We are grateful to anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript. We thank R. Bowes, R. Carreno, and T. Panhuis for assistance in collecting the fish. We also thank M. Lee for assistance with male preference trials. We are grateful to the Ohio Wesleyan University Department of Zoology for helpful advice and suggestions throughout this study and Arizona State University (McGraw Lab) for software advice.

모든 실험은 오하이오 웨슬리 언 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회의 승인을 실시 하였다. 분광 광도계를 사용하여 물고기의 1. 녹화 UV 반사율 <ol><li> 파장의 범위 알려진 흰색 표준 분광 광도계와 광원을 보정하는 장비 또는 소프트웨어의 권고에 따라 측정한다. </li><li> 에틸 3- 아미노 벤조 에이트, 메탄 설폰 산염의 0.5 % 수용액에 넣어 물고기 마취 (MS-222)가 물고기가 응답 될 때까지 중탄산 나트륨을 동일한 양의 버퍼. 응답하면, 즉시 블랙, 비 반사 배경에 물고기를 배치합니다. 참고 : MS-222는 잠재적으로 독성, 장갑은 항상 착용해야한다. </li><li> 분광계 광원의 이상을 초과 빛을 최소화하기 위해 어두운 방에있는 모든 측정을 수행. </li><li> 유기체의 몸에 대해 유지 광섬유 프로브를 사용하여 측정 반사율. 하다일부 프로브 설계에 내장 된 바와 같이, 광섬유와 본체 사이의 일관성 45 ° 각도를 형성해야. 주 : 측정 일관성을 위해, 다수의 스캔 (2 - 5)에 걸쳐 평균하는 것이 바람직 할 수있다 바디 영역마다. </li><li> 적절한 반사율 분석 소프트웨어와 함께 기록 반사율 데이터. 참고 : 통합 시간 = 2000 초, 평균 검사 = 2, 및 픽셀 다듬기 = 5. 데이터 복사 및 스프레드 시트에 붙여되었다 여기에 사용되는 소프트웨어로 설정했다. </li><li> 존재 또는 UV 반사율 및 생물에서 표현형 변이의 범위의 유무를 결정하기 위해 여러 신체 영역에 반복합니다. 주 : 예비 스캔이있는 경우, 본문 부분이 지속적으로 UV 마크를 표시하는 판별 할 필요가있다. </li><li> 완전히 회복 될 때까지 정상 아가미의 비트와 수영의 행동에 의해 입증, 잘 산소 유지 수족관에 물고기를 돌려줍니다. 참고 : 몸 피부 회복에 도움을 첨가 할 수있다에 상업 보호제는 점액 코팅을 복원 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 대표원하는 경우 남녀 모두를 포함, 여러 개인에서 먹는다. </li><li> 모든 데이터가 X 축의 Y 축 및 파장에 대한 반사율, 산점도를 사용하여 플롯 데이터 복사 된 스프레드 시트. 자외선 영역에서의 피크 진폭 (300-400 나노 미터)가 물고기 UV 반사율의 존재를 나타낸다. </li></ol> 2. 이분법 적 결합 재판 주 : 초점 물고기, UV 필터, 불투명 필터를 대신하는 제어 관측을 수행. 불투명 필터가 제거 된 이들 실험에서, 초점 물고기 UV 광의 유무를 표시하지만, 잠재적 결합 파트너 결여 탱크의 일부를 노출한다. 이 실험에서 이분법 적 선택 시험의 유효성에 대한 자세한 내용은 참조하십시오 이러한 테스트도 가지고 있습니다하지만 파머와 Hankison (2015) 10, 11 단점. <ol><li> 초점 생물 등의 성적으로 받아들이는 개인을 사용합니다. 