The authors would like to thank Matt Reinke and the Alcator C-Mod team for designing, building, and testing HIREXSR. This work was supported by DOE Contract Nos. DE-FC02-99ER54512 and DE-AC02-76CH03073.

<ol>
	<li>Reinke, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-ray+imaging+crystal+spectroscopy+for+use+in+plasma+transport+research.">X-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy for use in plasma transport research.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 (11), 113504 (2012).</li><li>Hill, K. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 기술에 의해 생성 된 데이터는 실험 연구에 광범위하게 사용될 수있다. 이온 온도 도넛 속도 프로파일은 진성 자체 생성 플라즈마 회전 및 비 로컬 섭동 효과를 포함하여 전송 연구의 넓은 범위에서 사용할 수있다. 하워드 등. 2011 10에서 수행되었을 때 레이저 분출을 통해 주입 된 불순물의 스펙트럼을 측정하면, 플라즈마의 불순물의 전송에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공 할 수 있습?...

X 선 스펙트럼은 고온 플라즈마에 대한 풍부한 정보를 제공한다; 예를 들면 전자 온도 및 밀도 선 강도 비로부터 추론 될 수있다. 축외 플라즈마를 보는 요한 분광기를 사용함으로써, 이러한 우수한 공간 및 시간 해상도를 가진 1,2- 플라즈마 내부의 밀도, 온도 및 속도와 같은 플라즈마 파라미터 정보를 구성 할 수있다. 이 원고는 공간 해상도와 고해상도 X 선 크리스탈 영상 분광계 (HIREXSR), 공간적으로 토카막 중간 원자 번호 원소의 수소와 헬륨 등의 이온을 확인하는 데 사용되는 X 선 분광계 이미징 높은 파장 해상도의 동작을 제공합니다 혈장. HIREXSR는 Alcator C-모, 각각 0.67 m와 0.22 m의 크고 작은 반경 토카막 핵융합 장치에 배포됩니다. 그것은 일반적으로 중수소 플라즈마 20 10 × 0.2-8.0 사이 m 평균 밀도 ~ 2 초 지속으로 동작 -3 </su1-9 keV의 3 사이의 P&gt; 중앙 전자 온도. 이러한 조건 하에서, 높은 Z 불순물 원소 중간 고도로 이온화 상태가되어 대책 HIREXSR X 선 영역에서 방출. 잘 진단 실험실 플라즈마로부터 얻어지는 X 선 스펙트럼의 원자 번호 모델링 벤치마킹 다른 독립적 진단 (4)을 이용할 수없는 경우에, 플라즈마 파라미터를 결정하기 위해 이러한 스펙트럼의 사용을 정당화하는 것이 중요하다. 모든 분석기는 원하는 사용하기 위해 만들어졌습니다. 따라서, 시스템 및 관련 개념에 대한 일반적인 설명이 충분히 강력한 도구 (5)를 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 광자 결정의 인접 층에서 반사 및 파장의 배수 인 거리를 이동할 때, 브래그 반사가 발생한다. (1)는 이러한 현상을 보여주고있다. 이 조건은 n은 다시의 순서입니다 방정식 nλ = 2 일의 죄 θ의 (B)에 의해 표현된다변곡점은, λ는 광자의 파장이고, d는 액정과 θ (B)의 인접한 층 사이의 간격은 브래그 (Bragg) 각도이다. λ와 θ B 사이의 일대일 대응에 대한 하나를 나타냅니다 같은 파장 검출기 비행기 여행의 특정 시점에서 모든 광자가. 그러나 실제로, 브래그 각도 편차 매니페스트 흡수 정밀도 한계. 이것은 로킹 커브 (6)에 의해 나타내어 현저한 보강 간섭을 생성 각도의 작은 범위를 초래한다. (2)은 방해석 결정하기위한 예시도 곡선이다. HIREXSR는 구형 구부러진 결정 (7)와 요한 분석기입니다. 디바이스의이 종류를 설명하기 전에, 단순한 원형 분석 장치의 설명이 적합하다. 이 셋업은 해당 브래그가 각도에서 들어오는 광자를 반영하는 구부러진 크리스탈로 구성단일 X 선 광자 계산 픽셀 감지기 배열을 구. 도 3에 표시된 바와 같이 결정하고, 검출기는, 롤 런드 원의 접선에 누워. 롤 런드 원의 직경이 결정의 곡률 반경과 동일하다. 결정상의 임의의 지점의 둘레에 소정의 지점에서 모든 광선 결정 자체에 대해 동일한 입사각을 갖는다. .도 4에 도시 HIREXSR, 자오면에서 구형 만곡 결정 허용 공간 해상도의 경우에, 자오선 초점 F의 m은 다음과 같이 정의된다 : R (C)가 곡률 반경은 F m = R C의 죄 θ B를 결정. - f를 m / COS 2 θ의 B F의의 = 시상 초점 f를들로 정의된다. 분광계 Δ x의 공간 해상도가 주어집니다으로: <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/54408/54408eq_DELTA_x.jpg" /> L 개의 CP가 결정 플라즈마 간의 거리이고, D는 결정의 높이이다. 결정 층의 2 차원 공간이 분리되기 때문에 재료를 선택할 때,이 고려되어야한다. 검출기 표면이 평탄하기 때문에, 그들은 단지 검출 된 광선은 롤 런드 원의 해당 지점에 정확하게 착륙하지 않기 때문에, 결과적으로 오차를 초래 한 점에서 롤 런드 원에 접하는 수있다. 물리적으로,이 어긋남이 상기 검출기에 대한 특정 에너지의 광자 &quot;번짐&quot;로 나타난다. 