HL084087, HL089885, HL091475, S10RR027946, T32 GM07356 : 소스를 기금

1. 이미지 준비 <ol><li> 부정사 위치에 동물 처리 플랫폼 isoflurane anesthetized 마우스를 확보하여 시작합니다. 동물의 코와 마취를 유지하기 위해 isoflurane 0.5-1 %를 제공하는 입을 통해 코 콘 놓으십시오. </li><li> 젤 수행과 전극 패드로 마우스의 갈퀴 손을 고정합니다. 적절한 ECG, 37에서 체온 ° C 및 이미징 동안 생리적 평가를위한 호흡 속도를 확인하십시오. 보장 </li><li> 마우스의 가슴과 복부 상단에 depilatory 크림을 적용합니다. </li><li> 이분 후, 크림을 제거 서부 유럽 표준시 거즈를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 2. 왼쪽 parasternal 긴 축보기 <ol><li> 마우스가 이미지 준비되면, 동물 취급 플랫폼에게 anterioposterior 축 30도 회전하는 플랫폼의 왼쪽을 기울. </li><li> 동양의 수직 위치에 변환기와 노치와 반대 10도 회전은 마우스의 뒷부분쪽으로 지적했다. </li><li> 심장이보기에 올때까지 다음, 2 차원보기 / 비디오 &quot;B - 모드&quot;에있는 동안, 왼쪽 parasternal 라인을 통해 변환기를 낮춥니다. 폐동맥 볼로 돌아오면, 이미지를 수집하고 저장합니다. </li><li> 아직도 B - 모드에서 변환기의 왼쪽으로 이동하거나, 대동맥 유출 및 아펙스은 볼 수 있다네 권리까지. 프로브의 일부 회전은 마음의 긴 축을과 적절한 정렬을 보장하기 위해 필요할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 이후 분석을위한 데이터를 얻기 위해 비디오 캡처를 사용하십시오. 하류 지역 스트레인 분석 가능한 가장 높은 프레임 속도를 보장하기 위해보기의 필드를 최소화합니다. 비디오 캡처 때마다은, 사전에 100 프레임이 저장됩니다. </li><li> 선택하여 컬러 도플러 모드로 전환 &quot;컬러 도플러를.&quot; 컬러 도플러 인간에서 30 년 이상 사용할 수 있지만,이 기술은 최근 쥐 초음파 가능되었습니다. </li><li> 신속하게 혈액 흐름의 방향과 속도를 모니터링하려면, 도플러 윈도우 오버레이 거리 프로브의 흐름을 나타내는 파란색으로 프로브쪽으로 흐름을 나타내는 빨간색의 흐름을 디지털화. 이미지 캡쳐하여 필요한 이미지를 취득. </li><li> 모든 컬러 도플러 데이터가 획득되면, 펄스 - 웨이브 도플러 모드, 디지털 시간이 지남에 혈액 흐름 방향과 속도를 평가하는 데 사용되는 한 차원 볼 수있는 계기를 전환합니다. </li><li> 폐동맥이보기에 올 때까지 마우스의 머리쪽으로 약간 프로브를 이동합니다. 심장 마비의 맥락에서 폐동맥의 PW / 컬러 도플러 측정은 오른쪽 심장 기능을 위해 대리로 사용할 수 있습니다. 원하는대로 이미지를 캡처합니다. </li></ol> 3. 왼쪽 중간 젖꼭지 짧은 축 <ol><li> 짧은 축 echocardiography는 동심 방식으로 계약 전체 좌심실의 전경을 제공하고 있습니다에 대한 정확한 B와 심장 기능과 morphometry의 M 모드 기반의 평가. </li><li> B - 모드에서 parasternal 긴 축보기에서, 젖꼭지 근육의 수준에서 왼쪽 parasternal 긴 축 볼 수있는 직교 변환기를 회전. </li><li> 좌심실의 길이를 따라 적절한 위치를 확인하십시오. 두 젖꼭지 근육은 수평 교차 단면보기를주는 명확하게 표시하고 구분해야합니다. </li><li> M 모드로 뇌실의 중심을 통해 샘플 볼륨을 장소와 데이터를 취득. </li><li> 원하는 경우, 완벽한 3 차원 재건에 필요한 이미지를 얻기 위해 3 차원 모터를 부착 시작하고 활용합니다. </li><li> 호흡 속도 및 ECG를 포함한 생리학 설정, 최종 심장 확장에서 게이팅 3D 이미지 캡쳐 설정 </li><li> 3D 이미징 모터는 최종 심장 확장에서 이미지 캡쳐 시작됩니다. </li><li> 최종 심장 확장의 3D 캡처가 완료되면 호흡 속도와 ECG에 대한 생리학 설정은 최종 수축기에 3D 이미지 캡처는 게이팅에 대해 설정됩니다 </li><li> 3D 이미징 모터는 최종 수축기에 이미지 캡쳐 시작됩니다. </li></ol> 4. Subcostal (4 챔버)보기 <ol><li> subcostal보기 승모판에 걸쳐 역량 및 압력 기울기를 측정하는 가장 좋은 방법입니다. </li><li> 아래로 끝까지 플랫폼의 왼쪽 상단을 기울이기. 