여성 P.를 사용하여 latipinna &lt;48 시간 산후 5차 남성은 이전에 성적 동기 부여의 가능성을 개선하기 위해 테스트에 최소 24 시간 동안입니다. </li><li> 이 선택 구획에 인접 중성 영역으로 하나의 초점 개인을 놓습니다. P.하십시오 두 개의 동일한 크기의 선택 구획에 의해 측면에 초점 개인에 대한 중앙 영역을 형성, 투명한 플렉시 유리 파티션에 의해 세 부분으로 나누어, latipinna는 75.7 L 테스트 수족관 (그림 1 30.5 cm X 30.5 cm X 75cm)를 사용합니다. 물이나 후각 단서 개별 탱크 섹션간에 공유되지 않았는지 확인합니다. 각 개인이 관찰 될 때까지 반복합니다. </li></ol><img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54453/54453fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 실험 수족관 설치 세 부분으로 나누어 직사각형 수족관 :. 초점 개인과 개체 쌍을 개최 두 끝 구획을 유지 중앙 영역 (그림은 끝에 객체 남성과 중간에 여성을 보여줍니다). 교환 FIL어느 차단 또는 허용 자외선 반사율이 수족관의 남성과 여성의 섹션을 나누어 유리 파티션 위에 배치 할 수 TERS. 이 그림은 파머와 Hankison (2015) 10에서 수정됩니다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54453/54453fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <ol start="3"><li> 풀 스펙트럼 조명 조건 (그 스펙트럼 UV-A 범위로 확장 조명)에서 테스트 수족관의 각 끝 구획 (선택 함) 하나의 잠재적 인 짝짓기 파트너를 찾아냅니다. 두 개의 격리 된 결합 파트너 사이의 주요 차이점은 그들이 자외선 광을 투과 블록 또는 필터 뒤에 표시할지 여부되도록 잠재적 인 짝짓기 파트너, 크기, 착색 및 디스플레이 특성에 최대한 가깝게 서로를 닮아 있는지 확인합니다. 주 :이 최상의 컬러 매칭 알 수 있도록 가시 광선 영역의 반사율을 기록하는 것이 바람직 할 수있다여기에 비록 일치가 눈에 의해 수행되었다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 시각 격리에서 개인 (불투명 필터) 적응. 그 자외선 +를 확인하고 - 필터가이 시간에 장소에 있습니다. 순응 후, 불투명 한 필터를 제거합니다. 그 측면 바이어스가 (에 관계없이 객체의 탱크의 한면에 대한 고유의 환경 설정) 존재하지 않습니다 보장하기 위해 무작위로 UV +와 UV를 할당 - 탱크의 측면을 각 각 재판. </li><li> 스톱워치를 이용하여 초점 개인 (약 2 표준 본체 길이,이 경우, 선택 구획 근방) 특정 환경 영역에서 소비되는 시간을 기록한다. 여성 물고기의 경우,이 남성 초점 물고기에 대한이 두 남성의 각 근처에 소비 시간의 양, 그리고 바이스​​ 마찬가지입니다. 주 : 이벤트 레코더 소프트웨어는 기록에 사용될 수있다. 15 분의 시험은 응답하지 않는 것으로 한 번 이상 결과에서 제외 된 각각의 환경 설정 영역을 방문하지 않은 실험과 생선에 사용되었다. </li><li> 기록 물고기 비어 UV + 및 UV 부근 보내는 시간 분석 - 물고기의 상대 선택에 영향을 줄 수있는 특정 조명 환경쪽으로 고유 바이어스가되지 않도록 구획. 개인이 특정 UV 조건을 선호하는 경우 결정하기 위해 쌍 t-테스트를​​ 사용합니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

