The investigations were financially supported by the Division for Earth and Life Sciences of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant 833.13.004), the Sci-Tech Landing Projection of Higher Education of Jiangxi Province (KJLD14030) and The Cultivation Plan for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province (Jinggang star 20153BCB23014). We thank Daomeng Fu, Zhigang Li and Xiaolong Huang for their help in producing the movie.

흡입 샘플링을위한 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 1. 변경 <ol><li> 재료 목록에 나열된 모든 부품을 수집합니다. </li><li> 경질 폴리 염화 비닐 (U-PVC) 접착제 (파이프 1-2-3-4-5 및 6-7) 모든 폴리 염화 비닐 (PVC) 파이프를 연결합니다. </li><li> 균등 기계의 흡입 입 주위에 분포되어 세 개의 구멍을 뚫습니다. </li><li> 세 개의 구멍 각각에 하나의 나사를 삽입하여 PVC 파이프 1-5의 마지막 1로 컴퓨터를 연결합니다. 연결이 팬을 청소 뒤집을 수 있어야하기 때문에 컴퓨터에 파이프 끝 1을 연결하는 접착제를 사용하지 마십시오. 주 : 시스템의 흡입 입구의 직경은 여기에 설명 된 모델과 다른 경우에, 파이프 (1)의 단부 직경 원활 시스템에 맞게 조정되어야한다. </li><li> 파이프가 5, 6 종료에 스레드 인감 테이프의 2 층을 추가합니다. </li><li> 호스 및 마우스 부 사이에 철망 조각을 끼워 넣은 (PVC 파이프 (6, 7))는 MA로 흡입되는 샘플링 순 방지차임. 0.5 mm와 0.5 cm 사이의 메쉬 직경 금속 거즈를 사용합니다. </li><li> 파이프 금속 클램프 농구와 5와 6을 종료에 호스를 연결합니다. </li></ol> 2. 샘플링 인클로저 준비 <ol><li> 플라스틱 양동이 (50 L, 40cm 바닥 직경)에서 바닥을 제거합니다. 인클로저의이 크기 자르기 단계 (24)에 따라 이식 쌀 필드에 2-4 쌀 언덕을 다룹니다. </li><li> 고무 밴드를 사용하여 버킷의 선두에 1 m의 길이, 나일론 메쉬를 부착 슬리브. 이 슬리브는 작은 목표 절지 동물의 이탈을 방지하기에 충분히 작은 메쉬 크기를 사용한다. 0.5 mm보다 직경이 적게 사용합니다. </li></ol> 흡입 샘플링에 대한 수정 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 3. 필드 응용 프로그램 <ol><li> 현장에서 장치를 작동하는 두 사람을 사용합니다. 한 사람이 송풍기 - 진공 청소기를 작동하고 다른 하나는 버킷 인클로저 및 샘플링 그물을 처리합니다. </li><li> 컴퓨터를 시작합니다. </li><li> 샘플링 북동를 삽입송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 입 부분에 T와 고무 밴드로 고정합니다. 인터넷의 경우, 최소 목표 절지 잡을 정도로 작지만 확실한 공기 저항을 생성하지 않는 메쉬 크기를 사용한다. 0.2-0.5 mm 사이의 메쉬 직경 광 나일론 재료를 사용한다. </li><li> 분야의 임의 위치에서 식물 위에 빨리 격납 장소 단단히 토양에 버킷의 바닥을 누른다. 슬리브가 인클로저의 상단에서 탈출 절지 동물을 방지하기 위해 폐쇄되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 표준화 된 샘플링 기간 동안, 위에서 아래로 나선형 방식으로 인클로저 내부에서 모든 절지 동물을 제거합니다. 생장과 생식 단계에서 쌀 작물의 경우, 각각 1과 2 분의 샘플링 기간을 사용합니다. </li><li> 샘플을 마무리 한 후, 샘플링 그물에서 고무 밴드를 제거 시스템 실행을 유지하면서 신속하게 그물을 닫고 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 입 부분에서 그것을 가지고 매듭으로 닫습니다. </li><li> 반복의3.2 다음 샘플 필드에 임의의 위치에서 3.5 TEPS. 복제 수는 필드 절지 동물의 공간적 분포의 추정에 필요한 정확하고 연구 목적의 변화에​​ 의존한다. 일반적으로, 여섯 복제는 절지 동물 사회와 종 존재비의 좋은 인상을 줄 것이다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