마우스의 오른쪽 어깨쪽으로 동양은 변환기, 프로브의 짧은 축 회전을 유지. </li><li> 그것이 아래의 다이어프램을 달려 있도록 B - 모드에서 상단 복부 위에 변환기를 낮춥니다. 로 언급한 컬러 도플러를 사용하여 승모판를 시각화. </li></ol> 5. 대동맥보기 <ol><li> 왼쪽 측면 decubitus 위치에 동물 처리 플랫폼을 돌립니다. 플랫폼의 왼쪽은 최대한 기울어져 있어야합니다. 다음 방향 변환기는 수준에서 마우스의 길이 따라 멀리까지 가능한 기울어져견갑골. </li><li> 앞쪽에 겨드랑 라인을 따라 오른쪽 어깨에 열등 변환기를 낮춥니다. 대동맥 아치를 시각화하고, 이미지를 획득. </li><li> 마우스의 머리를 올려, 마우스의 suprasternal 노치에 변환기를 낮춥니다. 컬러 도플러를 사용하여 혈액 흐름을 시각화하고, 이미지를 획득. </li></ol> 6. 대표 결과 <ol><li> 이것은 좌심실과 우심실의 작은 부분을 모두 보여주는 B - 모드에서 마음의 긴 축 볼 수 있습니다. </li><li> 여기, 또 다른 마음의 왼쪽 짧은 축보기는 M - 모드에서 촬영되었다. 상단 이미지는 챔버의 중앙을 통해 노란색의 예제 볼륨 라인의 위치를​​ 보여줍니다. 아래 이미지는 1 차원 시간의 경과에 위의 라인의 흔적뿐만 아니라 시안에 morphometry의 계산입니다 </li><li> 이것은 B - 모드에서 대동맥 아치를 볼 수 있습니다. 폐쇄 대동맥 밸브는 왼쪽에서 볼 수 있으며, 마우스의 머리 위쪽 팔다리를 제공 혈관이 오른쪽에 볼 수 있습니다. </li><li> 방사형 스트레인 분석 전에 심장 상단 이미지에 표시된 장애, 그리고 아래 이미지에 표시된 글로벌 hypokinesis 및 지역 dyssynchrony와 마우스를 개발하기 위해 마우스에서 수행되었다. 두 phenotypes는 가로 대동맥 수축, 증가 afterload의 마우스 모델을 통해 유도했다. </li><li> 그림에서, 시간 백분율로, y 축은에 표시됩니다, X - 축 및 방사상 변형에 표시됩니다. 스트레인 분석 달리 같은에만 직접 앞쪽에 무료 벽 기능과 뒷부분 벽에 조치 M 모드로 기존의 기술에 들키지 심장 기능의 지역 평가 수 있습니다. </li><li> 앞쪽에 무료로 벽면은 녹색으로 표시됩니다. 분홍색 라인은 측면 벽은 핑크색으로 표시됩니다 보여줍니다. 후부 벽면은 시안에 표시됩니다. 열등 무료 벽이 파란색으로 표시됩니다. 후부 septal 벽면이 노란색으로 표시됩니다. 앞쪽에 심장이 자홍색으로 표시됩니다, 그리고 평균은 검은색으로 표시됩니다. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. B - 모드에서 parasternal 긴 축보기를 왼쪽. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. M - 모드에서 왼쪽 짧은 축 볼 수 있습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3" /> 그림 3. B - 모드에서 대동맥 아치의보기. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2100/2100fig4.jpg" alt="그림 4" /> 그림 4. 2 마우스 12주 포스트 TAC의 방사형 스트레인 분석. 그린 = 개미. 무료 벽. 핑크 = 측면 벽. 청록색은 = 후부 벽. 블루 = INF. 무료 벽. 노란색 = 포스트. septal 벽. 마젠타는 = 앞쪽에 심장. 보존 기능을 블랙 = 평균) 마우스. 글로벌 hypokinesis 및 지역 dyssynchrony와 B) 마우스.