측정법은 P.에 UV 표시를 식별 성공 latipinna. P.의 두 남녀 latipinna는 측면을 따라 UV 표시를 가지고있다. 또한, 일부 남성은 자신의 등 지느러미에 UV 표시를했다, 특성은 이전에 여성 짝짓기 환경 설정 7에 중요한 것으로 나타났습니다. 우리는 UV 마크의 존재를 검출하기위한 메커니즘으로서 UV 분광 광도계의 사용을 권장. 또한 테스트는 짝짓기...

단서과 동물의 사회적 상호 작용에 사용되는 신호를 이해하는 것은 우리가 내 종 중 모두 표현형의 변화를 이해 할 수 있습니다. 이 변형은 개체군 발산 성 선택 및 분화와 같은 진화 과정에서 중요한 역할을한다. 종종, 그러나, 연구진은 인간의 감각 기관, 시각 또는 청각 영역 내에서 특히 가장 확실한 단서를 탐험 제한됩니다. 분광 광도법의 사용은, 그러나, 인간의 가시 스펙트럼을 넘어 다른 종의 사회적 상호 작용에 중요 할 수있다 파장에 우리의 조사를 확장하는 우리를 할 수 있습니다. 특히, 자외선에 의해 제공되는 단거리 통신 (UV; 300-400 ㎚) 감도 메이트 선택 일 동안 매우 유리할 가능성이있다. 조류 및 어류의 대부분 시각적 사냥 육식 동물, 예를 들어 UV 방사선을 검출 할 수 없다. 남성 정교하게 표시 시스템에서자외선 스펙트럼을 이용하기보다는 가시 스펙트럼 2,3-에서 검출 신호를 개발하여 메이트를 유치 할 수있는 능력을 유지하면서 하나의 유기체들 각각과 통신하는 가능성을 고려하지 못하면 암컷이 수컷 .. 포식의 위험을 감소시킬 다른 사용하여 이러한 &quot;개인 통신 채널&quot;, 행동과 진화의 중요한 드라이버를 놓칠 수있다. 이 프로토콜은 SailFin을 몰리, Poecilia latipinna, 기존에 UV를 감지하거나 UV 마크를 활용하는 능력을 알려져 있지 않은 일부 다처제 물고기 메이트 선택을위한 UV 큐의 사용에 대한 조사를 간략하게 설명합니다. 이 물고기 종은 다른 자외선에 민감한 라이브 베어링 물고기 (4)에 가까운 계통 근접을 가지고 있으며, microspectroscopic 증거가있다 P. 이러한 P. 다른 몰리 종과 함께 latipinna, 멕시 카나와 P. 포모사 공동을 담당 시각 세포 (콘 클래스를 가지고UV 파장 5에 가장 민감 LOR 비전). 이 성적으로 동종 이형 종에서는, 여성의 선택은 남성 &#39;밝은 색상과 확대 핀 6-9의 발전에 강한 역할을하고있다. 이 방법은 우리가 UV는 여성이 남성의 품질을 평가하는 추가 매체인지 여부를 탐색 할 수 있습니다. 검출 및 P.에 UV 마크의 측정 광섬유 프로브를 여기에 자세히 설명되어 latipinna 분광 광도계. 또한, 수용 여성 mollies가 차등 UV-A를 포함한 전체 스펙트럼 빛을 전송하는 광학 필터를 통해 본 남성과 연관 여부 ([UV +] 320-700 ㎚) 및 자외선 차단 필터를 통해 본 남성 ([자외선] (400) - 700 nm의)이 논의된다. 이 방법은 UV와 행동에서의 역할과 관련된 다양한 질문에 대한 연구를, 물고기와 다른 생물에 UV 감도와 컬러 패턴을 발견 허용하는 다양한 응용 프로그램이 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Spectrophotometer, P1000</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Ocean Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:351px;">newer models are availabe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">DT 1000 xenon UV light source</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Ocean Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>newer models are availabe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ocean Optics Overture Software</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Ocean Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>newer software is available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">R200-Angle-UV bifurcated fiber-optic probe (Guided Wave)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Ocean Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>newer models are availabe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Certified reflectance standard, white</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">labsphere</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">75.7 L Aquarium, divided</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Experimental Builder</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">Full Spectrum Bulb</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Nature&#39;s Sunlight</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:357px;">UV blocking sheet</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">GAM UV Sheet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assays to detect uv-reflecting structures and determine their importance in mate preference using the sailfin molly poecilia latipinna