흡입 샘플링은 작물에 절지 동물 사회를 샘플링하는 여러 가지 방법 중 하나입니다. 시각 카운트 대조 - - 컬렉션 이상 처리 샘플의 저장을 허용 쌀 시스템 과학 연구 흡입 샘플링 적절한 옵션이 방법은 절지 밀도의 절대 추정치를 제공하기 때문에,이 비파괴하고있다. 시중에서 판매하는 D-진공 청소기에 비해 송풍기 - 진공 청소기는 인클로저와 결합 작고, 가볍고 및 (홍수) 논에서 쉽게 처리 할 수​​도 쉽다. 예를 들어, 송풍기 - 진공 청소기는 곤충 표본 추출에 대한 국제 표준으로 제시 배낭 D-진공 청소기 모델, 반면, 중량 12kg (11), 약 6kg의 무게. 송풍기-VAC의 비용이 작을 때 더욱 중요한 송풍기-VAC의 샘플링의 효율은 D-VAC (16, 17)보다 높다. 흡입 샘플러로 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정은 특별한 기술이나 장비가 필요하지 않습니다모든 추가 부품이 수집 한 후 시간 미만이 소요됩니다. 여기에 설명 된 송풍기-VAC는 구성 및 문헌 (16, 17)에 전술 한 버전보다 쉽게 동작하고, 필요한 부분 (표 1)는 널리 사용할 표준 건축 재료이다. 이는 개발 도상국의 작은 예산 연구자 또한 송풍기 - 진공 청소기에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 엔진의 힘과 변위는 송풍기-VAC의 흡인력을 결정한다. 여기에서 우리는 0.7-1.2 kW의 쌀에 공장 사는 절지 동물 커뮤니티 샘플링에 적합 25-35 CC 사이의 변위 사이의 힘으로 기계를 추천합니다. 플렉시블 플라스틱 호스의 길이 및 흡인 입구 부 (파이프 7)의 직경은 좋은 샘플링 성능에 중요하다. 샘플링시 사용하기 불편 너무 짧은 호스 반면 흡인력을 감소 너무 긴 호스. 비슷하게,너무 큰 직경의 마우스 부 인해 작은 표면 샘플링의 효율을 감소 너무 작은 직경 반면 흡인력을 감소시킬 것이다. 샘플링 효율 샘플링 기간에 달려있다. 샘플링 재배 기간에 걸쳐 수행되는 경우, 샘플링 시간은 효율과 유사한 수준을 유지하는 식물의 크기, 구조 및 파종 밀도가 조절 될 수있다. 표본 추출 효율을 샘플링 한 후 동봉 된 지역주의 육안 검사로 확인해야합니다. 절지 여전히 존재가 있으면, 샘플링 기간은 증가되어야한다. 생장 단계에서 쌀 작물의 권장 샘플링 지속 시간은 1 분입니다 및 생식 및 숙성 단계에서 2 분 거리에 있습니다. 대안 등의 함정과 같은 방법 및 이길 시트 샘플링 물을 서에서 가능하지 않은 상태에서 송풍기 - 진공 청소기에 흡입 샘플링, 침수 분야에서 수행 될 수있다. 송풍기 - 진공 청소기도 할 수있다시스템이 물을 흡입 할 수있는 바와 같이, 침수 논 (예를 들면, 육 물 버그)의 물 표면에 절지 커뮤니티를 샘플링하는데 사용. 그러나, 입 부분이 물에 깊이 삽입되고 공기 흐름이 차단 될 때 실행을 중지 할 수 있습니다 모터로 수생 절지 동물을 샘플링하지 않는 것이 좋습니다. 그렇다 쌀 송풍기-VAC도만큼 식물의 높이 및 구조와 같은 기타 작물 및 비 - 작물 서식지에서 사용할 수있는 인클로저 (25)의 적절한 배치를 허용한다. 우리 송풍기-VAC 흡입 추출법 비파괴이다. 샘플링 그물에 수집 거의 모든 절지 동물은 모기와 damselflies로 그 부드러운 몸을 포함, 살아 남았다. 이 방법의 응용 프로그램은, 그러나, 몇 가지 제한과 단점이 있습니다. 송풍기-VAC 두 사람에 의해 작동 될 필요가있다. 현장에서 송풍기 - 진공 청소기를 운반하는 것은 어떤 방해가 발생합니다, 따라서이 방법은 과소 평가 할 수있다이러한 메뚜기와 같은 교란에 민감한 종. 운동의 정방향 비교적 교란 영역에 격납 빠르고 급격​​한 배치이 전위 바이어스를 제한 할 수있다. 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 기계의 시끄러운 소리도 방해를 일으킬 수 있으며, 주거 지역에서 밤에 샘플링하는 것은 권장되지 않습니다. 이 방법은 약탈 잠자리 이상 hymenopterous 기생으로 높은 모바일 비행 곤충을 샘플링에 적합하지 않습니다. 임의의 샘플링 방식과 같이, 이러한 스윕 순 샘플링 또는 식물 파괴 수확과 같은 다른 방법으로 송풍기-VAC의 조합은 절지 커뮤니티 (26)의보다 완전한 평가와 균형을 제공 할 수있다.