이 요한 오류는 다음과 같이 정의된다 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/54408/54408eq_delta_xj.jpg" /> L은 결정의 폭이다. 검출기 픽셀 폭 ΔX P가 요한 오차보다 큰 경우, 상기 스펙트럼 해상도는 독립적이다. 그들은 경우유사한 크기의 재 후 총 에러로 근사화 될 수있다 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/54408/54408eq_delta_x_2.jpg" /> . 결정 분광기의 분해능이 주어진다 : <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/54408/54408eq_lambda0.jpg" /> 여기서 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/54408/54408eq_delta_theta.jpg" /> . 도 5에 도시 된 바와 같이, 대신 HIREXSR 그러나 롤 런드 원에 지점 검출기 접선 배치의 검출기는, 스펙트럼 범위의 정확도를 희생 약간 경사져.이 에러 분석은 실험적으로 확인되었으므로 기대 (8)에 따른다. 요한 분석기를 설계 할 때 고려해야 할 두 가지 중요한 매개 변수가 있습니다. 우선, 촬상 범위는 분광계 관찰 될지를 결정한다. 플라즈마 연구를 들면, 폴로 이달 및 toroi 의한 광고 변화를 구별하기 위해 그것의 전체 단면을 확인하는 것이 매우 바람직하다DAL 회전. HIREXSR는 전체 플라즈마를 볼 수 있도록 장착되고, 도넛 정확한 측정을 허용하도록 (도 6에 도시) ~8 °로 떨어져 축이 약간 경사. 둘째, 시간 해상도는 분광계가 기록 할 수있는 이벤트 사이의 최소 시간을 조절한다. Alcator C-모 들어, 바람직한 값은 에너지와 입자 제한 시간보다 짧은 20 이하 밀리가 있습니다. HIREXSR 용도가 20 밀리 초 이상으로 6 시간 해상도를 지원할 수있는 X 선 계산 픽셀 감지기 (9). 표 1은 모듈 사양 모두를 요약 한 것이다. 섭동 플라즈마 연구의 경우, Alcator C-모에 레이저 블로우 - 오프 시스템은 정확한 타이밍 (10) 여러 절제를 제공하는 데 사용됩니다. 레이저는 노스 다코타입니다 : 최대 10 Hz에서 운영 YAG (네오디뮴 도핑 된 이트륨 알루미늄 석류석). 초점도 7을 조향에 도시 된 바와 같이 레이저가 원격 제어 광 트레인에 입사이고상기 슬라이드상의 원하는 위치로 빔. 레이저 스폿 크기는 주입 플라즈마를 방해하지 않도록 제어 할 필요가있다. 긴 초점 길이 (1,146mm) 집광 렌즈 절제된 스폿 사이즈 ~ 0.5 내지 7 mm로 변화 할 수 있도록 원격 제어 선형 단계를 통해 광축을 따라 변환된다. 빠른 빔 스티어링은 2D 압전 거울을 통해 달성된다. 이 압전 시스템가 RS232 구동 미러에 장착되어있는 마운트합니다. 가진 Nd 외에 : YAG 레이저, 633 nm의 다이오드 레이저 주 (적외선) 빔의 위치를​​ 표시하기 위해 사용된다. 빔은 제 1 미러를 통해 동일 선상되도록 만들어진다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="816">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PILATUS 100k Detector System</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">DECTRIS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100k</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Superseded by newer PILATUS3 detectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bragg Crystals</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Kurchaov Institute</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom Part</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CaF2 Slides</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">LeBow</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom Part</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High Purity Argon</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AR HP300</td>
			<td>Any high purity argon should work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Be window</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Brush Wellman Electrofusion Products / Motion Hightech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom part</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