대부분의 생물은 사회적 상호 작용하는 동안 인간의 감성을 넘어 단서 및 신호를 사용합니다. 그들의 행동과 생태를 이해하려고 할 때 유기체가 자신의 세계를 인식하는 방법을 고려하는 것이 중요하다. 자외선 스펙트럼 감도 (UV; 300-400 nm의)는 새, 물고기, 파충류, 양서류, 심지어 포유류의 여러 속에서 발견된다. 이 프로토콜은 UV 반사 구조의 존재와 이들 큐 메이트 원하는 맥락에서 사회적 신호로서 이용되는지 여부를 테스트하기위한 방법에 대해 유기체를 검사하는 기술을 설명한다. 분광 광도계는 개인 및 양성 사이의 반사 강도 UV 반사율 변동의 존재를 검출하는데 사용된다. 이 기술의 예는 이분법 메이트 선택 테스트 외관 전체 스펙트럼 또는 블록 UV 파장을 전송하거나 필터에 의해 조작 할 수있는 이성의 개인 성적으로 받아들이는 개인을 노출하는 표시됩니다. 이시스템은, 여성,하지만 남자하지 SailFin을의 mollies (Poecilia latipinna)이 자신의 짝짓기 결정의 일부로서 UV 표시를 사용했던 결정에 대해 허용. 연구의 이러한 종류의 UV를 활용 생물의 범위에 대한 우리의 지식을 확장하여 UV 자신의 삶에 중요한 역할을하는 방법에 대한 통찰력을 제공하는 역할을한다.

<html> 1 및도 2는 실험에 대한 설정 짝짓기 환경 수족관 및 UV 측정 사이트를 보여줍니다. UV 반사율 판정이 허용 측정 P. latipinna 이러한 특성의 개인차에 더하여, 특히 몸 (도 3)의 측면을 따라, UV 특성을 보유 할. UV 특성이 발견되면, 테스트는 여성이 아닌 남성, P. 밝혀 그들의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna at JoVE.com

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

이 프로토콜은 생물에 자외선 반사 구조를 감지하는 분광 광도법의 사용을 설명합니다 (이 예에서 SailFin을 몰리 Poecilia latipinna) 및 추론 메이트 선택시 자외선 단서의 역할을 할 수 있도록 물고기에 대한 이분법 적 선택 테스트를 설명합니다.

분석은 UV 반사 구조를 검색 및 SailFin을 몰리를 사용하여 메이트 환경 설정에서 자신의 중요성을 확인하는 방법<em&gt; Poecilia latipinna</em

Many organisms use cues and signals beyond human sensitivity during social interactions. It is important to take into account how organisms perceive their ...

assays-to-detect-uv-reflecting-structures-determine-their-importance

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

6.5K 조회수.  Ohio Wesleyan University.  이 프로토콜은 생물에 자외선 반사 구조를 감지하는 분광 광도법의 사용을 설명합니다 (이 예에서 SailFin을 몰리 Poecilia latipinna) 및 추론 메이트 선택시 자외선 단서의 역할을 할 수 있도록 물고기에 대한 이분법 적 선택 테스트를 설명합니다. 

비디오: Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer basic questions on how light information is processed and shared between rapid and circadian behaviors. Drosophila larvae display a stereotypical avoidance behavior when exposed to light. To investigate light dependent behaviors comparably simple light-dark preference tests can be applied. In vertebrates and arthropods the neural pathways involved in sensing and processing visual inputs partially overlap with those processing photic circadian information. The fascinating question of how the light sensing system and the circadian system interact to keep behavioral outputs coordinated remains largely unexplored. Drosophila is an impacting biological model to approach these questions, due to a small number of neurons in the brain and the availability of genetic tools for neuronal manipulation. The presented light-dark preference assay allows the investigation of a range of visual behaviors including circadian control of phototaxis.