작물의 초식성 및 entomophagous 절지 동물의 풍요 로움과 다양성의 반복 된 평가는 생물학적 방제 연구를 포함하여 인구 역학과 종 상호 작용의 생태 연구를 위해 필요합니다. 라이스 장관은 entomophagous 절지 동물 1, 2에 의해 생물학적 방제에 대한 높은 가능성, 주요 상식이지만, 이는 살충제 (3)에 의해 중단 될 수 있습니다. 예를 들면 (쌀 작물의 절지 동물의 다양성이 높을 수 있고, 절지 동물 종은 다양한 작물 계층 (예를 들어, 땅, 줄기, 캐노피, 꽃)를 차지 운동 (예를 들면, 걷기, 점프, 비행)의 모드에서 다른 전략을 구하고 고착 곤충, 사냥 육식 동물, 꽃의 방문 수분 매개자) 4를 빠는. 절지 샘플링 기법 장단점 각각의 넓은 범위가있다. 예를 들어, 함정 트랩 접지 사는 절지 샘플 있지만 활성 의존적 RELA을 제공하는데 사용될 수있다적인 인구는 5,6 추정하고있다. 스윕 그물은 캐노피 7-9에서 빠르게 비행 곤충 샘플 있지만 절지 풍부 상대 추정치를 제공하는데 사용될 수있다. 비트 시트 법 식물 사는 절지 커뮤니티를 샘플링하는데 사용 절지 풍부한 절대 추정치를 제공하지만, 이러한 논 10 효과적으로 침수 작물 분야에서 사용될 수 없다 할 수있다. 분야의 표준화 영역을 다루는 인클로저와 함께 실시 흡입 샘플링, 식물 서식하는 절지 동물의 밀도의 절대 추정치를 제공합니다. 이 방법은 침수 쌀에 사용될 수있다. 샘플은 이후의 처리 및 식별을 위해 저장 될 수있다. Dietrick 진공 (D-VAC) (11)는 제 상업적 개발 흡입 샘플러이다. D-진공 청소기가 여전히 널리 12-14 사용되지만, 그들은 비교적 비싼 제한된 흡인력 (15)을 갖고 그들 어렵게되는 비교적 무거운침수 논 (16) 취급 할 것. 아리타와 Heong 16은 가솔린 구동 잎 송풍기-VAC를 이용한 흡입 샘플러를 개발하고,이 프로토 타입은 상기와 Schoenly 도밍고 (17)에 의해 정제 하였다. 디 - (VAC)에 비해 송풍-VAC 흡입 샘플러의 이점은 훨씬 더 저렴하고 취급이 쉽다는 것을이다. 송풍기-VAC 흡입 추출법은 많은 연구 생태 18-23에서 사용되었지만, 그 변형 예 및 응용에 대한 안내를 명확하게 설명되지 않았다. 여기에서 우리는 홍수가 논에서 절지 동물 인구의 흡입 샘플링 가솔린 구동 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램의 비디오 기반의 상세한 설명을 제시한다. 수정은 아리타와 Heong 16 도밍고와 Schoenly (17)에 의해 영감을, 그러나 디자인은 건축과 사용을 촉진,이 원래의 간행물에 비해 더 단순하고있다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Machine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leaf blower-vac</td>
			<td>We used Oleo-Mac BV300, Made in Italy</td>
			<td>Power: 1.0 kW, Displacement: 30.5 cc, Max air volume: 720 m&#179;/h, Max air speed: 70 m/sec, Weight: 4.5 kg, Diameter of suction mouth: 113 mm&#160;</td>
			<td>There are many different brands and models available. For comparable performance, the specifications concerning power and air speed should be similar to those presented here.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Additional parts for modification</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248; of end connected to the machine: 112 mm, Inner &#248; of end connected to PVC pipe 2: 110 mm</td>
			<td>This is the cover of a &#248; 110 mm PVC pipe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 110 mm, Length: 10 cm</td>
			<td>Normal outer &#248; 110 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 1 and 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inner &#248; of big end: 110 mm, Inner &#248; of small end: 50 mm</td>
			<td>PVC &#248; 110 mm to &#248; 50 mm downpipe reducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 50 mm, Length: 5 cm</td>
			<td>Normal &#248; 50 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 3 and 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inner &#248;: 50 mm and 32 mm, Outer &#248; of small part: 38 mm</td>
			<td>PVC &#248; 50 mm to &#248; 32 mm downpipe reducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 40 mm</td>
			<td>Wire-fortified, flexible plastic hose&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal gauze</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mesh &#248;: 1 mm, &#248;: 60 mm</td>
			<td>Prevent the sampling net from being sucked into the machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 6</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248; of small end: 38 mm, Inner &#248; of big end: 63 mm</td>
			<td>PVC &#248; 32 mm to &#248; 63 mm reducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 63 mm, Length: 25 cm</td>
			<td>Normal outer &#248; 63mm PVC pipe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-PVC glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>U-PVC glue; to connect PVC parts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Metal clamp hoops (2)</td>
			<td>Flexible between &#248; 35 mm - 51 mm</td>
			<td>To connect the hose with the PVC pipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Thread seal tape</td>
			<td>Width: 18mm</td>
			<td>Seal the hose-PVC connections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screws (3)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Length: 25mm</td>
			<td>To connect PVC pipe 1 with the suction mouth of the machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Sampling net and enclosure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Sampling net</td>
			<td>Mesh size &#248;: 0.3 mm, Width of the mouth: 10 cm, Height: 30 cm</td>
			<td>The sampling net has a conical shape.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bucket</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bottom &#248;: 40 cm, Volume: 50 L</td>
			<td>Cut the bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon sleeve</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mesh size &#248;: 0.3 mm, Length: 1 m</td>
			<td>To cover the bucket as enclosure</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods

쌀 필드는 절지 동물의 큰 다양성을 호스팅,하지만 그들의 인구 역학과 상호 작용을 조사하는 것은 도전이다. 여기에서 우리는 쌀의 절지 동물 인구의 흡입 샘플링 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 인클로저와 병용되는 경우,이 샘플링 장치의 적용은 표준 샘플링 면적당 번호와 같은 절지 동물의 개체군의 절대 평가를 제공한다. 샘플링 효율 샘플링 기간에 달려있다. 성숙한 쌀 작물에서 0.13 평방 미터의 인클로저에 2 분 샘플링은 절지 동물 인구의 90 % 이상을 얻을 수 있습니다. 이 장치는 또한 수면이나 논에서 토양에 사는 절지 동물의 샘플링을 허용하지만, 그러한 약탈 잠자리 이상 hymenopterous 기생 빠른 속도로 비행 곤충을 샘플링에 적합하지 않습니다. 수정 된 송풍기 - 진공 청소기는 기존의 흡입 sampli보다 처리하는 구성이 간단하고, 저렴하고 쉽게이러한 D-진공 청소기로 NG 장치. 낮은 비용은 개발 도상국의 연구자도 수정 송풍기 - 진공 청소기에 액세스 할 수 있습니다.

<html> 295 절지 동물의 총 상대 수익률 간의 관계를 판별 9 월 2015 년 장시 성, 중국에서 숙성 단계에서 쌀 작물에서 8 세 분 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 샘플에서 수집합니다 (절지 동물의 비율은 샘플 수집 ) 및 지속 기간을 샘플링, 각 샘플을 30 초씩 여섯 서브 샘플들로 분할 하였다. 샘플 당 개인의 평균 수는 ± 4.1 36.9은 (± SEM을 의미)이었다. 팔 절지 동물 주문의 총 매미목 (28.8 %), Araneae (27.5 %)과 파리목 (17.6 %) 인 지배 (그림 1)과 함께 발견되었다. 상대 수익률은 5.1 ±이었고, 3 분 후에 수집 된 절지 동물의 수의 비율로 1.9 ± 92.4 % 및 0.9 30 초 후에, 2, 2.5 분, 각각 (그림 2) ± 97.3 %로 52.9 %를 표명했다. <html> 5 / 54655fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; 장시 성 난창 (南昌)시의 교외에있는 절지 동물 샘플 (주문 수준)도 1 종 조성물은, 중국. 여덟 샘플은 세 분 각각의 송풍기 - 진공 청소기로 촬영되었다. 오차 막대는 평균의 표준 오차를 나타냅니다. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2.jpg" /> 30초 각각의 서브 - 샘플들에 기초하여 총 샘플링 시간의 함수로서도 2의 상대 누적 수율. 절지 동물의 총 수를 100 %로 설정된다 삼분의 샘플링 기간에 걸쳐 수집 하였다. 어떤 절지 동물은 지난 송풍기 - 진공 청소기 샘플 후 육안 검사에 찾을 수 없습니다. 오차 막대는 팔 세 분 샘플의 평균의 표준 오차를 나타냅니다.= &quot;https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2large.jpg&quot;대상 = &quot;_ 빈&quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

