Name: modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods
Uploaded: 2016-08-10T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 43 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

The investigations were financially supported by the Division for Earth and Life Sciences of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant 833.13.004), the Sci-Tech Landing Projection of Higher Education of Jiangxi Province (KJLD14030) and The Cultivation Plan for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province (Jinggang star 20153BCB23014). We thank Daomeng Fu, Zhigang Li and Xiaolong Huang for their help in producing the movie.

흡입 샘플링을위한 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 1. 변경 <ol><li> 재료 목록에 나열된 모든 부품을 수집합니다. </li><li> 경질 폴리 염화 비닐 (U-PVC) 접착제 (파이프 1-2-3-4-5 및 6-7) 모든 폴리 염화 비닐 (PVC) 파이프를 연결합니다. </li><li> 균등 기계의 흡입 입 주위에 분포되어 세 개의 구멍을 뚫습니다. </li><li> 세 개의 구멍 각각에 하나의 나사를 삽입하여 PVC 파이프 1-5의 마지막 1로 컴퓨터를 연결합니다. 연결이 팬을 청소 뒤집을 수 있어야하기 때문에 컴퓨터에 파이프 끝 1을 연결하는 접착제를 사용하지 마십시오. 주 : 시스템의 흡입 입구의 직경은 여기에 설명 된 모델과 다른 경우에, 파이프 (1)의 단부 직경 원활 시스템에 맞게 조정되어야한다. </li><li> 파이프가 5, 6 종료에 스레드 인감 테이프의 2 층을 추가합니다. </li><li> 호스 및 마우스 부 사이에 철망 조각을 끼워 넣은 (PVC 파이프 (6, 7))는 MA로 흡입되는 샘플링 순 방지차임. 0.5 mm와 0.5 cm 사이의 메쉬 직경 금속 거즈를 사용합니다. </li><li> 파이프 금속 클램프 농구와 5와 6을 종료에 호스를 연결합니다. </li></ol> 2. 샘플링 인클로저 준비 <ol><li> 플라스틱 양동이 (50 L, 40cm 바닥 직경)에서 바닥을 제거합니다. 인클로저의이 크기 자르기 단계 (24)에 따라 이식 쌀 필드에 2-4 쌀 언덕을 다룹니다. </li><li> 고무 밴드를 사용하여 버킷의 선두에 1 m의 길이, 나일론 메쉬를 부착 슬리브. 이 슬리브는 작은 목표 절지 동물의 이탈을 방지하기에 충분히 작은 메쉬 크기를 사용한다. 0.5 mm보다 직경이 적게 사용합니다. </li></ol> 흡입 샘플링에 대한 수정 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 3. 필드 응용 프로그램 <ol><li> 현장에서 장치를 작동하는 두 사람을 사용합니다. 한 사람이 송풍기 - 진공 청소기를 작동하고 다른 하나는 버킷 인클로저 및 샘플링 그물을 처리합니다. </li><li> 컴퓨터를 시작합니다. </li><li> 샘플링 북동를 삽입송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 입 부분에 T와 고무 밴드로 고정합니다. 인터넷의 경우, 최소 목표 절지 잡을 정도로 작지만 확실한 공기 저항을 생성하지 않는 메쉬 크기를 사용한다. 0.2-0.5 mm 사이의 메쉬 직경 광 나일론 재료를 사용한다. </li><li> 분야의 임의 위치에서 식물 위에 빨리 격납 장소 단단히 토양에 버킷의 바닥을 누른다. 슬리브가 인클로저의 상단에서 탈출 절지 동물을 방지하기 위해 폐쇄되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 표준화 된 샘플링 기간 동안, 위에서 아래로 나선형 방식으로 인클로저 내부에서 모든 절지 동물을 제거합니다. 생장과 생식 단계에서 쌀 작물의 경우, 각각 1과 2 분의 샘플링 기간을 사용합니다. </li><li> 샘플을 마무리 한 후, 샘플링 그물에서 고무 밴드를 제거 시스템 실행을 유지하면서 신속하게 그물을 닫고 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 입 부분에서 그것을 가지고 매듭으로 닫습니다. </li><li> 반복의3.2 다음 샘플 필드에 임의의 위치에서 3.5 TEPS. 복제 수는 필드 절지 동물의 공간적 분포의 추정에 필요한 정확하고 연구 목적의 변화에​​ 의존한다. 일반적으로, 여섯 복제는 절지 동물 사회와 종 존재비의 좋은 인상을 줄 것이다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