applying x-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy for use as a high temperature plasma diagnostic

X 선 스펙트럼은 고온 플라즈마에 대한 풍부한 정보를 제공한다; 예를 들면 전자 온도 및 밀도 선 강도 비로부터 추론 될 수있다. 플라즈마를 보는 요한 분광기를 사용함으로써, 이러한 양호한 시간 및 공간 해상도의 밀도, 온도 및 속도와 같은 플라즈마 파라미터 정보를 구성 할 수있다. 그러나, 잘 진단 실험실 플라즈마로부터 얻어지는 X 선 스펙트럼의 원자 번호 모델링 벤치마킹 다른 독립적 인 진단을 이용할 수없는 경우에, 플라즈마 파라미터를 결정하기 위해 이러한 스펙트럼의 사용을 정당화하는 것이 중요하다. 이 원고는 공간 해상도와 고해상도 X 선 크리스탈 영상 분광계 (HIREXSR), 공간적으로 토카막 중간 원자 번호 원소의 수소와 헬륨 등의 이온을 확인하는 데 사용되는 X 선 분광계 이미징 높은 파장 해상도의 동작을 제공합니다 혈장. 또한,이 원고는 이온을 도입 할 수있는 레이저 분출 시스템을 포함정확한 타이밍으로 플라즈마에 플라즈마 수송의 섭동 연구를 허용합니다.

헬륨 같은 아르곤의 스펙트럼을 한 번 빈의 픽셀 검출기에서 대표적인 데이터 샘플이 그림 17에 표시됩니다. 구형 결정에 의해 타원형 모양으로 구부러진 스펙트럼 라인을 명확하게 볼 수 있습니다. 상부 탐지기는 고장 검출기 패널을 갖고, 검출기 모두 흩어져 죽은 픽셀이있다. 깨진 검출기 패널의 데이터는 무시해야합니다. 측정 된 스펙트럼은 단일 코드 위...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic at JoVE.com

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

X 선 스펙트럼은 고온 플라즈마에 풍부한 정보를 제공합니다. 이 원고는 공간적으로 토카막 플라즈마 중간 원자 번호 원소의 수소와 헬륨 등의 이온을 확인하는 데 사용되는 X 선 분광계 이미징 높은 파장 해상도의 동작을 제공합니다.

하이 온도 플라즈마 진단으로 사용하기 위해 X 선 영상 크리스탈 분광학 적용

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line ...

The overall goal of this X-ray spectroscopy technique is to measure the time evolution of the spacial profiles of several plasma parameters, such as ion temperature, rotation velocity, electron temperature, and impurity density in a fusion plasma.This method can help answer key questions in the field of plasma physics by providing experimental data on momentum, heat, and particle transport.This information is then used in transport modeling codes to validate our understanding of the underlying processes.The main advantage of this technique is that it's passive.Demonstrating this procedure will be grad student Norman Cao and undergrad Andr

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Engineering

11.2K 조회수.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The overall goal of this X-ray spectroscopy technique is to measure the time evolution of the spacial profiles of several plasma parameters, such as ion temperature, rotation velocity, electron temperature, and impurity density in a fusion plasma.This method can help answer key questions in the field of plasma physics by providing experimental data on momentum, heat, and particle transport.This information is then used in transport modeling codes to validate our understanding of the underlyin...