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Here we describe a light-dark preference test for Drosophila larva. This assay provides information about innate and circadian regulation of light sensing and processing photobehavior.

에 타고난 및 시간주기 규제 Photobehavior을 공부하는 빛 환경의 분석<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 애벌레

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer ...

연구

신경과학

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

글루타민산 염과 GABA의 빠른 마이크로 이온 도입 : 시냅틱 통합을 조사하는 유용한 도구

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample testing. Rapid BoNT testing of foodstuffs is needed during outbreak forensics, patient diagnosis, and food safety testing while accurate potency testing is required for BoNT-based drug product manufacturing and patient safety. The widely used mouse bioassay for BoNT testing is highly sensitive but lacks the precision and throughput needed for rapid and routine BoNT testing. Furthermore, the bioassay&#39;s use of animals has resulted in calls by drug product regulatory authorities and animal-rights proponents in the US and abroad to replace the mouse bioassay for BoNT testing. Several in vitro replacement assays have been developed that work well with purified BoNT in simple buffers, but most have not been shown to be applicable to testing in highly complex matrices. Here, a protocol for the detection of BoNT in complex matrices using the BoTest Matrix assays is presented. The assay consists of three parts: The first part involves preparation of the samples for testing, the second part is an immunoprecipitation step using anti-BoNT antibody-coated paramagnetic beads to purify BoNT from the matrix, and the third part quantifies the isolated BoNT&#39;s proteolytic activity using a fluorogenic reporter. The protocol is written for high throughput testing in 96-well plates using both liquid and solid matrices and requires about 2 hr of manual preparation with total assay times of 4-26 hr depending on the sample type, toxin load, and desired sensitivity. Data are presented for BoNT/A testing with phosphate-buffered saline, a drug product, culture supernatant, 2% milk, and fresh tomatoes and includes discussion of critical parameters for assay success.

The BoTest Matrix botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection assays rapidly purify and quantify BoNT from a range of sample matrices.&#160;Here, we present a protocol for the detection and quantification of BoNT from both solid and liquid matrices and demonstrate the assay with BOTOX, tomatoes, and milk.

BoTest 매트릭스 분석 실험을 사용하여 복잡한 매트릭스에서 분리 및 보툴리눔 신경 독소의 정량화

Accurate detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in complex matrices is required for pharmaceutical, environmental, and food sample ...

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and decreases waste in costs and reagents. Here we describe optimization of a multiplex assay to assess apoptosis following a palmitic acid (PA) challenge in an in vitro hypothalamic model, using both fluorescent and luminescent based assays to measure viable cell counts and caspase-3/7 activity in a 96-well microtiter plate format. Following PA challenge, viable cells were determined by a resazurin-based fluorescent assay. Caspase-3/7 activity was then determined using a luminogenic substrate, DEVD, and normalized to cell number. This multiplexing assay is a useful technique for determining change in caspase activity following an apoptotic stimulus, such as saturated fatty acid challenge. The saturated fatty acid PA can increase hypothalamic oxidative stress and apoptosis, indicating the potential importance of assays such as that described here in studying the relationship between saturated fatty acids and neuronal function.

Multiplex assays can provide beneficial information for basic cellular mechanisms&#160;and eliminate waste of reagents and unnecessary repetitive experiments. We describe here a multiplex caspase-3/7 activity assay, using fluorescent- and luminescent-based methods, to determine cell viability in an in vitro hypothalamic model following oxidative challenge with palmitic acid.