흡입 샘플링은 작물에 절지 동물 사회를 샘플링하는 여러 가지 방법 중 하나입니다. 시각 카운트 대조 - - 컬렉션 이상 처리 샘플의 저장을 허용 쌀 시스템 과학 연구 흡입 샘플링 적절한 옵션이 방법은 절지 밀도의 절대 추정치를 제공하기 때문에,이 비파괴하고있다. 시중에서 판매하는 D-진공 청소기에 비해 송풍기 - 진공 청소기는 인클로저와 결합 작고, 가볍고 및 (홍수) 논에서 쉽게 처리 할 수​​도 쉽다. 예를 들어, 송풍기 - 진공 청소기는 곤충 표본 추출에 대한 국제 표준으로 제시 배낭 D-진공 청소기 모델, 반면, 중량 12kg (11), 약 6kg의 무게. 송풍기-VAC의 비용이 작을 때 더욱 중요한 송풍기-VAC의 샘플링의 효율은 D-VAC (16, 17)보다 높다. 흡입 샘플러로 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정은 특별한 기술이나 장비가 필요하지 않습니다모든 추가 부품이 수집 한 후 시간 미만이 소요됩니다. 여기에 설명 된 송풍기-VAC는 구성 및 문헌 (16, 17)에 전술 한 버전보다 쉽게 동작하고, 필요한 부분 (표 1)는 널리 사용할 표준 건축 재료이다. 이는 개발 도상국의 작은 예산 연구자 또한 송풍기 - 진공 청소기에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 엔진의 힘과 변위는 송풍기-VAC의 흡인력을 결정한다. 여기에서 우리는 0.7-1.2 kW의 쌀에 공장 사는 절지 동물 커뮤니티 샘플링에 적합 25-35 CC 사이의 변위 사이의 힘으로 기계를 추천합니다. 플렉시블 플라스틱 호스의 길이 및 흡인 입구 부 (파이프 7)의 직경은 좋은 샘플링 성능에 중요하다. 샘플링시 사용하기 불편 너무 짧은 호스 반면 흡인력을 감소 너무 긴 호스. 비슷하게,너무 큰 직경의 마우스 부 인해 작은 표면 샘플링의 효율을 감소 너무 작은 직경 반면 흡인력을 감소시킬 것이다. 샘플링 효율 샘플링 기간에 달려있다. 샘플링 재배 기간에 걸쳐 수행되는 경우, 샘플링 시간은 효율과 유사한 수준을 유지하는 식물의 크기, 구조 및 파종 밀도가 조절 될 수있다. 표본 추출 효율을 샘플링 한 후 동봉 된 지역주의 육안 검사로 확인해야합니다. 절지 여전히 존재가 있으면, 샘플링 기간은 증가되어야한다. 생장 단계에서 쌀 작물의 권장 샘플링 지속 시간은 1 분입니다 및 생식 및 숙성 단계에서 2 분 거리에 있습니다. 대안 등의 함정과 같은 방법 및 이길 시트 샘플링 물을 서에서 가능하지 않은 상태에서 송풍기 - 진공 청소기에 흡입 샘플링, 침수 분야에서 수행 될 수있다. 송풍기 - 진공 청소기도 할 수있다시스템이 물을 흡입 할 수있는 바와 같이, 침수 논 (예를 들면, 육 물 버그)의 물 표면에 절지 커뮤니티를 샘플링하는데 사용. 그러나, 입 부분이 물에 깊이 삽입되고 공기 흐름이 차단 될 때 실행을 중지 할 수 있습니다 모터로 수생 절지 동물을 샘플링하지 않는 것이 좋습니다. 그렇다 쌀 송풍기-VAC도만큼 식물의 높이 및 구조와 같은 기타 작물 및 비 - 작물 서식지에서 사용할 수있는 인클로저 (25)의 적절한 배치를 허용한다. 우리 송풍기-VAC 흡입 추출법 비파괴이다. 샘플링 그물에 수집 거의 모든 절지 동물은 모기와 damselflies로 그 부드러운 몸을 포함, 살아 남았다. 이 방법의 응용 프로그램은, 그러나, 몇 가지 제한과 단점이 있습니다. 송풍기-VAC 두 사람에 의해 작동 될 필요가있다. 현장에서 송풍기 - 진공 청소기를 운반하는 것은 어떤 방해가 발생합니다, 따라서이 방법은 과소 평가 할 수있다이러한 메뚜기와 같은 교란에 민감한 종. 운동의 정방향 비교적 교란 영역에 격납 빠르고 급격​​한 배치이 전위 바이어스를 제한 할 수있다. 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 기계의 시끄러운 소리도 방해를 일으킬 수 있으며, 주거 지역에서 밤에 샘플링하는 것은 권장되지 않습니다. 이 방법은 약탈 잠자리 이상 hymenopterous 기생으로 높은 모바일 비행 곤충을 샘플링에 적합하지 않습니다. 임의의 샘플링 방식과 같이, 이러한 스윕 순 샘플링 또는 식물 파괴 수확과 같은 다른 방법으로 송풍기-VAC의 조합은 절지 커뮤니티 (26)의보다 완전한 평가와 균형을 제공 할 수있다.