비디오: Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

여러 유체 페이즈 저수지 조건 기공 크기의 이미징 X 레이 Microtomography 사용

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

연구

공학

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction.
Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of &gt; 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm.
Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.

The use of energy dispersive X-ray tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize elemental distributions within single nanoparticles in three dimensions is described.

개별 나노 입자의 3D 원소 매핑에 대한 에너지 분산 X 선 단층 촬영

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial ...

Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent of lithium-ion batteries, researchers have known that the lithium metal anode has the highest theoretical energy density of any anode material. However, rechargeable batteries containing a lithium metal anode are not widely used in consumer products because the growth of lithium dendrites from the anode upon charging of the battery causes premature cell failure by short circuit. Lithium dendrites can also form in commercial lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes if they are improperly charged. We demonstrate that lithium dendrite growth can be studied using synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography. This non-destructive imaging technique allows researchers to study the growth of lithium dendrites, in addition to other morphological changes inside batteries, and subsequently develop methods to extend battery life.

Synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography is used to image the electrochemical growth of dendrites from a lithium metal electrode through a solid polymer electrolyte membrane.

싱크로 기반 하드 X 선 Microtomography를 사용하여 배터리의 실패 분석

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent ...

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is reported. The measurements were demonstrated at the 1-BM bending magnet beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). By using a 2-D checkerboard &#960;/2 phase-shift grating, transverse coherence lengths were obtained along the vertical and horizontal directions as well as along the 45&#176; and 135&#176; directions to the horizontal direction. Following the technical details specified in this paper, interferograms were measured at different positions downstream of the phase grating along the beam propagation direction. Visibility values of each interferogram were extracted from analyzing harmonic peaks in its Fourier Transformed image. Consequently, the coherence length along each direction can be extracted from the evolution of visibility as a function of the grating-to-detector distance. The simultaneous measurement of coherence lengths in four directions helped identify the elliptical shape of the coherence area of the Gaussian-shaped X-ray source. The reported technique for multiple-direction coherence characterization is important for selecting the appropriate sample size and orientation as well as for correcting the partial coherence effects in coherence scattering experiments. This technique can also be applied for assessing coherence preserving capabilities of X-ray optics.

The measurement protocol and data analysis procedure are given for obtaining transverse coherence of a synchrotron radiation X-ray source along four directions simultaneously using a single 2-D checkerboard phase grating. This simple technique can be applied for complete transverse coherence characterization of X-ray sources and X-ray optics.

2-D 바둑판 위상 격자를 사용하여 여러 길을 따라 X 선 빔 일관성의 측정

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is ...

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due to fundamental constraints imposed by the hyperpolarized state, exotic imaging and reconstruction techniques are commonly used. A practical system for characterization of dynamic, multi-spectral imaging methods is critically needed. Such a system must reproducibly recapitulate the relevant chemical dynamics of normal and pathological tissues. The most widely utilized substrate to date is hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate for assessment of cancer metabolism. We describe an enzyme-based phantom system that mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The reaction is initiated by injection of the hyperpolarized agent into multiple chambers within the phantom, each of which contains varying concentrations of reagents that control the reaction rate. Multiple compartments are necessary to ensure that imaging sequences faithfully capture the spatial and metabolic heterogeneity of tissue. This system will aid the development and validation of advanced imaging strategies by providing chemical dynamics that are not available from conventional phantoms, as well as control and reproducibility that is not possible in vivo.

A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

과분극 자기 공명 에이전트의 연구 다중 구획 동적 단일 효소 팬텀의 사용

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due ...

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

We demonstrate a method for electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery. An aprotic Li-O2 battery is made of a Li-metal anode, an aprotic electrolyte, and an O2-breathing cathode. The aprotic electrolyte is a solution of lithium salt with aprotic solvent; and porous carbon is commonly used as the cathode substrate. To improve the performance, an electrocatalyst is deposited onto the porous carbon substrate by certain deposition methods, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and wet-chemistry reaction. The as-prepared cathode materials are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). A Swagelok-type cell, sealed in a glass chamber filled with pure O2, is used for the electrochemical test on a battery test system. The cells are tested under either capacity-controlled mode or voltage controlled mode. The reaction products are investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy to study the possible pathway of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This protocol demonstrates a systematic and efficient arrangement of routine tests of the aprotic Li-O2 battery, including the electrochemical test and characterization of battery materials.