<ol>
	<li>Patten, R. D., Hall-Porter, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+heart+failure:+development+of+novel+therapies,+past+and+present.">Small animal models of heart failure: development of novel therapies, past and present.</a> Circ Heart Fail. 2, 138-144 (2009).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+MRI+Validation+of+Regional+Contractile+Dysfunction+in+Mice+Post+Myocardial+Infarction+Using+High+Resolution+Ultrasound.">Quantification and MRI Validation of Regional Contractile Dysfunction in Mice Post Myocardial Infarction Using High Resolution Ultrasound.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &#38; Biology. 33, 894-904 (2007).</li><li>Gardin, J. M., Siri, F. M., Kitsis, R. N., Edwards, J. G., Leinwand, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+Assessment+of+Left+Ventricular+Mass+and+Systolic+Function+in+Mice.">Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass and Systolic Function in Mice.</a> Circ Res. 76, 907-914 (1995).</li><li>JG, S. t. e. v. e. n. s. o. n., Weiler, T. B. M., EA, H. o. w. a. r. d., Eyer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+multigate+Doppler+with+color+echo+and+Doppler+display+-+Diagnosis+of+atrial+and+ventricular+septal+defects.">Digital multigate Doppler with color echo and Doppler display - Diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defects.</a> Circulation. 60, (1979).</li><li>Patten, R. D., Aronovitz, M. J., Bridgman, P., Pandian, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+pulse+wave+and+color+flow+Doppler+echocardiography+in+mouse+models+of+human+disease.">Use of pulse wave and color flow Doppler echocardiography in mouse models of human disease.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15, 708-714 (2002).</li><li>Hoit, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echocardiographic+characterization+of+the+cardiovascular+phenotype+in+rodent+models.">Echocardiographic characterization of the cardiovascular phenotype in rodent models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 34, 105-110 (2006).</li></ol>

Pistner, 벨몬트, Blaxall가 : 쿨사드를 공개 아무것도 Visualsonics의 풀타임 직원 않습니다.

시리얼 고주파 echocardiography 특히 심장 질환의 murine 모델에서 심장 형태 및 기능의 비침습, 고해상도의 평가를위한 강력한 도구로 떠오르고있다. 생리적 체온뿐만 아니라 전에 마취 수준을 조정 이미지를 획득하기 위해하여 생쥐 간의 비교 심장 속도를 유지하는 것이이 방법의 성공에 중요합니다. 모든 이미지는 같은 생체를 (젖꼭지 근육에서 예 parasternal 긴 축 영상)를 사용하여 얻을 수 있습니다...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/index/details.stp?id=2100">Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging</a>. There was an error in the author, Burns Blaxalls', name and the article title. The authors name has been corrected to:
Burns C. Blaxall
instead of:
Burns Blaxall
The article title was changed to:
Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging
instead of:
Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

A correction to an author's name and the article title has been made for the article Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging.