작물의 초식성 및 entomophagous 절지 동물의 풍요 로움과 다양성의 반복 된 평가는 생물학적 방제 연구를 포함하여 인구 역학과 종 상호 작용의 생태 연구를 위해 필요합니다. 라이스 장관은 entomophagous 절지 동물 1, 2에 의해 생물학적 방제에 대한 높은 가능성, 주요 상식이지만, 이는 살충제 (3)에 의해 중단 될 수 있습니다. 예를 들면 (쌀 작물의 절지 동물의 다양성이 높을 수 있고, 절지 동물 종은 다양한 작물 계층 (예를 들어, 땅, 줄기, 캐노피, 꽃)를 차지 운동 (예를 들면, 걷기, 점프, 비행)의 모드에서 다른 전략을 구하고 고착 곤충, 사냥 육식 동물, 꽃의 방문 수분 매개자) 4를 빠는. 절지 샘플링 기법 장단점 각각의 넓은 범위가있다. 예를 들어, 함정 트랩 접지 사는 절지 샘플 있지만 활성 의존적 RELA을 제공하는데 사용될 수있다적인 인구는 5,6 추정하고있다. 스윕 그물은 캐노피 7-9에서 빠르게 비행 곤충 샘플 있지만 절지 풍부 상대 추정치를 제공하는데 사용될 수있다. 비트 시트 법 식물 사는 절지 커뮤니티를 샘플링하는데 사용 절지 풍부한 절대 추정치를 제공하지만, 이러한 논 10 효과적으로 침수 작물 분야에서 사용될 수 없다 할 수있다. 분야의 표준화 영역을 다루는 인클로저와 함께 실시 흡입 샘플링, 식물 서식하는 절지 동물의 밀도의 절대 추정치를 제공합니다. 이 방법은 침수 쌀에 사용될 수있다. 샘플은 이후의 처리 및 식별을 위해 저장 될 수있다. Dietrick 진공 (D-VAC) (11)는 제 상업적 개발 흡입 샘플러이다. D-진공 청소기가 여전히 널리 12-14 사용되지만, 그들은 비교적 비싼 제한된 흡인력 (15)을 갖고 그들 어렵게되는 비교적 무거운침수 논 (16) 취급 할 것. 아리타와 Heong 16은 가솔린 구동 잎 송풍기-VAC를 이용한 흡입 샘플러를 개발하고,이 프로토 타입은 상기와 Schoenly 도밍고 (17)에 의해 정제 하였다. 디 - (VAC)에 비해 송풍-VAC 흡입 샘플러의 이점은 훨씬 더 저렴하고 취급이 쉽다는 것을이다. 송풍기-VAC 흡입 추출법은 많은 연구 생태 18-23에서 사용되었지만, 그 변형 예 및 응용에 대한 안내를 명확하게 설명되지 않았다. 여기에서 우리는 홍수가 논에서 절지 동물 인구의 흡입 샘플링 가솔린 구동 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램의 비디오 기반의 상세한 설명을 제시한다. 수정은 아리타와 Heong 16 도밍고와 Schoenly (17)에 의해 영감을, 그러나 디자인은 건축과 사용을 촉진,이 원래의 간행물에 비해 더 단순하고있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Machine&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Leaf blower-vac</td><td>We used Oleo-Mac BV300, Made in Italy</td><td>Power: 1.0 kW, Displacement: 30.5 cc, Max air volume: 720 m&amp;sup3;/hr, Max air speed: 70 m/sec, Weight: 4.5 kg, Diameter of suction mouth: 113&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>There are many different brands and models available. For comparable performance, the specifications concerning power and air speed should be similar to those presented here.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Additional parts for modification&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 1</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash; of end connected to the machine: 112 mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of end connected to PVC pipe 2: 110 mm</td><td>This is the cover of a &amp;oslash; 110 mm PVC pipe</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 2</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 110 mm, Length: 10 cm</td><td>Normal outer &amp;oslash; 110 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 1 and 3</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 3</td><td></td><td>Inner &amp;oslash; of big end: 110 mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of