the development of novel therapeutics and management or prevention strategies.

The ability to model urinary tract infections (UTI) is crucial in order to be able to understand bacterial pathogenesis and spawn the development of novel therapeutics. This work&#8217;s goal is to demonstrate mouse models of experimental UTI and catheter associated UTI that recapitulate and predict findings seen in humans.

Criação e Caracterização da UTI e CAUTI em um modelo de rato

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

Heterotopic Cervical Transplante Cardíaco em Ratos

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

Exame ecocardiográfico e histológico da morfologia cardíaca no Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

Mensuração ecocardiográfica dos parâmetros diastólicos do ventrículo direito no mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling

Translation of novel discoveries to human disease is limited by the availability of human tissue-based models of disease. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) used as 3D lung tissue cultures (3D-LTCs) represent an elegant and biologically highly relevant 3D cell culture model, which highly resemble in situ tissue due to their complexity, biomechanics and molecular composition. Tissue slicing is widely applied in various animal models. 3D-LTCs derived from human PCLS can be used to analyze responses to novel drugs, which might further help to better understand the mechanisms and functional effects of drugs in human tissue. The preparation of PCLS from surgically resected lung tissue samples of patients, who experienced lung lobectomy, increases the accessibility of diseased and peritumoral tissue. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the generation of human PCLS from surgically resected soft-elastic patient lung tissue. Agarose was introduced into the bronchoalveolar space of the resectates, thus preserving lung structure and increasing the tissue&#39;s stiffness, which is crucial for subsequent slicing. 500 &#181;m thick slices were prepared from the tissue block with a vibratome. Biopsy punches taken from PCLS ensure comparable tissue sample sizes and further increase the amount of tissue samples. The generated lung tissue cultures can be applied in a variety of studies in human lung biology, including the pathophysiology and mechanisms of different diseases, such as fibrotic processes at its best at (sub-)cellular levels. The highest benefit of the 3D-LTC ex vivo model is its close representation of the in situ human lung in respect of 3D tissue architecture, cell type diversity and lung anatomy as well as the potential for assessment of tissue from individual patients, which is relevant to further develop novel strategies for precision medicine.

Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures 3D-LTCs for Disease Modeling

Here, we present a protocol for the preparation of agarose-filled human precision-cut lung slices from resected patient tissue that are suitable for generating 3D lung tissue cultures to model human lung diseases in biological and biomedical studies.

Geração de culturas de tecido de pulmão humano de 3D (3D-CTIs) para modelagem de doença

Translation of novel discoveries to human disease is limited by the availability of human tissue-based models of disease. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

Avaliação e caracterização de vasos Hialóides em camundongos

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Exame ecocardiográfico transtorácico no modelo coelho

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...