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

A protocol for the electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery with the preparation of electrodes and electrolytes and an introduction of the frequently used methods of characterization is presented here.

비 양성 자성 리튬 O의 전기 시험 프로토콜 및 특성<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 배터리

We demonstrate a method for electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery. An aprotic Li-O2 battery is made of a Li-metal anode, an aprotic ...

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve geologic seals and allow CO2 to escape. However, the dissolution processes at reservoir conditions are poorly understood. Thus, time-resolved experiments are needed to observe and predict the nature and rate of dissolution at the pore scale. Synchrotron fast tomography is a method of taking high-resolution time-resolved images of complex pore structures much more quickly than traditional &#181;-CT. The Diamond Lightsource Pink Beam was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 hours. The images were segmented and the porosity and permeability were measured using image analysis and network extraction. Porosity increased uniformly along the length of the sample; however, the rate of increase of both porosity and permeability slowed at later times.

Synchrotron fast tomography was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 h.

싱크로 빠른 단층 촬영을 사용하여 탄산염의 반응의 동적 기공 규모의 저수지 조건 이미징

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve ...

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate crystal microbalance, LCM) and its use for gas adsorption measurements in zeolite H-ZSM-5. Prior to the adsorption measurements, zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals were synthesized on the gold electrode in the center of the LCM, without covering the connection points of the gold electrodes to the oscillator, by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method, so that the zeolite crystals remain attached to the oscillating microbalance while keeping good electroconductivity of the LCM during the adsorption measurements. Compared to a conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) which is limited to temperatures below 80 &#176;C, the LCM can realize the adsorption measurements in principle at temperatures as high as 200-300 &#176;C (i.e., at or close to the reaction temperature of the target application of one-stage DME synthesis from the synthesis gas), owing to the absence of crystalline-phase transitions up to its melting point (1,470 &#176;C). The system was applied to investigate the adsorption of CO2, H2O, methanol and dimethyl ether (DME), each in the gas phase, on zeolite H-ZSM-5 in the temperature and pressure range of 50-150 &#176;C and 0-18 bar, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of these gases in H-ZSM-5 can be well fitted by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, the determined adsorption parameters, i.e., adsorption capacities, adsorption enthalpies, and adsorption entropies, compare well to literature data. In this work, the results for CO2 are shown as an example.

A protocol for high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurements on zeolite H-ZSM-5 using an adsorption measurement device based on a langatate crystal microbalance is presented. Prior to the adsorption measurements, the synthesis of zeolite H-ZSM-5 on the langatate crystal microbalance sensor by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method is demonstrated.

제올라이트 고온 고압의 가스 흡착 용 Langatate 크리스탈 마이크로 밸런스 기준 흡착 기기 H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

에 의한 나노 구조 산화 이트륨 안정화 지르코니아 (YSZ) 비계의 고온 제작<em&gt; 시츄</em&gt; 탄소 템플릿 생성 크 세로 겔

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder microdiffraction two-dimensional (2D) maps at beamline 12.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Measurements can be performed on any sample that is less than 10 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm, with a flat exposed surface. The experimental geometry is calibrated using standard materials (elemental standards for XRF, and crystalline samples such as Si, quartz, or Al2O3 for diffraction). Samples are aligned to the focal point of the x-ray microbeam, and raster scans are performed, where each pixel of a map corresponds to one measurement, e.g., one XRF spectrum or one diffraction pattern. The data are then processed using the in-house developed software XMAS, which outputs text files, where each row corresponds to a pixel position. Representative data from moissanite and an olive snail shell are presented to demonstrate data quality, collection, and analysis strategies.

We describe a beamline setup meant to carry out rapid two-dimensional x-ray fluorescence and x-ray microdiffraction mapping of single crystal or powder samples using either Laue (polychromatic radiation) or powder (monochromatic radiation) diffraction. The resulting maps give information about strain, orientation, phase distribution, and plastic deformation.