small end: 50 mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 110 mm to &amp;oslash; 50&amp;nbsp;mm downpipe reducer</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 4</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 50 mm, Length: 5&amp;nbsp;cm</td><td>Normal &amp;oslash; 50 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 3 and 5</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 5</td><td></td><td>Inner &amp;oslash;: 50 mm and 32&amp;nbsp;mm, Outer &amp;oslash; of small part: 38 mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 50 mm to &amp;oslash; 32 mm downpipe reducer</td></tr><tr><td>Hose</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 40 mm</td><td>Wire-fortified, flexible plastic hose&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Metal gauze</td><td></td><td>Mesh &amp;oslash;: 1 mm, &amp;oslash;: 60 mm</td><td>Prevent the sampling net from being sucked into the machine</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 6</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash; of small end: 38&amp;nbsp;mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of big end: 63&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 32 mm to &amp;oslash; 63 mm reducer</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 7</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 63 mm, Length: 25 cm</td><td>Normal outer &amp;oslash; 63&amp;nbsp;mm PVC pipe</td></tr><tr><td>U-PVC glue</td><td></td><td></td><td>U-PVC glue; to connect PVC parts</td></tr><tr><td>Metal clamp hoops (2)</td><td>Flexible between &amp;oslash; 35 mm - 51 mm</td><td>To connect the hose with the PVC pipes</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thread seal tape</td><td>Width: 18mm</td><td>Seal the hose-PVC connections</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screws (3)</td><td></td><td>Length: 25&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>To connect PVC pipe 1 with the suction mouth of the machine</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Sampling net and enclosure&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sampling net</td><td>Mesh size &amp;oslash;: 0.3 mm, Width of the mouth: 10&amp;nbsp;cm, Height: 30 cm</td><td>The sampling net has a conical shape.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bucket</td><td></td><td>Bottom &amp;oslash;: 40 cm, Volume: 50 L</td><td>Cut the bottom</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon sleeve</td><td></td><td>Mesh size &amp;oslash;: 0.3 mm, Length: 1 m</td><td>To cover the bucket as enclosure</td></tr></tbody></table>

modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods

쌀 필드는 절지 동물의 큰 다양성을 호스팅,하지만 그들의 인구 역학과 상호 작용을 조사하는 것은 도전이다. 여기에서 우리는 쌀의 절지 동물 인구의 흡입 샘플링 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 인클로저와 병용되는 경우,이 샘플링 장치의 적용은 표준 샘플링 면적당 번호와 같은 절지 동물의 개체군의 절대 평가를 제공한다. 샘플링 효율 샘플링 기간에 달려있다. 성숙한 쌀 작물에서 0.13 평방 미터의 인클로저에 2 분 샘플링은 절지 동물 인구의 90 % 이상을 얻을 수 있습니다. 이 장치는 또한 수면이나 논에서 토양에 사는 절지 동물의 샘플링을 허용하지만, 그러한 약탈 잠자리 이상 hymenopterous 기생 빠른 속도로 비행 곤충을 샘플링에 적합하지 않습니다. 수정 된 송풍기 - 진공 청소기는 기존의 흡입 sampli보다 처리하는 구성이 간단하고, 저렴하고 쉽게이러한 D-진공 청소기로 NG 장치. 낮은 비용은 개발 도상국의 연구자도 수정 송풍기 - 진공 청소기에 액세스 할 수 있습니다.

<html> 295 절지 동물의 총 상대 수익률 간의 관계를 판별 9 월 2015 년 장시 성, 중국에서 숙성 단계에서 쌀 작물에서 8 세 분 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 샘플에서 수집합니다 (절지 동물의 비율은 샘플 수집 ) 및 지속 기간을 샘플링, 각 샘플을 30 초씩 여섯 서브 샘플들로 분할 하였다. 샘플 당 개인의 평균 수는 ± 4.1 36.9은 (± SEM을 의미)이었다. 팔 절지 동물 주문의 총 매미목 (28.8 %), Araneae (27.5 %)과 파리목 (17.6 %) 인 지배 (그림 1)과 함께 발견되었다. 상대 수익률은 5.1 ±이었고, 3 분 후에 수집 된 절지 동물의 수의 비율로 1.9 ± 92.4 % 및 0.9 30 초 후에, 2, 2.5 분, 각각 (그림 2) ± 97.3 %로 52.9 %를 표명했다. <html> 5 / 54655fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; 장시 성 난창 (南昌)시의 교외에있는 절지 동물 샘플 (주문 수준)도 1 종 조성물은, 중국. 여덟 샘플은 세 분 각각의 송풍기 - 진공 청소기로 촬영되었다. 오차 막대는 평균의 표준 오차를 나타냅니다. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2.jpg" /> 30초 각각의 서브 - 샘플들에 기초하여 총 샘플링 시간의 함수로서도 2의 상대 누적 수율. 절지 동물의 총 수를 100 %로 설정된다 삼분의 샘플링 기간에 걸쳐 수집 하였다. 어떤 절지 동물은 지난 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 샘플 후 육안 검사에 찾을 수 없습니다. 오차 막대는 팔 세 분 샘플의 평균의 표준 오차를 나타냅니다.= &quot;https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2large.jpg&quot;대상 = &quot;_ 빈&quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

작물의 절지 동물 풍요의 평가는 인구 역학과 종 상호 작용을 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. 여기에서 우리는 쌀의 절지 동물의 흡입 샘플링 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다.

수정 및 절지 동물의 필드 샘플링을위한 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 적용

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

modification-application-leaf-blower-vac-for-field-sampling

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.7K 조회수.  Wageningen University.  작물의 절지 동물 풍요의 평가는 인구 역학과 종 상호 작용을 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. 여기에서 우리는 쌀의 절지 동물의 흡입 샘플링 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 