시상 하부 세포 모델에서 세포 사멸을 결정하는 카스파 다중 분석의 사용

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

정위 뇌파를 사용하여 깊은 피질의 기능 및 피질 하 구조 조사 : 전방에 cingulate 피질 수업

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house single or multiple neurons inside, are considered to make the major contribution in responding to the chemical stimuli. By directly recording action potential in the olfactory sensillum after exposure to stimuli, single sensillum recording (SSR) technique provides a powerful approach for investigating the neural responses of insects to chemical stimuli. For the bed bug, which is a notorious human parasite, multiple types of olfactory sensillum have been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated neural responses of bed bug olfactory sensilla to two chemical stimuli and the dose-dependent responses to one of them using the SSR method. This approach enables researchers to conduct early screening for individual chemical stimuli on the bed bug olfactory sensilla, which would provide valuable information for the development of new bed bug attractants or repellents and benefits the bed bug control efforts.

Bed bugs rely on olfactory receptor neurons housed in their antennal olfactory sensilla to detect semiochemicals in the environment. Utilizing single sensillum recording, we demonstrate a method to evaluate bed bug response to semiochemicals and explore the coding process involved.

Semiochemicals에 침대 버그의 후각 신경 세포 응답을 감지하기 위해 단일 ​​Sensillum 기록을 사용하여

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

성인을위한 맛의 기본 설정 분석<em&gt; 초파리</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

신경 줄기 세포의 열거 클론 세이를 이용하여

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay described here will aid in elucidating the role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of microglia, resident immune cells of the brain, as a surrogate biosensor provides novel insight into how inflammatory responses mediate neuronal insults. Here, we utilize an immortalized murine microglial cell line, designated BV2, and describe a method for nanoparticle exposure using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a standard. We describe how to expose microglia to nanoparticles, how to remove nanoparticles from supernatant, and how to use supernatant from activated microglia to determine toxicity, using hypothalamic cell survival as a measure. Following AgNP exposure, BV2 microglial activation was validated using a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The supernatant was filtered to remove the AgNP and to allow cytokines and other secreted factors to remain in the conditioned media. Hypothalamic cells were then exposed to supernatant from AgNP activated microglia and survival of neurons was determined using a resazurin-based fluorescent assay. This technique is useful for utilizing microglia as a surrogate biomarker of neuroinflammation and determining the effect of neuroinflammation on other cell types.

Microglia (immune cells of the brain), are used as a surrogate biosensor to determine how nanoparticles influence neurotoxicity. We describe a series of experiments designed to assay microglial response to nanoparticles and exposure of hypothalamic neurons to supernatant from activated microglia to determine neurotoxicity.

나노 입자 신경 독성을 결정하는 대리 바이오 센서로 미세 아교 세포

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay ...

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this challenging. Because the ventricles are negative spaces located deep within the brain, the only way to understand their anatomy is by appreciating their boundaries formed by related structures. Looking at a 2D representation of these spaces, in any of the cardinal planes, will not enable visualisation of all of the structures that form the boundaries of the ventricles. Thus, using 2D sections alone requires students to compute their own mental image of the 3D ventricular spaces. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible method for dissecting the human brain to create an educational resource to enhance student understanding of the intricate relationships between the ventricles and periventricular structures. To achieve this, we created a video resource that features a step-by-step guide using a fiber dissection method to reveal the lateral and third ventricles together with the closely related limbic system and basal ganglia structures. One of the advantages of this method is that it enables delineation of the white matter tracts that are difficult to distinguish using other dissection techniques. This video is accompanied by a written protocol that provides a systematic description of the process to aid in the reproduction of the brain dissection. This package offers a valuable anatomy teaching resource for educators and students alike. By following these instructions educators can create teaching resources and students can be guided to produce their own brain dissection as a hands-on practical activity. We recommend that this video guide be incorporated into neuroanatomy teaching to enhance student understanding of the morphology and clinical relevance of the ventricles.

This paper demonstrates the effective use of a fiber dissection method to reveal the superficial white matter tracts and periventricular structures of the human brain, in three-dimensional space, to aid student comprehension of ventricular morphology.

깊은 공간-인간 두뇌의 측면 심 공개 뇌 구조 해부학 적 탐구

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this ...