작물의 절지 동물 풍요의 평가는 인구 역학과 종 상호 작용을 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. 여기에서 우리는 쌀의 절지 동물의 흡입 샘플링 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다.

수정 및 절지 동물의 필드 샘플링을위한 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 적용

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

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8.7K 조회수.  Wageningen University.  작물의 절지 동물 풍요의 평가는 인구 역학과 종 상호 작용을 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. 여기에서 우리는 쌀의 절지 동물의 흡입 샘플링 잎 송풍기 - 진공 청소기의 수정 및 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 

비디오: Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

통합 필드 Lysimetry 및 Porewater 샘플링 토양에서 화학 이동성의 평가 및 설립 식물

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

연구

환경과학

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to two families: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Until now, more than 70 species have been described in the Steinernematidae and there are about 20 species in the Heterorhabditidae. The nematodes have a mutualistic partnership with Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and together they act as a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species.
Herein, we focus on the most common techniques considered for collecting EPN from soil. The second part of this presentation focuses on the insect-baiting technique, a widely used approach for the isolation of EPN from soil samples, and the modified White trap technique which is used for the recovery of these nematodes from infected insects. These methods and techniques are key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures in the laboratory and also form the basis for other bioassays that consider these nematodes as model organisms for research in other biological disciplines. The techniques shown in this presentation correspond to those performed and/or designed by members of S. P. Stock laboratory as well as those described by various authors.

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

Entomopathogenic nematodes are soil-inhabiting roundworms that parasitize a wide range of insects. We demonstrate sampling methods used for the isolation of these nematodes from the soil using two techniques: the insect baiting and the modified White trap, for the recovery of nematodes from soil samples and infected insect cadavers, respectively.

토양 샘플링과 곤충 병원성 선충의 분리 (Steine​​rnematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

보정 수동 샘플링 - NH의 다중 플롯 필드 측정<sub&gt; 3</sub동적 튜브 방법 및 패시브 샘플러의 조합으로&gt; 배출

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Administering and Detecting Protein Marks on Arthropods for Dispersal Research

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ecological interactions. Arthropods are usually tracked in nature by tagging them with a unique mark and then re-collecting them over time and space to determine their dispersal capabilities. In addition to actual physical tags, such as colored dust or paint, various types of proteins have proven very effective for marking arthropods for ecological research. Proteins can be administered internally and/or externally. The proteins can then be detected on recaptured arthropods with a protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here we describe protocols for externally and internally tagging arthropods with protein. Two simple experimental examples are demonstrated: (1) an internal protein mark introduced to an insect by providing a protein-enriched diet and (2) an external protein mark topically applied to an insect using a medical nebulizer. We then relate a step-by-step guide of the sandwich and indirect ELISA methods used to detect protein marks on the insects. In this demonstration, various aspects of the acquisition and detection of protein markers on arthropods for mark-release-recapture, mark-capture, and self-mark-capture types of research are discussed, along with the various ways that the immunomarking procedure has been adapted to suit a wide variety of research objectives.

Proteins are often used to mark arthropods for dispersal research. Methods for administering internal and external protein marks on arthropods are demonstrated. Protein mark detection techniques, either through indirect or sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are also illustrated.