비디오: Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with more than 150 of economic value. It is a major pest of greenhouse crops, especially in Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae (e.g., tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini) and greenhouse ornamentals (e.g., roses, chrysanthemum, carnations), annual field crops (such as maize, cotton, soybean, and sugar beet), and in perennial cultures (alfalfa, strawberries, grapes, citruses, and plums)1,2. In addition to the extreme polyphagy that makes it an important agricultural pest, T. urticae has a tendency to develop resistance to a wide array of insecticides and acaricides that are used for its control3-7.
T. urticae is an excellent experimental organism, as it has a rapid life cycle (7 days at 27 &#176;C) and can be easily maintained at high density in the laboratory. Methods to assay gene expression (including in situ hybridization and antibody staining) and to inactivate expression of spider mite endogenous genes using RNA interference have been developed8-10. Recently, the whole genome sequence of T. urticae has been reported, creating an opportunity to develop this pest herbivore as a model organism with equivalent genomic resources that already exist in some of its host plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and the&#160;tomato Solanum lycopersicum)11. Together, these&#160;model organisms could provide insights into molecular bases of plant-pest interactions.
Here, an efficient method for quick and easy collection of a large number of adult female mites, their application on an experimental plant host, and the assessment of the plant damage due to spider mite feeding are described. The presented protocol enables fast and efficient collection of hundreds of individuals at any developmental stage (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adult males, and females) that can be used for subsequent experimental application.

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

Protocols for efficient preparation of homogenous samples of spider mites, infestation of experimental plants, and assessment of plant damage, as required for studies of plant-pest interaction were developed.

두 발견 거미 진드기의 적용<em&gt; 점박이 응애</em&gt; 식물 해충의 상호 작용 연구

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with ...

연구

환경과학

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

통합 필드 Lysimetry 및 Porewater 샘플링 토양에서 화학 이동성의 평가 및 설립 식물

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, 개선 INEX 방법에 대한<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 미립자의 측정 및 용존 화합물은 액티브 서스펜션 피더에 의해 처리

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

구성 및 다른 환경 조건에서 Bioaerosols의 유통 분석

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

단풍 주거 절지동물을 정량화하는 방법

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Quantifying Corticolous Arthropods Using Sticky Traps

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimate of density requires a method with high detection probability and a consistent sampling area. We used manufactured sticky traps to compare abundance, total length (a surrogate for biomass), richness, and Shannon diversity of corticolous arthropods among the boles of 5 tree species. Efficacy of this method was adequate to detect variation in corticolous arthropods among tree species and provide a standard error of the mean that was &#60;20% of the mean for all estimates with sample sizes from 7 to 15 individual trees of each species. Our results indicate, even with these moderate sample sizes, the level of precision of arthropod community metrics produced with this approach is adequate to address most ecological questions regarding temporal and spatial variation in corticolous arthropods. Results from this method differ from other quantitative approaches such as chemical knockdown, visual inspection, and funnel traps in that they provide an indication of corticolous arthropod activity over a relatively long-term, better including temporary bole residents, flying arthropods that temporarily land on the tree bole and crawling arthropods that use the tree bole as a travel route from the ground to higher forest foliage. Furthermore, we believe that commercially manufactured sticky traps provide more precise estimates and are logistically simpler than the previously described method of directly applying a sticky material to tree bark or applying a sticky material to tape or other type of backing and applying that to the tree bark.

We describe a semi-quantitative approach of measuring characteristics of corticolous (bark-dwelling) arthropod communities. We placed commercially manufactured sticky traps on tree boles to estimate abundance, total length (a surrogate to biomass), richness, and Shannon diversity for comparison among tree species.

끈적 끈적한 함정을 사용하여 코르티몰러스 절지동물을 정량화

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimate of density ...

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive sampling of flying insects have a poor temporal resolution because it is time-consuming, costly and/or logistically difficult to perform. Effective sampling of flying insects attracted to artificial light at night (ALAN) requires sampling at user-defined time points (nighttime only) across well-replicated sites resulting in major time and labor-intensive survey effort or expensive automated technologies. Described here is a low-cost automated intercept trap that requires no specialist equipment or skills to construct and operate, making it a viable option for studies that require temporal sub-sampling across multiple sites. The trap can be used to address a wide range of other ecological questions that require a greater temporal and spatial scale than is feasible with previous trap technology.

To study the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal flying insects, sampling needs to be confined to nighttime. The protocol describes a low-cost automated flight intercept trap that allows researchers to sample at user-defined periods with increased replication.