Erratum: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging System (120V)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Visual Sonics</td>
<td>VS-11945</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Vevo 2100 Imaging Station 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Visual Sonics</td>
<td>SA-11982</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Ultrasound Gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Parker Laboratories</td>
<td>01-08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abbott Laboratories</td>
<td>05260-05</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Vevo Compact Dual Anesthesia System</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Visual Sonics</td>
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murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

심장 pathophysiology의 설치류 모델은 질병의 메커니즘뿐만 아니라, 시험 새로운 치료제 1. Echocardiography가 순차적으로 살아있는 동물에서 심장 morphometry과 기능을 평가하기위한 강력하고, 비침습 도구를 제공합니다을 조사하기위한 중요한 연구 도구를 나타냅니다. 2 그러나,이 기술을 사용 생쥐의 작은 크기와 이들 동물의 빠른 심장 박동에 때문에 독특한 도전 포즈. 3 최근까지 몇 초음파 시스템은 마우스의 품질 echocardiography을 수행할 수 있었는데, 이들은 일반적으로 이미지 해상도와 진정으로 양적 측정을 얻기 위해 필요한 프레임 속도 부족 . 같은 VisualSonics Vevo2100로 새롭게 출시된 시스템은 신중하게하고 비 invasively 생쥐의 심장 기능을 조사 연구를위한 새로운 도구를 제공합니다. 이 시스템은 고해상도 이미지를 생성하고 인간의 환자와 함께 사용할 것과 유사한 분석 기능을 제공합니다. 컬러 도플러 인간에서 30 년 이상 사용할 수 있지만,이 가치있는 기술은 최근 쥐 초음파 가능했습니다. 4,5 컬러 도플러는 신속하게 선박 및 밸브를 통해 유량 방향을 평가할 수있는 능력을 포함 echocardiography에 대한 광범위한 응용 프로그램을 가지고 빠르게 밸브 병리 현상을 식별할 수 있습니다. 스트레인 분석 양적 지역 심근 기능을 측정하기 위해 활용되는 중요한 발전이다. 6이 기술은 이전의 기존 기술보다, 병리의 병리 변화하거나, 해상도를 감지할 수있는 잠재력이있다. 입체 영상 재건의 추가, 전체 - 장기의 용적 평가와 결합하는 것은 심장과 혈관 구조의 시각화 및 평가를 포함하여 가능합니다. Murine 호환 대비 영상은 용적 측정과 조직 재관류 평가에 대해 허용할 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging at JoVE.com

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

이 동영상은 anesthetized 마우스 echocardiography을 수행하는 레일 마운트 고주파 초음파 프로브의 사용을 보여줍니다. 방법은 컬러 도플러, 스트레인 분석뿐만 아니라 일반 목표 대비 이미징과 같은 새로운,보다 강력한 도구 이외에도 심장 기능을 모두 종래의 2 차원 및 M 모드 측정을 설명합니다.

Murine Echocardiography 및 초음파 이미징

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

murine-echocardiography-and-ultrasound-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

35.2K 조회수.  University of Rochester. 이 동영상은 anesthetized 마우스 echocardiography을 수행하는 레일 마운트 고주파 초음파 프로브의 사용을 보여줍니다. 방법은 컬러 도플러, 스트레인 분석뿐만 아니라 일반 목표 대비 이미징과 같은 새로운,보다 강력한 도구 이외에도 심장 기능을 모두 종래의 2 차원 및 M 모드 측정을 설명합니다.

비디오: Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

마우스에 Transthoracic Echocardiography

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

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Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

손쥐 태아 Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is consistent with current clinical practice and is therefore useful in a translational research setting.

We describe examination of fetal cardiac function with contemporary functional fetal echocardiography and fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound using the VisualSonics VEVO 2100 microultrasound in a surgically induced model of intrauterine fetal growth restriction in a rabbit.

자궁 내 성장 제한의 토끼 모델에서 태아 심 초음파 및 펄스 파 도플러 초음파

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

근골격계 초음파 이미징의 소설 응용 프로그램

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

마우스 다이어프램 기능의 진단 초음파 이미징

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

마우스 경부 림프절의 고주파 초음파 이미징

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

왼쪽 아트리움, 대동맥과 폐동맥의 쥐 심 초음파

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

3 차원 초음파 영상: 골격 조직의 신속 하 고 비용 효율적인 Morphometry

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

밝기 모드 초음파를 사용하여 시각적 바이오피드백 제공 골프 스윙 중

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

운동 모드 초음파와 표면 근전도 검사로 얻은 근육 기능 코어 지구력 운동 중

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...