관리 및 분산 연구를위한 절지 동물에 단백질 마크를 검출

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

클린 샘플링 및 추적 금속 연구 강 하구 바다의 분석

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

이 필드 조건에서 종자 발아, 휴면 및 사망률을 평가하기위한 신뢰할 수있는 방법

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

토양의 유압 전도도에 폐수 관개 영향: 필드 샘플링 고 포화 된 유압 전도도의 실험실 결정

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water quality. However, commercially available incubators are often costly, difficult to transport, not flexible in terms of volume, and/or poorly adapted to local field conditions where access to electricity is unreliable. The purpose of this study was to develop an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator that can be constructed using readily available components. The electronic core of the incubator was first developed. These components were then tested under a range of ambient temperature conditions (3.5 &#176;C - 39 &#176;C) using three types of incubator shells (polystyrene foam box, hard cooler box, and cardboard box covered with a survival blanket). The electronic core showed comparable performance to a standard laboratory incubator in terms of the time required to reach the set temperature, inner temperature stability and spatial dispersion, power consumption, and microbial growth. The incubator set-ups were also effective at moderate and low ambient temperatures (between 3.5 &#176;C and 27 &#176;C), and at high temperatures (39 &#176;C) when the incubator set temperature was higher. This incubator prototype is low-cost (&lt; 300 USD) and adaptable to a variety of materials and volumes. Its demountable structure makes it easy to transport. It can be used in both established laboratories with grid power or in remote settings powered by solar energy or a car battery. It is particularly useful as an equipment option for field laboratories in areas with limited access to resources for water quality monitoring.

This paper describes a method for building an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator for microbial testing of drinking water. Our design is based on widely available materials and can operate under a range of field conditions, while still offering the advantages of higher-end laboratory-based models.

분야와 실험실 사용을 위한 저비용 모바일 인큐베이터의 건설

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are often large and bulky, making transport to the field and operation at the source of emission or within the breathing zone difficult. Through miniaturization of these systems, the lab can be brought to the field, expediting processing time and providing a more appropriate exposure method that does not alter the aerosol prior to contacting the cells. The Portable In vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) adapts a 37 mm filter cassette to allow for in vitro toxicity testing outside of a traditional laboratory setting. The PIVEC was characterized using three sizes of copper nanoparticles to determine deposition efficiency based on gravimetric and particle number concentration analysis. Initial cytotoxicity experiments were performed with exposed lung cells to determine the ability of the system to deposit particles while maintaining cell viability. The PIVEC provides a similar or increased deposition efficiency when comparing to available perpendicular flow in vitro exposure devices. Despite the lower sample throughput, the small size gives some advantages to the current in vitro ALI exposure systems. These include the ability to be worn for personal monitoring, mobility from the laboratory to the source of emission, and the option to set-up multiple systems for spatial resolution while maintaining a lower user cost. The PIVEC is a system capable of collecting aerosols in the field and within the breathing zone onto an air-interfaced, in vitro model.

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

Here, we present a protocol to perform portable cellular aerosol exposures and measure cellular response. The method uses cells, grown at the air-liquid interface, mimicking in vivo physiology. Cellular response to copper nanoparticle aerosols was observed as oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation and cytotoxicity as lactate dehydrogenase release.

새로운 휴대용 체 외에 노출 카세트 졸 샘플링에 대 한

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Sampling for Estimating Frankliniella Species Flower Thrips and Orius Species Predators in Field Experiments

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. The extensive use of insecticides in attempts to control its populations eliminates natural enemies and competitor flower thrips species, thereby increasing its populations. An unsustainable situation develops with concomitant resistant pest populations, secondary pest outbreaks, and environmental degradation. Integrated pest management utilizes knowledge of pest and natural enemy relationships to implement tactics that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Minute pirate bugs are the most important worldwide predators of thrips. They can suppress and ultimately control Frankliniella species flower thrips. Flower samples taken at least weekly are needed to understand predator-prey dynamics. Shown here is the sampling of the flowers of fruiting vegetables and companion plants to estimate the densities of individual thrips and minute pirate bug species. Representative data illustrates how the protocol is used to determine the efficacy of management tactics over time and how to evaluate the benefits of predation by minute pirate bugs. The sampling protocol is similarly adaptable to sampling thrips and minute pirate bugs in other plant species hosts.

Sampling for Estimating Frankliniella Species Flower Thrips and Orius Species Predators in Field Experiments

Presented here is a protocol to determine the number of thrips and minute pirate bug predators in crops over multiple dates in field experiments. Also illustrated is how to determine the efficacy of management tactics against thrips and evaluate the benefits of predation by minute pirate bugs.

현장 실험에서 프랭클린니엘라 종 꽃 물방울과 오리우스 종 육식 동물을 추정하기위한 샘플링

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. The extensive use of insecticides ...