밤에 인공 조명에 끌리는 비행 곤충의 시간적 하위 샘플링을위한 저비용 자동 비행 요격 함정

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive ...

Rapid Isolation of Wild Nematodes by Baermann Funnel

Beyond being robust experimental model organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans and its relatives are also real animals that live in nature. Studies of wild nematodes in their natural environments are valuable for understanding many aspects of biology, including the selective regimes in which distinctive genomic and phenotypic characters evolve, the genetic basis for complex trait variation, and the natural genetic diversity fundamental to all animal populations. This manuscript describes a simple and efficient method for extracting nematodes from their natural substrates, including rotting fruits, flowers, fungi, leaf litter, and soil. The Baermann funnel method, a classical nematology technique, selectively isolates active nematodes from their substrates. Because it recovers nearly all active worms from the sample, the Baermann funnel technique allows for the recovery of rare and slow-growing genotypes that co-occur with abundant and fast-growing genotypes, which might be missed in extraction methods that involve multiple generations of reproduction. The technique is also well suited to addressing metagenetic, population-genetic, and ecological questions. It captures the entire population in a sample simultaneously, allowing an unbiased view of the natural distribution of ages, sexes, and genotypes. The protocol allows for deployment at scale in the field, rapidly converting substrates into worm plates, and the authors have validated it through fieldwork on multiple continents.

This protocol outlines a method for efficiently extracting live nematodes from natural substrates in the field.

베어만 퍼널에 의해 야생 선충의 신속한 격리

Beyond being robust experimental model organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans and its relatives are also real animals that live in nature. Studies of wild ...

유전학

Electroantennographic Bioassay as a Screening Tool for Host Plant Volatiles

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host plant.1,2 When a host plant is an important agronomic commodity feeding damage by insect pests can inflict serious economic losses to growers. Accordingly, kairomones can be used as attractants to lure or confuse these insects and, thus, offer an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides for insect control.3 Unfortunately, plants can emit a vast number volatiles with varying compositions and ratios of emissions dependent upon the phenology of the commodity or the time of day. This makes identification of biologically active components or blends of volatile components an arduous process. To help identify the bioactive components of host plant volatile emissions we employ the laboratory-based screening bioassay electroantennography (EAG). EAG is an effective tool to evaluate and record electrophysiologically the olfactory responses of an insect via their antennal receptors. The EAG screening process can help reduce the number of volatiles tested to identify promising bioactive components. However, EAG bioassays only provide information about activation of receptors. It does not provide information about the type of insect behavior the compound elicits; which could be as an attractant, repellent or other type of behavioral response. Volatiles eliciting a significant response by EAG, relative to an appropriate positive control, are typically taken on to further testing of behavioral responses of the insect pest. The experimental design presented will detail the methodology employed to screen almond-based host plant volatiles4,5 by measurement of the electrophysiological antennal responses of an adult insect pest navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) to single components and simple blends of components via EAG bioassay. The method utilizes two excised antennae placed across a "fork" electrode holder. The protocol demonstrated here presents a rapid, high-throughput standardized method for screening volatiles. Each volatile is at a set, constant amount as to standardize the stimulus level and thus allow antennal responses to be indicative of the relative chemoreceptivity. The negative control helps eliminate the electrophysiological response to both residual solvent and mechanical force of the puff. The positive control (in this instance acetophenone) is a single compound that has elicited a consistent response from male and female navel orangeworm (NOW) moth. An additional semiochemical standard that provides consistent response and is used for bioassay studies with the male NOW moth is (Z,Z)-11,13-hexdecadienal, an aldehyde component from the female-produced sex pheromone.6-8

A method to rapidly screen host plant volatiles by measurement of the electrophysiological response of adult navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) antennae to single components and blends via electroantennographic analysis is demonstrated.

호스트 식물 휘발성 물질에 대한 선별 도구로 Electroantennographic Bioassay

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host ...

수정 및 절지 동물의 필드 샘플링을위한 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 적용

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